{"id":762,"date":"2018-12-03T11:08:39","date_gmt":"2018-12-03T08:08:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=762"},"modified":"2023-01-17T15:35:39","modified_gmt":"2023-01-17T12:35:39","slug":"tarimda-tekellerin-egemenliginin-yeni-araci-tohum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/12\/03\/tarimda-tekellerin-egemenliginin-yeni-araci-tohum\/","title":{"rendered":"Tar\u0131mda tekellerin egemenli\u011finin yeni arac\u0131: Tohum"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sedat Ba\u015fkavak<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kapitalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, ge\u00e7imlik \u00fcretimden end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f ve sermayenin tar\u0131msal s\u00fcre\u00e7lere de giri\u015finin ard\u0131ndan, ticaretin serbestle\u015ftirilmesi \u00fczerinden g\u00fcmr\u00fck anla\u015fmalar\u0131, D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131; IMF-D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve AB dayatmalar\u0131nda somutlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncesini bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131rsak… 1929 Bunal\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131 krizin etkilerinden korunmak \u00fczere korumac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelerek ithalata kotalar koyan ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselten ABD\u2019yi di\u011fer emperyalist \u00fclkeler takip etti. 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 en ba\u015fta ABD\u2019nin y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle Japonya ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleri Marshall yard\u0131mlar\u0131yla bir yandan sanayilerini toparlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken bir yandan da g\u0131da maddeleri \u00fcretimi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere tar\u0131ma y\u00f6neldiler ve tar\u0131mda m\u00fcdahaleci politikalara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verdiler. Sava\u015f\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131m ve uygulanan korumac\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin de katk\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00fcnya ticaretinin daralmas\u0131 ve tekel k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 \u201cticaretin serbestle\u015fmesi<\/em>\u201d tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 ve 1948\u2019de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 tarife indirimlerini de i\u00e7eren \u201cG\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifeleri ve Ticaret Genel Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d (GATT) imzaland\u0131. G\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifelerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek d\u0131\u015f ticarette serbestle\u015fmeyi getiren GATT\u2019a T\u00fcrkiye 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda dahil oldu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla di\u011fer alanlar gibi tar\u0131mda da bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede yeni bir dn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Anla\u015fma her ne kadar ba\u015fl\u0131ca ticaretin serbestle\u015ftirilmesi konusunu kaps\u0131yor olsa da, ABD kendi s\u00fct \u00fcreticilerini korumak i\u00e7in 1937\u2019de \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir kanunu gerek\u00e7e edinerek yabanc\u0131 s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine koydu\u011fu kotay\u0131 kald\u0131rmay\u0131 reddetti. ABD dayatmada bulunmak i\u00e7in yeterince b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc ve uluslararas\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 dikte eden de oydu. B\u00fcy\u00fck tekelci g\u00fcc\u00fcn dedi\u011fi oldu. B\u00f6ylece anla\u015fma ve kurallar\u0131 kendine g\u00f6re hayata ge\u00e7iren ABD, bug\u00fcn art\u0131k bildi\u011fimiz ve tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z y\u00fcz\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. ABD\u2019nin a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7eken \u00fclkelere \u201cg\u0131da yard\u0131m\u0131<\/em>\u201dnda bulunma bahanesiyle takas ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faizli krediyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli ihracat te\u015fvikleri de stoklar\u0131n\u0131n erimesini sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelikti. Bir \u00f6nceki say\u0131daki \u201cemperyalizm ve tar\u0131mda ithalata ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131m\u0131zda \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fumuz Menderes\u2019in ABD ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cM\u00fcnakit Zirai Emtia Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d tam da ABD\u2019nin g\u0131da yard\u0131m\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda, stok eritmek \u00fczere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faizli kredi ile zirai mallar\u0131n\u0131 satmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran anla\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi GATT\u2019\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Avrupa\u2019da da 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda (OTP) Ortak Tar\u0131m Politikas\u0131 ad\u0131yla bu alanda ortak politikalar geli\u015ftirildi. 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan g\u0131da yetersizli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131, \u00fcretimi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek desteklerle g\u0131da arz\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan korumac\u0131 \u00f6nlemler uygulamaya kondu. Bir tarafta GATT ile pazarda hakimiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ABD, di\u011fer tarafta 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 net ithalat\u00e7\u0131 durumundan OTP ile 80\u2019li y\u0131llarda ihracat yapar duruma gelen Avrupa. Avrupa\u2019da toparlanma sa\u011fland\u0131k\u00e7a, tekeller kendi \u201culusal<\/em>\u201d \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015ferek, \u00fcretim ve ticarete verilen desteklerle rakipleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na dikilmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Hen\u00fcz d\u00fcnya ticareti ve tar\u0131mda durgunluk yeni yeni atlat\u0131l\u0131rken, ABD\u2019nin s\u00fct stoklar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, Kanada, Yeni Zelanda, Endonezya, Arjantin ve Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n tah\u0131l ve soya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere tar\u0131m pazarlar\u0131ndan daha fazla pay almak istemeleriyle, pazar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki sessizlik de yerini yeni aray\u0131\u015flara b\u0131rakmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD ve AB\u2019nin, so\u011fuk sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ABD patronaj\u0131 ve sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u015femsiye<\/em>\u201d nedeniyle tavizlerle s\u00fcren pazar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 1980\u2019lere kadar devam edebildi. \u0130\u00e7 pazarlar\u0131 doyum s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 AB ve ABD gibi \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in ihracat\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunluluktu. B\u00f6ylece d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131nda rekabet ve Avrupa ve ABD\u2019de tar\u0131ma sa\u011flanan s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n da katk\u0131s\u0131yla pazar kavgas\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131\u015ft\u0131. ABD elindeki tah\u0131l da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 eritmek i\u00e7in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a piyasa fiyat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 10\u2019u olan 25 dolara un verirken, AB i\u00e7inde birle\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler de s\u00fct stoklar\u0131n\u0131 eritmek i\u00e7in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne, destekleme fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 14\u2019\u00fcne denk d\u00fc\u015ferek, tonu 450 dolardan tereya\u011f\u0131 sat\u0131yordu. Bu, 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda ABD ve Avrupal\u0131 emperyalistlerin tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri rekabet ve pazar kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

GATT\u2019TAN DT\u00d6\u2019YE<\/strong><\/p>\n

1986\u2019da ABD\u2019nin \u00e7abas\u0131 ile 92 \u00fclke \u201ctar\u0131m ticaretinde daha fazla serbestlik sa\u011flamak, ihracat rekabetini s\u0131n\u0131rlayan t\u00fcm engelleri kald\u0131rmak<\/em>\u201d ve GATT\u2019\u0131 daha etkin hale getirmek \u00fczere Uruguay\u2019da bir araya geldiler. AB\u2019nin Ortak Tar\u0131m Politikas\u0131 sadece ABD\u2019nin de\u011fil, orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki tar\u0131m ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan 18 \u00fclkenin de (Arjantin, Avusturalya, Bolivya, Kanada, \u015eili, Kolombiya, Kostarika, Guatemala, Malezya, Yeni Zelanda, Paraguay, Filipinler, G\u00fcney Afrika, Tayland ve Uruguay) tepkisini \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. \u201cUruguay Raundu<\/em>\u201dna hakim olan \u201cAB Ortak Tar\u0131m Politikas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (OTP\u2019nin) i\u015fleyi\u015fi giderilirse d\u00fcnya tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ticareti ile ilgili sorunlar\u0131n ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d ana fikriyle devam eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, Kas\u0131m 1992\u2019de, Blair Hause Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile bir ba\u015fka boyut kazand\u0131. Bu anla\u015fmayla ABD ve AB \u00fclkeleri ihracat s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131 ve i\u00e7 destekler konusunda uzla\u015fmaya vard\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece h\u0131z kazanan Uruguay Raundu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri sonunda 117 \u00fclkenin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla \u201cnihai anla\u015fma<\/em>\u201d Marake\u015f\u2019te imzaland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, GATT, yerini 1995\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (DT\u00d6) Tar\u0131m Anla\u015fmas\u0131na b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu anla\u015fma, \u201cd\u0131\u015f koruma<\/em>\u201d, \u201cithalat<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cihracat s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d ve \u201ci\u00e7 destekler<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131yla 4 yeni kural getirdi.<\/p>\n

D\u0131\u015f korumayla ilgili olarak; d\u0131\u015f ticarette kota ve fiyatland\u0131rma kalkacak, sadece sabit g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi tarifeleri ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131. 1986 y\u0131l\u0131 baz al\u0131narak, \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan<\/em>\u201d (T\u00fcrkiye gibi) \u00fclkeler, tar\u0131mlar\u0131 ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini korumay\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifelerini 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde y\u00fczde 24 oran\u0131nda azaltacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130thalatla ilgili olarak; tah\u0131l, s\u00fct ve et \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in bir \u00fclkenin tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ithalat\u0131, i\u00e7 \u00fcretimin y\u00fczde 5\u2019inden az ise, 6 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem sonunda y\u00fczde 5\u2019e y\u00fckseltilecekti.<\/p>\n

\u0130hracat s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili olarak: ihracat s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde y\u00fczde 26, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde ise y\u00fczde 24 oran\u0131nda azalt\u0131l\u0131rken, kural koyucu b\u00fcy\u00fckler olarak ABD ve AB mevcut stoklar\u0131 bitince s\u00fcbvansiyon indirimine ba\u015flayacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7 desteklerle ilgili olarak; tar\u0131msal \u00fcretime do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde verilen destekler azalt\u0131lacakt\u0131. Azami destek geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde \u00fcretim de\u011ferinin y\u00fczde 5\u2019ini, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde ise y\u00fczde 10\u2019unu ge\u00e7emeyecekti.<\/p>\n

Gelinen noktada, GATT ve sonras\u0131nda onu da kapsayarak daha geni\u015f \u015fekilde olu\u015fturulan DT\u00d6 Tar\u0131m Anla\u015fmas\u0131 emperyalist \u00fclkeleri korurken, \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeleri<\/em>\u201d de onlar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli k\u00f6leleri haline getirdi. \u0130hracat\u00e7\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin devasa boyutlara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00fcretimleri, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim desteklerinde yap\u0131lacak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kesintilerden etkilenmediler. As\u0131l olarak zaten az destek alan \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler<\/em>\u201din k\u00f6yl\u00fcleriyse destekten yoksun kald\u0131. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, ba\u015fta T\u00fcrkiye olmak \u00fczere \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler<\/em>\u201din k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, do\u011frudan destek kapsam\u0131nda olan girdi maliyetlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in verilen destekler ve fiyat ya da m\u00fcdahale al\u0131m deste\u011fi gibi uygulamalarla hayata ge\u00e7irilen dolayl\u0131 desteklerden mahrum kald\u0131lar. Teknoloji, tohumluk, depolama ve pazara ula\u015ft\u0131rma konular\u0131nda ise, destek bir yana \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcler kaderleriyle ba\u015f ba\u015fa b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin devam\u0131 ve desteklenmesi i\u00e7in kooperatifler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olanak sunuyordu. DT\u00d6, i\u00e7 destekler kapsam\u0131nda kooperatiflerin i\u015flevselli\u011fini yasaklad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini y\u00fcksek g\u00f6stermeleri nedeniyle \u201chileli g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifeleri<\/em>\u201d DT\u00d6\u2019de de g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f ve \u201ckirli tarifelendirme<\/em>\u201d olarak nitelendirilmi\u015fti. O nedenle emperyalist \u00fclkelerin verdikleri g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifeleri indirilse bile, onlara zarar vermedi. Fakat geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde, g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekilerek \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lan ithalat\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00f6yl\u00fcler \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini ucuza satmak zorunda kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130hracat s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131 tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin artmas\u0131 ve ithalat\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn kesilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemliydi, fakat bunlar ihracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n cebine girip \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131na yans\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in zaten k\u00f6yl\u00fcye bir faydas\u0131 olmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc Tar\u0131m Anla\u015fmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki emperyalist ku\u015fatman\u0131n kayma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 tar\u0131m tekelleri ve ihracat \u015firketleri yerken, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerin orta ve az toprakl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerine ise kar\u0131n toklu\u011funa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak kald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ABD ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n emperyalist \u00fclkeleri pazara ortak, bizim gibi \u00fclkeler de emperyalistlere pazar oldu.<\/p>\n

DT\u00d6\u2019Y\u00dc EN \u0130Y\u0130 TARIM BAKANLI\u011eI ANLATIYOR <\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kimlerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u201ctohumda d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 m\u0131y\u0131z?<\/em>\u201d sorusuna verdi\u011fi cevaba bakmak laz\u0131m. Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cBilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, DT\u00d6 kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re, herhangi bir \u00fclkeden teknik engel olmaks\u0131z\u0131n tohumluk ithalat\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu ba\u011flamda k\u00fcresel ekonomiyi y\u00f6neten uluslararas\u0131 ticaret kurallar\u0131na tabi bir \u00fclke olarak \u00fclkemiz, pek \u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rde oldu\u011fu gibi, tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde de yabanc\u0131 firmalar\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerden tohum ithalat\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r<\/em>\u201d denmektedir. Uzun laf\u0131n k\u0131sas\u0131, Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 DT\u00d6\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131y\u0131z, ne derse yapmak zorunday\u0131z, ne satt\u0131r\u0131rsa almak zorunday\u0131z demektedir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z tar\u0131m ve ticaret politikalar\u0131 ne olacak demeyin: ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k da DT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn izin verdi\u011fi kadard\u0131r! \u00d6rne\u011fin Amerika 11 y\u0131l \u00f6nce T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi DT\u00d6\u2019ye (D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcne) \u015fikayet ederek, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini y\u00fcksek tutuyor, ben de pirin\u00e7 satam\u0131yorum<\/em>\u201d dedi ve DT\u00d6 de, Amerikan pirincine y\u00fcksek g\u00fcmr\u00fck uygulayarak kendi \u00fcreticisini koruyan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye 1 milyar dolarl\u0131k ceza kesti. T\u00fcrkiye de mecburen g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekmek zorunda kald\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc, zaten bunu yapmak i\u00e7in, yani emperyalist \u00fclkelerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in vard\u0131r!<\/p>\n

GATT, DT\u00d6 YA DA UYUM YASALARI AYNI \u015eEY\u0130 DAYATTI<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0131rsal kesim n\u00fcfusunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, tar\u0131ma destekleri azalt, \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7, \u00fcretime kota getir, ithalat\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engelleri kald\u0131r! S\u00fcrecin \u00f6zeti buydu. Emperyalistler ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmetler t\u00fcm bu anla\u015fmalar\u0131n herkes i\u00e7in e\u015fit ko\u015fullarda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylediler. \u201cHerkes buna imza att\u0131, \u015fartlar herkes i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131\u201d deseler de asl\u0131nda ABD ve AB \u00fclkeleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00fclkelerin tek e\u015fitli\u011fi ancak, imzalar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131da atm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu anla\u015fmalar\u0131n her \u00fclke i\u00e7in sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7ok farkl\u0131d\u0131r. 80\u2019lere gelinen s\u00fcre\u00e7te sanayide geli\u015ftikleri kadar tar\u0131mda da geli\u015fen ABD ve AB, az geli\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere n\u00fcfuz etmek ve tar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kerterek kendi \u00fcretimlerine yer a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in bu anla\u015fmalar\u0131 devreye sokmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bu anla\u015fmalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yabanc\u0131 tar\u0131m ve g\u0131da tekellerinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki faaliyetlerinin de \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 1980\u2019e kadar devam eden ve az-\u00e7ok tar\u0131m\u0131 koruyan ve destekleyen politikalar de\u011fi\u015fti ve destekleme al\u0131mlar\u0131, girdi ve kredi s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131 \u015feklinde tar\u0131ma sunulan desteklerin modeli yerini, k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc tekellerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131p k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticiyi sermayenin insaf\u0131na terk eden politikalar ald\u0131. Yine bu anla\u015fmalar ve kabul edilen dayatmalar nedeniyle \u00fclke tar\u0131m\u0131 ithalata ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale geldi. Destekler azalt\u0131ld\u0131, \u00fcretime kota getirildi. Bu anla\u015fmalar nedeniyle g\u00fcbre fabrikalar\u0131 sat\u0131larak \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilirken, tohumdan trakt\u00f6re, ila\u00e7tan g\u00fcbreye pek \u00e7ok \u015fey yabanc\u0131 tekellerin eline ge\u00e7erek, tar\u0131m ve tohum tekellerinin ticaret ve k\u00e2r konusu oldu.<\/p>\n

1999\u2019da IMF ile imzalanan \u201cStant-by Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d ve 2001\u2019de D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ile imzalanan \u201cTar\u0131m Reformu Uygulama Projesi<\/em>\u201d gibi teslimiyet anla\u015fmalar\u0131 da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Tar\u0131ma de\u011fil araziye verilen \u201cDo\u011frudan Gelir Deste\u011fi<\/em>\u201dnin (DGD)[1]<\/a> devreye sokulmas\u0131, hububat, t\u00fct\u00fcn ve \u015feker pancar\u0131nda destekleme al\u0131mlar\u0131na son verilmesi, h\u00fck\u00fcmet ad\u0131na baz\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde destekleme al\u0131m\u0131 yapan kooperatif ve birliklerin \u00f6zerkle\u015fme ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda i\u015flevsizle\u015ftirilmesi, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere verilen kredi s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015famal\u0131 olarak kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcbre ile di\u011fer girdi s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n 2000-2001\u2019de sabit tutulmas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yine IMF-DB ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar gere\u011fi hayata ge\u00e7ti. Uygulanan neoliberal politikalarla \u00e7\u00f6kertilen \u00fclke tar\u0131m\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin egemenli\u011findeki \u201cserbest piyasa<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n alan\u0131 haline geldi. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirilerek sat\u0131lan tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmeler ve kurulu\u015flar yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerle yap\u0131lan ortakl\u0131klar nedeniyle de el de\u011fi\u015ftirerek yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131 ve \u201cpiyasa<\/em>\u201d denilen kapitalist de\u011firmen \u00fclke varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir bir \u00f6\u011f\u00fctt\u00fc.<\/p>\n

TOHUM Y\u00d6NETMEL\u0130\u011e\u0130 VE EMPERYAL\u0130ST BOYUNDURUK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin DT\u00d6 kapsam\u0131ndaki 6 ba\u015fl\u0131kta etkin olarak yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131klar aras\u0131nda \u201cticaretin kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d, \u201chizmetler ticareti<\/em>\u201d, \u201csanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde tarife indirimi<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cfikri haklar m\u00fclkiyeti<\/em>\u201d konular\u0131 var. Bakanl\u0131k, ticaretin kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve hizmetler ticareti m\u00fczakereleriyle ilgilendiklerini belirtiyor. Fikri m\u00fclkiyet konusuna ili\u015fkin bir vurgu olmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, fikri m\u00fclkiyet konusu, sertifika ve patent uygulamalar\u0131 ve buna ili\u015fkin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunlarla \u00e7oktan hayata ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

1963\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan tohumluk \u00fcretimi, denetimi ve d\u0131\u015f ticaretinin Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 izni ve denetimine al\u0131nmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan, fiyat\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan belirlendi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7 80\u2019lere kadar devam etmi\u015fti. 1984\u2019te de tohumluk ithalat\u0131n\u0131n serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan 1985\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u201cTohumluk Te\u015fvik Kararnamesi<\/em>\u201dyle tohumculuk \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re dayal\u0131 bir sekt\u00f6r haline getirildi. Bug\u00fcn Menderes\u2019ten \u00d6zal\u2019a devam eden \u00e7izginin takip\u00e7isi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan ger\u00e7ekten de bunu kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Tar\u0131m ve tohumu serbest piyasaya a\u00e7an \u00d6zal\u2019dan sonra, Erdo\u011fan da \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasalarla tohumculu\u011fu tamamen tekellere devretti.<\/p>\n

2004\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan <\/strong>\u201cYeni bitki \u00e7e\u015fitlerine ait \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin 5042 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun\u201d<\/strong>la \u201cyeni bitki \u00e7e\u015fidini \u0131slah eden, bulan ve geli\u015ftiren ki\u015fi<\/em>\u201d tabiriyle tohumu patentleyen \u015firket ve \u015firket sahipleri \u201c\u0131slah\u00e7\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak kabul edildi. Islah\u00e7\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, asl\u0131nda tohum \u015firketlerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmekteydi. Tohum \u00fcretme ve \u00e7o\u011faltma hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131da oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor ve \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131dan al\u0131nan tohumlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, ba\u015fkas\u0131na verilmesi ve sat\u0131lmas\u0131 yasaklan\u0131yordu. K\u00f6yl\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tekel durumu yarat\u0131l\u0131yor, tohumda tekelci \u201cislah\u00e7\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n insaf\u0131na terk ediliyordu. Yasaya kar\u015f\u0131 gelenlere yard\u0131m edenler de su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131 kabul edilecekti. Islah\u00e7\u0131, kendi hakk\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in maddi-manevi tazminat davas\u0131 a\u00e7abilecekti.<\/p>\n

Bu da yetmedi, 5553 say\u0131l\u0131 Tohumculuk Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak <\/strong>tohumluklar\u0131n \u00fcretimi, kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, sertifikasyonu, ticareti ve piyasa denetimi ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Sertifikal\u0131, paketlenmi\u015f tohumun ticaretinin yap\u0131labilece\u011fi ve sertifikas\u0131 olmayan tohumun \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve ticaretini yapanlar\u0131n para cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacaklar\u0131 kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Tohumculuk kanunu, ayr\u0131ca \u201cyetki devri<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, kamunun, yani Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, \u00fcretim, sertifikaland\u0131rma, ticaret ve denetim yetkilerini kurulacak olan Tohumcular Birli\u011fi\u2019ne (as\u0131l olarak da uluslararas\u0131 tekeller ve yerli i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerine) devrederek, tohumda tek yetkili olarak tekelleri i\u015faret etti; tar\u0131mda tekellere kap\u0131y\u0131 ard\u0131na kadar a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece \u201c\u0131slah\u00e7\u0131<\/em>\u201d tabir edilen tohum tekellerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn haklar\u0131 kanun nazar\u0131nda korunup maddi-manevi t\u00fcm zararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131 verilirken, Anadolu\u2019nun yerel tohumlar\u0131 da, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fc gibi, tohum tekellerinin insaf\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi \u00fcretiminden tohum ay\u0131rmas\u0131, payla\u015fmas\u0131 ya da satmas\u0131 art\u0131k yasakt\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fc kendi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine sahip \u00e7\u0131kamaz k\u0131l\u0131nmaktayd\u0131!<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz ay yay\u0131mlanan \u201cYerel \u00c7e\u015fitlerin Kay\u0131t Alt\u0131na Al\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00dcretilmesi ve Pazarlamas\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmelik<\/em>\u201d de, kendisine dayanak edindi\u011fi \u201cYeni bitki \u00e7e\u015fitlerine ait \u0131slah\u00e7\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin 5042 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun<\/em>\u201dla, \u201c5553 say\u0131l\u0131 Tohumculuk Kanunu<\/em>\u201d dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tekellerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 korurken, \u00fcretiminden tohumluk ay\u0131ran, da\u011f\u0131tan ve satan k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara maruz b\u0131rakan bir d\u00fczenleme olarak tepkileri \u00fczerine toplad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm bu d\u00fczenlemeler meyvesini verdi. Tohumcular Birli\u011fi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Kamil Y\u0131lmaz, 23 \u015eubat\u2019ta d\u00fczenlenen 13. Kartepe Ekonomi Zirvesi\u2019nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada, tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 1980’de 3 olan \u015firket say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn (778\u2019i yerli olmak kayd\u0131yla) 832’ye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. “1990’da 97 bin ton olan sertifikal\u0131 tohumluk \u00fcretimi\u00a02002 y\u0131l\u0131nda 145 bin tona,\u00a02016’da 958 bin tona ve 2017’de 1 milyon 49 bin 361 tona y\u00fckseldi<\/em>\u201d diyerek tohumculukta tekellerin b\u00fcy\u00fcyen pasta pay\u0131na i\u015faret etmi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yerli sermayeli 778 \u015firketin ticaret hacmindeki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 51, ortak sermayeli 22 \u015firketin y\u00fczde 18, yabanc\u0131 sermayeli 32 \u015firketin ise y\u00fczde 30\u2019dur. 2016\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye tohumluk \u00fcretiminde kamunun pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 18\u2019de kal\u0131rken, \u00fclke tohumluk \u00fcretiminin 82\u2019si yerli ve yabanc\u0131 tekel ve \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2016 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, 12 milyar dolarl\u0131k d\u00fcnya tohumluk ihracat\u0131n\u0131n 5.2 milyar dolarl\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclke (Hollanda, Fransa, ABD) elinde tutuyor. Almanya, Macaristan, \u0130talya, Danimarka, Kanada ve Romanya 2.4 milyar dolarl\u0131k ihracat yapan ikinci grup \u00fclkelerken, T\u00fcrkiye sadece 81 milyon dolarl\u0131k ihracat pay\u0131yla ko\u015fuyu arkadan takip ediyor dense yeridir. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda 136 milyon dolarl\u0131k ihracata kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 185 milyon dolarl\u0131k ithalat yap\u0131larak tohum ticaretinde 49 milyon dolarl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k veriliyor. AKP, tohumculuk kanununu haz\u0131rlarken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tohum ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 propaganda etmi\u015fti. Geldi\u011fimiz noktaysa, ithalata harcanan paran\u0131n her y\u0131l artmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
YILLARA G\u00d6RE TOHUMLUK \u0130THALAT \u0130HRACAT RAKAMLARI<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00dcR\u00dcN<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0130THALAT M\u0130KTARI (TON)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0130THALAT DE\u011eER\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n

(B\u0130N $)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n2002<\/strong><\/td>\n2016<\/strong><\/td>\n2017<\/strong><\/td>\n2002<\/strong><\/td>\n2016<\/strong><\/td>\n2017<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BU\u011eDAY<\/strong><\/td>\n129<\/td>\n1.193<\/td>\n589<\/td>\n46<\/td>\n981<\/td>\n619<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ARPA<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n106<\/td>\n317<\/td>\n<\/td>\n175<\/td>\n239<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
MISIR<\/strong><\/td>\n784<\/td>\n3.535<\/td>\n3.004<\/td>\n2.442<\/td>\n17.787<\/td>\n14.001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7ELT\u0130K<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n205<\/td>\n<\/td>\n69<\/td>\n233<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PAMUK<\/strong><\/td>\n166<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n38<\/td>\n241<\/td>\n40<\/td>\n145<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
AY\u00c7\u0130\u00c7E\u011e\u0130<\/strong><\/td>\n177<\/td>\n1.292<\/td>\n752<\/td>\n2.190<\/td>\n13.260<\/td>\n12.032<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
KANOLA<\/strong><\/td>\n50<\/td>\n130<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n<\/td>\n1.102<\/td>\n406<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SOYA<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0,2<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a03,90<\/td>\n2,1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
YERFISTI\u011eI<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0.02<\/td>\n<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
PATATES<\/strong><\/td>\n14.147<\/td>\n26.386<\/td>\n16.255<\/td>\n6.826<\/td>\n19.286<\/td>\n10.857<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u015eEKER PANCARI<\/strong><\/td>\n86<\/td>\n772<\/td>\n409<\/td>\n<\/td>\n9.451<\/td>\n8.445<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
YEM B\u0130TK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/td>\n403<\/td>\n6.387<\/td>\n9.028<\/td>\n426<\/td>\n11.111<\/td>\n13.474<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7\u0130M VE \u00c7AYIR OTU<\/strong><\/td>\n2.131<\/td>\n4.765<\/td>\n5.818<\/td>\n3.047<\/td>\n9.572<\/td>\n11.607<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SEBZE B\u0130TK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/td>\n1.148<\/td>\n1.057<\/td>\n972<\/td>\n40.070<\/td>\n111.380<\/td>\n108.730<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u0130\u011eERLER\u0130<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n3.813<\/td>\n1.854<\/td>\n<\/td>\n7.911<\/td>\n4.452<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GENEL TOPLAM<\/strong><\/td>\n19.227<\/td>\n56.539<\/td>\n49.491<\/td>\n55.292<\/td>\n202.127<\/td>\n185.252<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l \u0130srail\u2019den 15 milyon dolarl\u0131k domates tohumu al\u0131nd\u0131. Hibrit sebze, patates, m\u0131s\u0131r ve ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011finde tohum tamamen \u00f6zel \u015firketlerin elinde. 2013\u2019te kilosu 6131 dolardan domates tohumu, 11 dolardan da m\u0131s\u0131r tohumu ithal edilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye bir miktar m\u0131s\u0131r tohumu ihra\u00e7 emektedir ama 3 dolardan. Neredeyse 4 kg m\u0131s\u0131r tohumu sat\u0131p 1 kg m\u0131s\u0131r tohumu alarak, tohum ticaretinde \u00e7a\u011f atlad\u0131k. Tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne ili\u015fkin yukar\u0131daki rakamlara g\u00f6re bir tespit yap\u0131lacak olursa, alt\u0131n ithal ederken k\u00f6m\u00fcr satmakla \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenebilir. Tohum tekelleri kazan\u0131rken, b\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u00fclke halk\u0131 kaybetmektedir.<\/p>\n

TOHUMDA AKP\u2019N\u0130N SAHTE YERL\u0130 VE M\u0130LL\u0130L\u0130\u011e\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n

AKP\u2019li Kemalpa\u015fa Belediyesi taraf\u0131ndan 31 Mart\u2019ta \u00fclkenin ilk tohum \u015fenli\u011fi olarak ilan edilen etkinlikte, Emine Erdo\u011fan \u201cbug\u00fcn, tarihe milli tar\u0131m dirili\u015fi olarak ge\u00e7ecektir<\/em>\u201d diyerek ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda milli tar\u0131m ve ata tohumu vurgusu yaparken, g\u0131dan\u0131n k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin elinde silaha d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6yledi. Hatta E. Erdo\u011fan \u015funu da ekledi: \u201ctohumu kontrol eden g\u0131day\u0131 da kontrol eder, yerel tohum gelece\u011fimizin teminat\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>\u201d. 20 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcredir yap\u0131lan tohum takas \u015fenlikleri g\u00f6rmezden gelinerek, AKP taraf\u0131ndan durup dururken Kemalpa\u015fa tohum bulu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesinin bir gerek\u00e7esi olmal\u0131. Tam tersi icraata kar\u015f\u0131n, tek gerek\u00e7e \u201cyerli-millilik<\/em>\u201d edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n getirisinin y\u00fcksekli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda birka\u00e7 toplant\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lkine tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fc temsilcileriyle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n iki dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 ve baz\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerden hocalar kat\u0131l\u0131rken; ikincisine ise, Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00fcste\u015far\u0131 ve iki genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yine baz\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerden akademisyenler kat\u0131ld\u0131. Hibrit tohuma ili\u015fkin \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n nas\u0131l bertaraf edilebilece\u011fi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere tohumculuk sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n konu\u015fuldu\u011fu ilk toplant\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00e7evrelerinde, Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cgarip tohum toplant\u0131s\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak nitelendi. \u0130kinci toplant\u0131da ise, tarla bitkileri, hububat, ya\u011fl\u0131 tohumlar, yem bitkileri ve baklagiller \u00fcretiminde \u015firket tohumlar\u0131n\u0131, yani sertifikal\u0131 tohumlar\u0131 kullanan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere destek verilece\u011fi, kullanmayanlara ise verilmeyece\u011fi dille getirildi. Ancak \u0130spir fasulyesi ve Aya\u015f domatesi gibi yerel \u00fcr\u00fcnler bundan muaf tutulacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu toplant\u0131lar, tohum \u015firketleri tar\u0131m deste\u011finden yararlanman\u0131n sertifikal\u0131 tohum kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ettikleri i\u00e7in g\u00fcndeme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu toplant\u0131larda AKP\u2019nin yerel tohum kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesinin neden oldu\u011fu ho\u015fnutsuzluk \u00fczerinde durulurken, yerel tohum \u015fenliklerine kat\u0131lma karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. Emine Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla Kemalpa\u015fa\u2019da AKP\u2019li belediye eliyle yap\u0131lan tohum bulu\u015fmas\u0131 da bunun sonucu olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bu toplant\u0131larda yerel tohumlar\u0131n da sertifikaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme geldi. Bu ise, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz ay yay\u0131mlanan \u201cyerel \u00e7e\u015fitlerin kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131, \u00fcretilmesi ve pazarlanmas\u0131na dair y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin\u201d<\/em> AKP ile tohum \u015firketleri aras\u0131nda planlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesidir. \u0130ktidar partisi tohum \u015firketlerine verdi\u011fi s\u00f6zleri yerine getirirken, \u015f\u00fcphesiz kamuoyunun tepkisini \u00e7ekmek ve yerel tohumu destekliyor g\u00f6r\u00fcnerek oy deste\u011fini kaybetmek de istemiyor. B\u00f6ylece \u201cyerli ve milli<\/em>\u201d sloganlar e\u015fli\u011finde \u00fclke tohumculu\u011fu ve tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n tekellere pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekilmesi yoluna gidiliyor.<\/p>\n

K\u00d6YL\u00dc \u00dc\u00c7 KALEMDE \u00d6D\u00dcYOR, PARA TEK CEBE \u0130N\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tohum tekelleri sadece tohumla ilgili de\u011filler. Ayn\u0131 zamanda tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 da pazarl\u0131yorlar ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici bu tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yerel tohum, iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve toprak yap\u0131s\u0131na uygun olarak nesilden nesile aktar\u0131larak kendini yenileyen tohumdur. Oysa ki, tekellerin tohumlar\u0131 hastal\u0131k ve zararl\u0131lara dayan\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yerel topra\u011f\u0131n mamul\u00fc de\u011fillerdir. Bu y\u00fczden, daha \u00e7ok tar\u0131m ilac\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyuluyor. B\u00f6yle bir k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fc i\u00e7inde tohumu verip ilac\u0131 da dayatan \u015firketler bir ta\u015fla iki ku\u015f vurmakta, k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 ikiye katlamakta, ama yerli halk da bu d\u00f6ng\u00fcde zehirlenmektedir. Ama bununla bitmiyor; bir k\u0131s\u0131m tohum tekeli sadece tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 de\u011fil, t\u0131bbi ila\u00e7 \u00fcretimi de yapmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece tohum, tar\u0131m ilac\u0131, t\u0131bbi ila\u00e7 derken, vatanda\u015f\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kalemde \u00f6dedi\u011fi para bir tek cebe; tar\u0131m tekellerinin kasas\u0131na dolmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu tekellerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Monsanto geliyor. Monsanta, \u00fcreticiler taraf\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok nefret edilen 20 \u015firket aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. 1901 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Monsanto, kola t\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7eceklerde kullan\u0131lan yapay tatland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Sakarin\u2019i bulup \u00fcreterek b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir \u015firket. Satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok ilac\u0131n kanser, k\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131k, \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc erken do\u011fum, kalp, karaci\u011fer hastal\u0131klar\u0131, \u00fcreme ve geli\u015fme bozukluklar\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan davalar ve satt\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kanserojen olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ila\u00e7lar var. 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, radyoaktif pl\u00fctonyum safla\u015ft\u0131rma, \u00fcretim ve n\u00fckleer silah yap\u0131m projesi olan Manhattan Projesi\u2019nde yer ald\u0131. ABD\u2019nin Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131nda pirin\u00e7 tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 kurutarak Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7 b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Agent Orange (turuncu kab\u0131n\u0131n renginden kaynakl\u0131 \u201cajan portakal<\/em>\u201d ismini alan) tar\u0131m ilac\u0131n\u0131n da \u00fcreticisidir. At\u0131klar\u0131, Amerikan \u00c7evre Koruma Ajans\u0131 (EPA) taraf\u0131ndan 1980\u2019de en zararl\u0131 at\u0131klar listesine al\u0131nan strafor da, yine Monsanto taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu zararl\u0131 faaliyetlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Monsanto, GDO\u2019lu (geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f organizmalar) tohum \u00fcretiminin de tek sahibidir. Ba\u015fta m\u0131s\u0131r, soya, kanola ve pamuk olmak \u00fczere \u015feker pancar\u0131ndan pirince kadar geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f tohumlar, verim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 reklam\u0131 ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa \u00e7are propagandas\u0131yla Monsanto eliyle d\u00fcnyada yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye, Yunanistan ve \u0130spanya\u2019da ise, hala GDO\u2019lu pamuk ekimi yasakt\u0131r. G\u00fcmr\u00fck ve Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan raporuna g\u00f6re, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda GDO\u2019lu pamuk \u00fcretiminin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ABD\u2019de hektar ba\u015f\u0131na 983 kg, \u00c7in\u2019de 1676 kg pamuk verimi al\u0131n\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise, 2017\u2019de GDO\u2019suz pamuk ekimiyle hektar ba\u015f\u0131na 1674 kg verim al\u0131nd\u0131. Geneti\u011fi De\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f tohumun yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, art\u0131k GDO\u2019nun verimli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, maliyeti art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. GDO\u2019lu \u00fcretimde tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 nedeniyle maliyet artarken, zarars\u0131z pek \u00e7ok canl\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6lmesinin de yeni sorunlar\u0131 beraberinde getirdi\u011fi biliniyor. Hindistan bu sorunlar nedeniyle, Burkina Faso da pamukta elyaf k\u0131sal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle GDO\u2019lu pamuk \u00fcretiminden vazge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, hayvan yemi olarak 26\u2019s\u0131 m\u0131s\u0131r, 10\u2019u soya olmak \u00fczere toplam 36 GDO\u2019lu \u00e7e\u015fidi ithal ediyor. G\u0131da katk\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131lan her yerde de GDO ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131n\u0131yor. 2017 Mart\u2019\u0131nda eski Tar\u0131m Bakan\u0131 Faruk \u00c7elik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir a\u00e7\u0131klamada, 112 \u00e7e\u015fit \u00fcr\u00fcnde GDO tespit edildi\u011fini belirtmi\u015fti. Soya ve m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n besin alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131m \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle, GDO\u2019lu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin hayvan yemi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda halk\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131na sokuldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda ABD\u2019den ithal GDO\u2019lu pirincin sofralara nas\u0131l servis edildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, ithal edilen soya ve m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n da sadece yemlik oldu\u011fu ya da olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 safl\u0131k olur. GDO\u2019lu yemle beslenen hayvanlar\u0131n etinin yenmesi sonucu ya\u015fanacak olumsuzluklarla bunun insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerini ger\u00e7ekten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir denetim mekanizmas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tespit etmek ise \u00e7ok zor. GDO\u2019lu tohumlardan \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle yap\u0131lan g\u0131dalar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa zararlar\u0131 ve tohum ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, GDO\u2019lu tohum ve g\u0131dalara kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek \u00e7ok yerinde GDO kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 platformlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 bo\u015funa de\u011fil. GDO\u2019nun \u00fclkemizdeki tarih\u00e7esi[2]<\/a> incelendi\u011findeyse, 1998\u2019den bu yana hem tar\u0131m tekellerinin hem de \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve halk\u0131n g\u00fcndeminden hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir. Her d\u00f6nem bir \u015fekilde tar\u0131m tekelleri lehine uygulamalar\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7iren AKP H\u00fck\u00fcmetleri GDO\u2019lu tar\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin de ba\u015f sorumlusudur.<\/p>\n

YEN\u0130 TEKEL \u201cBAYER MUTANTO\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de kimi \u00e7evrelerce \u201c\u015feytan\u0131n \u015firketi<\/em>\u201d ya da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011fram\u0131\u015f canavar \u201cMutanto<\/em>\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan Monsanto, 2016\u2019da Alman ila\u00e7 devi Bayer\u2019e[3]<\/a> 66 milyar dolara sat\u0131ld\u0131. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz aylarda hem AB hem de ABD Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan sat\u0131n alma i\u015flemi sonras\u0131, bas\u0131nda \u201cMutanto Truva at\u0131 gibi AB\u2019ye s\u0131zd\u0131<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131. Bayer\u2019in Monsanto\u2019yu sat\u0131n almas\u0131yla, d\u00fcnya tohum pazar\u0131n\u0131n birincisi Monsanto\u2019nun elindeki pay da Bayer\u2019in eline ge\u00e7erek, Bayer % 29 payla pazarda birinci oldu. Tohum pazar\u0131nda Dupont (pionner) % 21\u2019le ikinci, Sygenta %8\u2019le \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada. D\u00fcnya tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 pazar\u0131n\u0131n % 18\u2019lik payla ikincisi olan Bayer, Monsanto\u2019nun %8\u2019ini de kendine ekleyince, tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 pazar\u0131nda % 20 ile birinci olan Sygenta\u2019y\u0131 ikincili\u011fe d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece 1863\u2019te bir boya sat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ve boya ustas\u0131n\u0131n ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kurulan bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletme olan Bayer, 2015\u2019e gelindi\u011finde, toplam cirosunun % 30\u2019unu insan ilac\u0131, % 50\u2019si tohum ve tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 \u00fcretiminden kazan\u0131rken, \u015fimdi d\u00fcnya ila\u00e7 ve tohum pazar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tekeli oldu. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131 toplam cirosu 46 milyar Euro, k\u00e2r\u0131 4 milyar Euro olan ve 116 bin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 bulunan Bayer, Monsanto\u2019nun 2015 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki 15 milyar dolarl\u0131k cirosu, 2.3 milyar dolarl\u0131k k\u00e2r\u0131 ve 25 bin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 da eklenince, tar\u0131m, g\u0131da ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gelece\u011fini de eline ge\u00e7irmi\u015f oldu. Bayer\u2019in ila\u00e7 konusundaki birikimleri ile Monsanto\u2019nun Geneti\u011fi De\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f Organizmalar, yani GDO\u2019lu tohum deneyimi birle\u015fince, ortaya \u201cBayer Mutanto<\/em>\u201d \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 desek yeridir.<\/p>\n

Bayer, d\u00fcnya devi olurken sadece bir tohum ve ila\u00e7 tekelini de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck GDO\u2019lu tohum devini de sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f oldu. B\u00f6ylece Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n mesafeli yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 GDO\u2019lu tohum, ila\u00e7 devi Bayer arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bu k\u0131taya da girmi\u015f oldu. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de t\u0131bbi ila\u00e7 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki 15 uluslararas\u0131 tekelden biri olan Bayer\u2019in t\u0131bbi ila\u00e7 \u00fcretim fabrikas\u0131 ve ila\u00e7 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m a\u011f\u0131 var. \u0130stanbul Sanayi Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 500 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firket s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda Bayer 158. s\u0131rada. \u0130la\u00e7 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki pay\u0131 ise, 700 milyon lira. Bu durumda, bize \u201ck\u0131rsal kesimdeki tar\u0131m n\u00fcfusunu azalt, tar\u0131m desteklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr, \u015feker pancar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00fcretime kota koy, g\u00fcmr\u00fckleri a\u00e7<\/em>\u201d diyen AB, art\u0131k \u201cBayer\u2019in yolunu da a\u00e7<\/em>\u201d demeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler G\u0131da ve Tar\u0131m \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (FAO) verilerine g\u00f6re, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 363 milyon dolarl\u0131k tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 ithal edildi. Ba\u015fta DuPont[4]<\/a> olmak \u00fczere kimya end\u00fcstrisi ve tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ad\u0131n\u0131 duyuran 8 \u015firketin distrib\u00fct\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapan y\u00fczde 53 OYAK hisseli HEKTA\u015e, Bayer ve Syngenta \u015firketleriyle birlikte, T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 pazar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 65\u2019ini kontrol ediyor. HEKTA\u015e, web sitesinde, 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde 13 art\u0131rarak, k\u00e2r oran\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde 140\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve 17.9 milyon lira k\u00e2r elde etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kamuya ait T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcbre Sanayi A.\u015e\u2019ye ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015flar\u0131n 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesiyle g\u00fcbre sanayinde kamu pay\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 4.5 milyar dolarl\u0131k T\u00fcrkiye g\u00fcbre pazar\u0131nda 2015 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re yakla\u015f\u0131k 3.7 milyon ton \u00fcretim yap\u0131l\u0131rken, 5.5 milyon tonluk t\u00fcketim s\u00f6z konusudur. \u0130hracat\u0131 249 bin tonu ancak bulan T\u00fcrkiye, 2015\u2019te 2.7 milyon ton g\u00fcbre ithal etti. 2016\u2019da da, yakla\u015f\u0131k 147 milyon dolarl\u0131k ihracata kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, 1.3 milyar dolarl\u0131k ithalat yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu demektir ki, T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcbrede y\u00fczde 50 d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00fcbre ithal edilen \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ilk \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131ray\u0131 ABD, Almanya ve Arjantin almaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcbre \u00fcretiminde maliyeti olu\u015fturan hammaddelerin de y\u00fczde 80\u2019inin ithalatla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, g\u00fcbre fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n tek belirleyeninin T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131n\u0131n dolar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011feri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Liran\u0131n de\u011fer kaybetmesiyle olu\u015fan d\u00f6viz kurundaki her oynama do\u011frudan g\u00fcbre fiyatlar\u0131na yans\u0131maktad\u0131r. G\u00fcbre, girdi maliyetini art\u0131rarak, bu\u011fdaydan m\u0131s\u0131ra, \u015feker pancar\u0131ndan pirince, fasulyeden nohuda kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyat\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmektedir. \u201cBu\u011fday\u0131n, fasulyenin dolarla ne alakas\u0131 var?<\/em>\u201d diyen y\u00f6neticileriyle AKP\u2019nin \u201cekonomik sald\u0131r\u0131 alt\u0131nday\u0131z<\/em>\u201d propagandas\u0131na inanan i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin dolarla tohum, tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 ve g\u00fcbre aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6rebilmesi \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc e\u011fer en basit besin maddesi bu kadar pahal\u0131ya t\u00fcketiliyorsa, bu, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131m ve ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131n; emperyalist tekellerle girilen ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin sonucudur.<\/p>\n

SONU\u00c7 YER\u0130NE<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyada Monsanto ve Bayer gibi \u015firketler b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck aile \u00e7ift\u00e7ili\u011fi ya da ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle orta ve az toprakl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tar\u0131m \u00fcretimine devam edebilme olana\u011f\u0131 yoktur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu tekeller ve kapitalist emperyalist sistemin IMF, DB, DT\u00d6, AB arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dayatmalar, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli end\u00fcstriyel \u015firketlerin faaliyeti odakl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da aile i\u015fletmelerinin ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticilerin \u00f6ncelikle g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczle\u015fip yoksulla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve giderek tar\u0131mdan kopmalar\u0131 s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya tohum pazar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 71\u2019i alt\u0131 \u015firketin elinde. Tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 pazar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 75\u2019iyse be\u015f \u015firketin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumda. Bu tablonun bize s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015fudur: E\u011fer yerel \u00e7e\u015fitler de sertifika ve patent dayatmalar\u0131yla kaybedilirse, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda tohum \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi azal\u0131rken fiyatlar y\u00fckselecektir. Devlet \u00fcretimden tamam\u0131yla \u00e7ekilmi\u015f, tohum ve ila\u00e7 \u00f6zel tekellerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 tohumlarda devlet \u00fcretimi s\u0131f\u0131rken ve tohumda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k tar\u0131m ve g\u0131dada ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 getirirken, \u00fclkenin siyaseten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Sonu\u00e7ta \u201cm\u00fch\u00fcr kimdeyse S\u00fcleyman odur<\/em>\u201d; tohum kimdeyse h\u00fckmeden de o olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tohumculukta ithalat ve tekellerin egemenli\u011finin artmas\u0131, DT\u00d6 dayatmalar\u0131yla ithalat\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engellerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yay\u0131mlanan kanun ve y\u00f6netmelikler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fclke tar\u0131m\u0131yla yerel tohumlar\u0131 korumak \u00f6ncelikle \u00fclke k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc ve emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev ve sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r. Bundan \u00e7\u0131kacak olan sonu\u00e7, tar\u0131mda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan y\u00f6netmelik ve yasalarla durmadan g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilen bug\u00fcnk\u00fc mali sermaye ve tekellerin egemenli\u011fine son verilmesi ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin bu m\u00fccadelede birle\u015fmesidir. Yerel tohumlar binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin birikimi, deney ve tecr\u00fcbelerinin \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir. Nesiller boyu ya\u015fayan, iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kendi yereline en uygun olan ve \u015fartlara direnebilen tohumlar tabii ki halk\u0131n ortak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve tekellerin egemenli\u011fi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yok olmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in ortak\u00e7a sahiplenilmelidir. Kanunu, y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi bu ama\u00e7la y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan dayatmalar\u0131yla birlikte s\u00f6z konusu egemenlikten kurtulmak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edilmesinden ba\u015fka yol yoktur.<\/p>\n

Ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 168. Maddesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re, tabii servetler ve kaynaklar devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Y\u00f6netmelikle tan\u0131mlanan \u201cyerel \u00e7e\u015fit<\/em>\u201d kavram\u0131 Anayasan\u0131n 168. Maddesi\u2019nde belirtildi\u011fi bi\u00e7imiyle \u201ctabii (do\u011fal) servet<\/em>\u201d niteli\u011findedir. Bu t\u00fcr tabii servetlerin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu edilmemeleri gerektir. Tersine, yerel \u00e7e\u015fitlerin tohum tekellerinin k\u00e2r h\u0131rs\u0131 ve egemenli\u011finden korunmas\u0131 bir zorunluluk olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015fam\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fiyse b\u00f6yle olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindedir. Tohum \u015firketlerinin iste\u011fi, yerel tohum \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin orijinini korumak de\u011fil, kanun ve y\u00f6netmeliklerle, kay\u0131t, tescil ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda sertifikaland\u0131rmak ya da patentlemek suretiyle ortak varl\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetlerine ge\u00e7irmektir. Ve b\u00f6yle olmu\u015f ve olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Oysa ki, yerel \u00fcreticiler i\u00e7in yerel tohumlar ve bitki \u00e7e\u015fitleri tar\u0131m\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n garantisidir. Gelecek nesillere temiz, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 tar\u0131m ve g\u00fcvenli g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri b\u0131rakabilmenin ko\u015fulu bu tekelci kapitalist dayatmalara son vermekten ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

Tohumla ba\u015flay\u0131p \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde devam eden yerli ve yabanc\u0131 tekellere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa itiraz etmek, GATT, DT\u00d6, IMF, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin yerel tar\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kerten dayatmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmak, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri \u00fcretimden kopar\u0131p i\u015fsizler ordusunun saflar\u0131n\u0131 kabartan s\u00fcreci durdurmak ancak \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 ve m\u00fccadeleyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Bu bak\u0131mdan emperyalist dayatmalarla yerli i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i tekellerin dayatma ve talan\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok etkilenen \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi acil oldu\u011fu kadar \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn hala Yunanistan ve Fransa\u2019da k\u00f6yl\u00fcler tar\u0131ma ili\u015fkin politikalara m\u00fcdahil olabiliyor ve halk kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebiliyorlarsa, bunun nedeni, bu \u00fclkelerde k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadele gelene\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> DGD, (k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn deyimiyle tarla paras\u0131) tar\u0131m \u00fcretimi yerine tar\u0131m arazisi \u00fczerinden verilen destek olarak 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00f6n\u00fcme 16 lira olarak ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de hem \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcler hem de tar\u0131mla ilgili oda ve sendikalar taraf\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli ele\u015ftirildi. AKP, kitle deste\u011fini kaybedece\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri yedeklemek \u00fczere 2009\u2019dan sonra DGD yerine g\u00fcbre, mazot deste\u011fini ge\u00e7irerek destek kalemlerini \u00e7o\u011faltsa da k\u00f6yl\u00fcler y\u0131llarca dekara verilen 16 lira DGD kadar bile para alamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Konu, GDO\u2019lu tohumla \u00fcretim yapan Kanada, Meksika ve Arjantin\u2019den, 1998\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin soya ve m\u0131s\u0131r ithalat\u0131 yapmas\u0131yla g\u00fcndeme geldi. 2003\u2019te Arjantin\u2019den ithal edilen soyay\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan geminin \u00e7evreciler taraf\u0131ndan durdurulmas\u0131 ve yap\u0131lan analizler sonucu ithal edilen soyada GDO \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla tart\u0131\u015fma b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 26 Ekim 2009\u2019da GDO y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi yay\u0131nlad\u0131. 3 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta T\u00fcm Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sen\u2019in ba\u015fvurusuyla Dan\u0131\u015ftay 10. ve 13. Daireleri M\u00fc\u015fterek Heyeti, bir kanuna dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin y\u00fcr\u00fctmesinin durdurulmas\u0131na karar verdi. 26 Mart 2010 y\u0131l\u0131ndaysa Biyog\u00fcvenlik yasas\u0131 Resmi Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131. Bu s\u00fcrede pek \u00e7ok GDO\u2019lu \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fclkeye girdi ve t\u00fcketildi. Biyog\u00fcvenlik yasas\u0131 yem ama\u00e7l\u0131 GDO\u2019lu tohuma izin verirken, g\u0131dalarda GDO\u2019ya binde 9\u2019u a\u015fmamak kayd\u0131yla izin verilece\u011fine h\u00fckmediyordu. \u015eirketlerin bu standarda uymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir denetim mekanizmas\u0131 olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle belirtilen standart ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcst\u00fcnde kald\u0131. Tar\u0131m Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha sonra 28 Nisan ve 13 A\u011fustos 2010 tarihlerinde iki y\u00f6netmelik daha yay\u0131mlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Aral\u0131k 2013\u2019te Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130dari Dava Daireleri Kurulu, Biyog\u00fcvenlik Kurulu\u2019nun 24.12.2011 tarihli Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan MON810 ve MON88017xMON810 m\u0131s\u0131r \u00e7e\u015fidi ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin hayvan yemlerinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki 16 ve 18 nolu kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 29.04.2010 g\u00fcnl\u00fc “GDO ve H\u00fck\u00fcmlerine Dair Uygulama Talimat\u0131”n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctmesini durdurdu. Kararda, \u201ctransgenik m\u0131s\u0131rlar\u0131n incelenmesi i\u00e7in Biyog\u00fcvenlik Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulan Risk De\u011ferlendirme Komitesi ve Sosyo Ekonomik De\u011ferlendirme Komitesi\u2019nin de\u011ferlendirme raporlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu raporlarda an\u0131lan transgenik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin gen aktar\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6nteminin \u00fcretti\u011fi besin de\u011feri, alerjik ve toksik etkileri ile \u00e7evreye olas\u0131 gen ge\u00e7i\u015flerinden kaynaklanabilecek risklerinden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bahsedildi\u011fine\u201d dikkat \u00e7ekildi. \u201cTransgenik m\u0131s\u0131r \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin yayg\u0131n olarak yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi ABD ve Kanada\u2019da yabani m\u0131s\u0131r \u00e7e\u015fidinin bulunmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00fclkemizde geleneksel m\u0131s\u0131r \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi ve izin verilen transgenik m\u0131s\u0131r \u00e7e\u015fitlerinin sak\u0131ncalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n g\u00f6zard\u0131 edildi\u011fi\u201d belirtildi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin taraf oldu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, insan ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin ve g\u0131da g\u00fcvenli\u011finin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu durumlarda, taraf devletlerin konuya ihtiyatilik (\u00f6ntedbirci) ilkesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yakla\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurguland\u0131. Her ithalat karar\u0131nda \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da, GDO\u2019lu \u00fcr\u00fcnler bir \u015fekilde \u00fclkeye sokulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n olarak M\u0131s\u0131r, soya, kanola ve pamu\u011fun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra patates, domates, pirin\u00e7, bu\u011fday, balkaba\u011f\u0131, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde GDO\u2019lu tohumdan yeti\u015ftirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> 1863\u2019te iki ortakla kurulan \u015firket, ad\u0131n\u0131 aspirinle duyurdu. \u0130nsan ve hayvan ila\u00e7lar\u0131ndan sa\u011fl\u0131k bak\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine, tohum, tar\u0131m kimyasallar\u0131ndan biyoteknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine kadar geni\u015f bir yelpazede \u00fcretim yap\u0131yor. Eroin, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonuna kadar Bayer\u2019in tescilli markas\u0131 olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1898\u2019den 1910\u2019a kadar eroin, di\u011fer ad\u0131yla diamorfin veya diasetilmorfin, Bayer taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ks\u00fcr\u00fck kesici ve morfin yerine kullan\u0131lan fakat ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yapmayan madde olarak piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclmekteydi. O d\u00f6nemlerde eroin \u0130spanya\u2019da \u201cso\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 aile dostu ila\u00e7\u201d olarak reklam ediliyordu. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Bayer\u2019in Amerika, Kanada ve di\u011fer birka\u00e7 \u00fclkedeki varl\u0131klar\u0131na el konulmu\u015f ve marka tescilleri iptal edilmi\u015ftir. 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bayer tescilli marka haklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren \u015firketi sat\u0131n alarak, Amerika ve Kanada\u2019da yeniden egemenli\u011fini ilan etti. Aspirinin \u00fcretildi\u011fi IG Farben lavaratuvar\u0131nda toplama kamplar\u0131ndaki gaz odalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan Zyklon B gaz\u0131 da \u00fcretiliyorken Yahudi tutsaklar\u0131n k\u00f6le olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Tohumdan hayvan yemine, tar\u0131m ilac\u0131ndan bitki korumaya, in\u015faattan elektrik ve ayd\u0131nlatmaya, ambalaj, boya ve plastikten kaplamaya, elektronikten g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemeye kadar pek \u00e7ok alanda faaliyet g\u00f6steriyor. Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ilk barut fabrikas\u0131n\u0131 kurmu\u015f, ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jefferson\u2019\u0131n yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Hitler\u2019e askeri malzeme ve cephane yard\u0131m\u0131 yaparken ilk atom bombas\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131na da katk\u0131 sunmu\u015f. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck kimya \u015firketi. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Amerikan h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi Alman boya form\u00fclleri Du Pont\u2019a verildi. B\u00f6ylece kimya sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne giren tekel, sentetik k\u0131r\u0131lmaz cam, suni ipek, naylon, lastik, ila\u00e7 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kimyasallar derken, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kimya devlerinden oldu. Yap\u0131\u015fmaz teflonu ilk kez silah \u00fcretimi dolay\u0131m\u0131yla piyasaya s\u00fcren tekel, atom bombas\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131nda gerekli olan uranyumun zenginle\u015ftirilmesinde eriyen conta yerine teflonun (bomba yap\u0131m\u0131 gizli oldu\u011fundan \u201cteflon\u201d yerine \u201cK 416\u201d kod ad\u0131yla) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Teflon tencerenin ise hayat\u0131m\u0131za girmesi 1955 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131na denk gelir. Amerika\u2019da ekonomi ve politikada lobi faaliyetleri i\u00e7in milyarlarca dolar harcayan tekel, elindeki mali g\u00fcc\u00fc politik bir g\u00fcce de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek, \u00e7e\u015fitli konsey, enstit\u00fcler ve D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Forumu\u2019nda temsil edilmektedir ve ekonomi ve politikada s\u00f6z sahibidir. Amerikan muhaliflerinin \u201cAmerika\u2019da, Amerikan ulusunun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 de\u011fil, aile \u015firketlerinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 g\u00f6zetilir\u201d dedikleri \u015firketlerden biri de Du Pont\u2019tur. \u015eirket de bu durumun devam etmesi i\u00e7in se\u00e7imlerde hem Demokratlara hem de Cumhuriyet\u00e7ilere y\u00fckl\u00fc miktarda ba\u011f\u0131\u015fta bulunur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sedat Ba\u015fkavak T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kapitalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, ge\u00e7imlik \u00fcretimden end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f ve sermayenin tar\u0131msal s\u00fcre\u00e7lere de giri\u015finin ard\u0131ndan, ticaretin serbestle\u015ftirilmesi \u00fczerinden g\u00fcmr\u00fck anla\u015fmalar\u0131, D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131; IMF-D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve AB dayatmalar\u0131nda somutlanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6ncesini bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131rsak… 1929 Bunal\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131 krizin etkilerinden korunmak \u00fczere korumac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelerek ithalata kotalar koyan ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselten ABD\u2019yi di\u011fer emperyalist \u00fclkeler takip etti. 2. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":763,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[494,393,346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-25-sayi-aralik-2018","category-tarim","category-sedat-baskavak"],"yoast_head":"\nTar\u0131mda tekellerin egemenli\u011finin yeni arac\u0131: Tohum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/12\/03\/tarimda-tekellerin-egemenliginin-yeni-araci-tohum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tar\u0131mda tekellerin egemenli\u011finin yeni arac\u0131: Tohum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sedat Ba\u015fkavak T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n kapitalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, ge\u00e7imlik \u00fcretimden end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131ma ge\u00e7i\u015f ve sermayenin tar\u0131msal s\u00fcre\u00e7lere de giri\u015finin ard\u0131ndan, ticaretin serbestle\u015ftirilmesi \u00fczerinden g\u00fcmr\u00fck anla\u015fmalar\u0131, D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc uygulamalar\u0131; IMF-D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve AB dayatmalar\u0131nda somutlanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6ncesini bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131rsak… 1929 Bunal\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131 krizin etkilerinden korunmak \u00fczere korumac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelerek ithalata kotalar koyan ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckselten ABD\u2019yi di\u011fer emperyalist \u00fclkeler takip etti. 2. 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