{"id":757,"date":"2018-12-03T11:03:47","date_gmt":"2018-12-03T08:03:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=757"},"modified":"2023-01-17T15:38:59","modified_gmt":"2023-01-17T12:38:59","slug":"cartist-hareketin-liderliginde-sinifsal-mucadele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/12\/03\/cartist-hareketin-liderliginde-sinifsal-mucadele\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7artist hareketin liderli\u011finde s\u0131n\u0131fsal m\u00fccadele"},"content":{"rendered":"

Reg Groves*<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7eviren: Hilal Ada\u015fl\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayl\u0131k \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Dergisi’nin Ocak say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan Chartism ve G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz: Reformizm Yan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em> makalesinde[2]<\/sup><\/a> Chartizm’in[3]<\/sup><\/a> gerilemesinin sebepleriyle ilgili bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yer al\u0131yordu. \u201cAna sebep<\/em>\u201d diyordu \u201cChartizm’i yaratan ger\u00e7ek, ko\u015fullara bak\u0131larak bulunabilir.<\/em>” \u00d6zellikle, 1830\u2019lar ve 40\u2019lardaki ekonomik krizin devam\u0131nda \u00fcretim ve ticaretin geni\u015flemesi, proletarya ve kapitalistler aras\u0131ndaki antagonizmay\u0131 zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[4]<\/sup><\/a> Ancak bu de\u011ferlendirme, Chartizm’in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen ko\u015fullar\u0131n daha nitelikli bir analizinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklili\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7emez.Cereyan eden olay\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmak, t\u00fcm resme ait bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7a ile t\u00fcm bir olay\u0131n sebep ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak, eldeki sonuca yol a\u00e7an de\u011fi\u015fik ve birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir\u00e7ok unsuru anlamakta bizi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00c7artist ordusu i\u00e7indeki s\u0131n\u0131fsal b\u00f6l\u00fcnmenin ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve ama\u00e7 farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n neticeleri hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r derecede \u00f6nemli bir konudur. Bu makalenin amac\u0131, bu s\u0131n\u0131f b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak hareket i\u00e7inde \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan farkl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n liderliklerini incelemektir. Bu incelemenin yukar\u0131da bahsi ge\u00e7en makale i\u00e7in tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 her zaman ak\u0131lda tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, liderlik karakteri incelemesi, Marx ve Engels’in Chartist m\u00fccadelede oynad\u0131klar\u0131 rol\u00fc ve di\u011fer gruplara olan tutumlar\u0131n\u0131 referans g\u00f6stermeksizin tamamlanamaz.<\/p>\n

Genel olarak, Chartist liderlik iki g\u00fc\u00e7 grubuna ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar, O’Connor, Cooper, Harney, Taylor ve benzerlerini i\u00e7ine alan \u201cfiziksel g\u00fc\u00e7<\/em>\u201d grubu ile Lovett, Hetherington, Collins ve benzerlerini i\u00e7ine alan \u201cahlaki g\u00fc\u00e7<\/em>\u201d grubudur. Ancak d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda beliren bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnme, \u201cmerkez<\/em>\u201d grubu ve \u201csol kanat<\/em>\u201d aras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek meseleyi gizler. Londra \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikas\u0131’n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ve egemen olan \u201cahlaki g\u00fc\u00e7<\/em>\u201d grubu, hareket kendini m\u00fccadele i\u00e7inde toparlayarak h\u0131zl\u0131ca geli\u015firken Chartizmin i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemsiz bir etken haline geldi. O’Connor \u201cMerkez<\/em>\u201d grubun en \u00f6nemli temsilcisi ve en se\u00e7kin fig\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr; Harney ise \u201csol kanat<\/em>\u201d\u0131n en etkin ismidir. Bu iki liderin politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6neminin incelenmesi, bu iki grup aras\u0131ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyi anlamak i\u00e7in bir temel olu\u015fturacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

MERKEZC\u0130 KANAT<\/strong><\/p>\n

FeargusO’Connor, hareketi b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadeleler s\u00fcresince y\u00f6netti ve b\u00fcy\u00fck yenilgilere de s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. O’Connor’\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 ve ihaneti genellikle ki\u015fisel karakter \u00f6zellikleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Nitekim Postgate, \u201cG\u00f6steri\u015flilik ve pop\u00fclerlik sevgisinin onu yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fini<\/em>\u201d savunuyor (LRD Syllabus, No.7). O’Connor’\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kleri (ki\u015filik sorunlar\u0131ndan do\u011fan) ki\u015fisel hatalardan daha derinlere iner. O’Connor, tamamen bir tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi olan \u0130rlanda\u2019dan \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na dahil oldu. Hareketin \u00f6nderli\u011fine h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, hareket i\u00e7indeki proleter olmayan unsurlar\u0131 temsil etmesi, onlar\u0131n taleplerini dile getirmesinden kaynaklan\u0131yordu; say\u0131 olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan el tezgah\u0131 dokumac\u0131lar\u0131 ve benzer gruplar Chartizm’in onlar\u0131 kapitalizmin fethine kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil kapitalizm \u00f6ncesi g\u00fcnlere g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in liderlik etmesini istiyorlard\u0131 ve sloganlar\u0131 da \u015fuydu: \u201cAtalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131na ve topra\u011f\u0131na geri d\u00f6nmek.<\/em>\u201d Bu grup kapitalizmden nefret etti ama onu anlayamad\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7 olarak umutsuzluk i\u00e7inde k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne sava\u015ft\u0131. Tek kelimeyle, bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda gerici ve m\u00fccadelelerinde karars\u0131zd\u0131lar. O’Connor’\u0131n sendelemelerinin, arazi yerle\u015fim planlar\u0131n\u0131n, Welsh ayaklanmas\u0131ndaki ihanetinin sebebi burada yatar. Chartist direni\u015flerin istikrars\u0131z ve d\u00fczensiz do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi buradad\u0131r. Daha sonra g\u00f6rece\u011fimiz gibi, O’Connorizm’in do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00f6klerini tan\u0131madaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k, \u00c7artisizmi son felaketine s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

SOL KANAT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan, George JulianHarney, yoksulluk ve sefalet i\u00e7indeki bir \u015fehrin ortas\u0131nda do\u011fdu. Kapitalizmden ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir sistemden haberdar de\u011fildi ve O’Connoristler’in bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131. 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda yasal olmayan gazetelerin sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 i\u00e7eri at\u0131ld\u0131. Yirmili ya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, Londra \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birlikleri Derne\u011fi (L\u0130BD) ile kesin bir \u015fekilde ayr\u0131ld\u0131 ve Do\u011fu Yakas\u0131 proletaryas\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ine alarak k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede 3000 \u00fcye kazanan Londra Demokratik Birli\u011fi’ni kurdu.[5]<\/sup><\/a> 24 Mart 1839’da Kuzey Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131<\/em>‘na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir mektupta bu ad\u0131m\u0131n nedenlerini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Asli m\u00fccadelede \u201cahlaki g\u00fc\u00e7<\/em>\u201d ve \u201ce\u011fitim<\/em>\u201din herhangi bir de\u011fer olu\u015fturdu\u011fu fikrinden vazge\u00e7ip, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kurtulu\u015funun ancak kendi \u00e7abalar\u0131yla elde edilebilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Gazetesi olan Londra Demokrat gazetesi, y\u00fckselen proletaryan\u0131n ate\u015fini ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, kapitalizmin do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n kuramsal kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve daha sonra Marx ve Engels taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulan ve geli\u015ftirilen i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koyuyor, orta s\u0131n\u0131fla ile girilecek en ufak bir ortakl\u0131k fikrine aktif bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Harney, orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n rol\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u015funlar\u0131 ifade ediyordu:<\/p>\n

\u201cD\u00fcnyay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 <\/em>hal\u00fcsinasyondan g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz. Yakla\u015f\u0131k dokuz y\u0131l s\u00fcren \u2018liberal\u2019 h\u00fck\u00fcmet, ta\u015f\u0131ma a\u011flar\u0131 ve sessiz korku h\u00fccrelerinde, kendinizin yayg\u0131n sefaleti ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yayg\u0131n ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki orta s\u0131n\u0131f idaresine, \u2018Bastil\u2019 ve \u2018Lapa \u00c7orbas\u0131\u2019 \u00f6rneklerine, \u2018B\u00f6l\u00fcnme\u2019 ve \u2018Wa\u00e7l\u0131k\u2019a (burdaHarney \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7\u0131kan Yeni Yoksullar\u0131 Koruma Kanununu kastediyor) duac\u0131 olmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretti.<\/em>\u201d (Londra Demokrat, 20 Nisan 1839)<\/p>\n

Gazete, \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Charter’a verdi\u011fi deste\u011fin alt\u0131nda yatan ekonomik nedenleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rmesi nedeniyle empatisi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir gazeteydi.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2018Charter’\u0131n \u00dcyeleri\u2019 herkesin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fitlemenin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015fmedik\u00e7e \u00fcretici s\u0131n\u0131f her zaman ezilecektir.<\/em>\u201d (<\/strong>Londra Demokrat, 13 Nisan 1839)<\/p>\n

4 May\u0131s 1839 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda Harney, Genel Grev’in -daha sonra Charter’\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir y\u00f6ntem haline getirildi- ancak i\u00e7 sava\u015f bitti\u011finde bitmesi gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Fakat Harney ve grubu, hareketin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda, di\u011ferleri gibi, O’Connor’\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkisi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. O’Connor, eylemlilikte gerekirse bo\u015f vaatler vermeyi me\u015fru g\u00f6ren merkezci tutumun a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fiydi. Merkezcilik kitlesel hareketi destekler, i\u015f\u00e7ileri neredeyse sava\u015fman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine getirir, sonra kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yenilgiyle geriye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

O’Connor’\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu rol, Chartizm’in trajik tarihinin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00fczere, Nisan 1848\u2019de KenningtonCommon’daki eylemde alan\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc eylemci say\u0131s\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. 1848’de Chartizm’in ger\u00e7ek itici g\u00fcc\u00fc harcan\u0131yordu. End\u00fcstriyel i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimci bir liderli\u011fe e\u011filimi azal\u0131yordu (Bu durumu daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in daha \u00f6nce at\u0131fta bulunulan \u00f6nceki makaleye bak\u0131labilir.[6]<\/sup><\/a>); t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 siyasi ve ekonomik haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alma kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birle\u015firken, hareketin proleter unsurlar\u0131na dayanan Harney, Ernest Jones ve di\u011fer sol kanat \u00fcyelerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kma s\u00fcrecindeki yenilgisi 10 Nisan 1848 felaketine ve devam\u0131nda Chartizm’in yok olmas\u0131na giden yolun ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6\u015femi\u015ftir. \u00c7hartizm ile kom\u00fcnizmin fikrinin birli\u011fi sa\u011flama g\u00f6revi(orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak O’Connor’\u0131n konumunu da zay\u0131flatacakt\u0131) do\u011fru bir perspektiften ele al\u0131nmad\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, “e\u011fitimli<\/em>“, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle kapitalist fikir ve politikayla e\u011fitilmi\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla, sanayi b\u00f6lgesinde hakimiyetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye devam eden din fakt\u00f6r\u00fcyle birlikte geni\u015fleyen kapitalizmin \u00e7er\u00e7evesi i\u00e7inde sermayedar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, Chartizm g\u00fcnlerinde asla c\u00fcret edemeyece\u011fi bi\u00e7imde kendini g\u00fcvenceye alarak Charter’\u0131n temel taleplerini i\u015f\u00e7ilere -hak diye- ba\u011f\u0131\u015flarken \u00c7artizm adeta reformizmin \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

MARX VE ENGELS\u2019\u0130N ETK\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chartist hareket tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken, ele al\u0131nan noktalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturmak ve tasvir etmek ad\u0131na hi\u00e7bir \u00e7aba Marx ve Engels’in Chartistlerle ili\u015fkisini incelemekten daha fazla yard\u0131m edemez. G. J.Harney, Engels’in \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki son zamanlar\u0131nda -1844\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n Durumu adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131yordu- Engels ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Harney ve Chartizm deneyimlerinin Marx ve Engels’i ne denli etkiledi\u011fini tahmin etmek g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fil. Her ikisinin de Chartizm’e bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu inkar edilemez. Fakat daha net olan\u0131, Marx ve Engels’in kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n ve m\u00fccadelelerinin Chartistler \u00fczerindeki m\u00fc\u015fterek etkisidir. Profes\u00f6r Riazanov’un D\u00fcnya Devrimci Kom\u00fcnistler Birli\u011fi makalelerinin (ilk kez 1928 A\u011fustos’unda \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ngilizce olarak yay\u0131mland\u0131) ke\u015ffi ve yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 Harney’in bu birli\u011fin \u00f6nde gelen \u00fcyelerinden biri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Ernest Jones ve G. J.Harney’in konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda bu etki daha da \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Alman Sosyal Demokratlar\u0131n\u0131n bir toplant\u0131s\u0131ndaki konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Harney\u015f\u00f6yle demi\u015fti:<\/p>\n

“T\u00fcm \u00fclkelerdeki halklar\u0131n davas\u0131 ayn\u0131d\u0131r – emek davas\u0131, k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve talan edilmi\u015f emek davas\u0131… Zorunlu t\u00fcm mallar\u0131, t\u00fcm rahatl\u0131klar\u0131 ve l\u00fcksleri yaratan insanlar sefalete batm\u0131\u015f durumda. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerindeki i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u015fik\u00e2yetleriniz, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z haks\u0131zl\u0131klar ayn\u0131 de\u011fil mi? O g\u00fczel davan\u0131z insan soyunun sahiden \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesiyle de ayn\u0131 kap\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yor mu?<\/em>” (Kuzey Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131, 14 \u015eubat 1846, Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto’nun yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce)<\/p>\n

Yine 1850 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Temmuz ay\u0131nda Harney’in dergisi K\u0131z\u0131l Cumhuriyet\u2019ten al\u0131nan \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnek (Chartism’in parlak d\u00f6neminin bu zamanlarda art\u0131k ge\u00e7ti\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r):<\/p>\n

\u201cDi\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerle ilgili olarak, cevap basittir – di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n var olma hakk\u0131 yoktur. S\u0131n\u0131flar sistemini ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n mutlak \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yolunu haz\u0131rlamak, K\u0131z\u0131l Cumhuriyet’in misyonudur. Ve hala, proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc z\u0131t bir kuram oldu\u011funu savunan insanlar var!<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

1851’de Ernest Jones, \u201c\u00dclkenin millile\u015fmesi, kilisenin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ulusal kooperatiflerin kurulmas\u0131, halk milislerinin kurulmas\u0131, ordunun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, fakirlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve bak\u0131m hakk\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131 i\u00e7eren bir sosyalist program ortaya koydu. Bunu bir de O’Connor’\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin savunuculu\u011funu yapmas\u0131yla ve \u015fu beyan\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n:<\/p>\n

\u201cKom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131 hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemi\u015ftim… Kamu mutfaklar\u0131na, halka a\u00e7\u0131k pi\u015firme evlerine ve ortak \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhanelere bile kar\u015f\u0131y\u0131m.<\/em>\u201d (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, 1847-48, s.549 ve 157.)<\/p>\n

Ernest Jones’un yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan bir ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek:<\/p>\n

\u201cS\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n birle\u015fmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r… toplumun bu iki k\u0131sm\u0131 birbirinden kesin olarak, birer birer, a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer t\u00fcm sistem tipleri sadece bo\u015f laf.<\/em>\u201d (\u0130nsanlara Notlar, 1850, s.342)<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece kapitalizmin kuramc\u0131lar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler yakarmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle cevap verdiler: \u201c\u0130ngiliz gelene\u011finin d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 Bol\u015fevizmin kuramlar\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d Chartizm’in d\u00fcn ve bug\u00fcn ne oldu\u011fu, yar\u0131n da neye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi konusunda belli bir fikirde \u0131srar edenler i\u00e7in Chartist m\u00fccadele tarihi baz\u0131 cevaplar bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Chartizm, s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 topluma, kitlesel m\u00fccadeleyi anayasac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, Genel Grev ve silahl\u0131 isyan\u0131 parlamento dilek\u00e7elerine ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun talepleriyle temelleyerek, kulu\u00e7kadaki Marksizmi sermayedarl\u0131\u011fa de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Chartistleri y\u00f6nlendiren bilimsel teorilere sahip proleter gruplar\u0131n teorileri bug\u00fcn daha incelikli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 hak ediyor. Bu grubun yenilgisi “merkezcilik”i if\u015fa ederek k\u00f6k\u00fcnden s\u00f6kmemizi ve devrim hareketinin bilincine unutulmayacak bir bi\u00e7imde ba\u015fka, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir yol kaz\u0131mam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

* RegGroves, The Class Leadership of Chartism, LabourMonthly, April 1929, pp.240-244\u2019den (https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/etol\/writers\/groves\/1929\/04\/chartism.htm) \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ba\u015fl\u0131k ve ara ba\u015fl\u0131klar Teori ve Eylem\u2019e aittir.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/etol\/writers\/groves\/1929\/01\/chartism.htm<\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00c7artizm, 1838’den 1850’ye kadar olan d\u00f6nemde, \u0130ngiltere’de, \u00f6zellikle oy ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere politik reformlar i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadeleye ve bu m\u00fccadele etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen i\u015f\u00e7i hareketine verilen isimdir. Tarihte, bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte ve \u00fclkesel boyutta ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i eylemidir. Ad\u0131n\u0131 1838’de yay\u0131nlanan alt\u0131 maddelik People’s Charter (“halk bildirgesi”) isimli bildiriden almaktad\u0131r. \u00c7artist hareket amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in yasal yollar\u0131 kullanmakta ve anayasal \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde kalmakta kararl\u0131yd\u0131. People’s Charter ad\u0131 verilen ve daha demokratik bir sistem i\u00e7in reformlar talep eden alt\u0131 maddelik bildiri, \u015fu somut istekleri i\u00e7ermekteydi:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Su\u00e7lu olmayan ve ak\u0131l sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerinde olan, 21 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fcnde her erkek oy verme hakk\u0131na sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  2. Oylaman\u0131n gizlili\u011fi sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  3. Parlamento \u00fcyesi olmak i\u00e7in, “zenginlik” veya “toprak sahibi olma” zorunlulu\u011fu olmamal\u0131, herkesin se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131 olmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  4. Parlamenterlere, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bu i\u015f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeterli bir \u00fccret \u00f6denmelidir.<\/li>\n
  5. T\u00fcm se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgeleri, e\u015fit say\u0131da se\u00e7mene denk gelecek say\u0131daki oyla temsil edilmelidir.<\/li>\n
  6. Se\u00e7imler her y\u0131l yenilenmelidir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    [4]<\/sup><\/a> \u00dcretim ve ticaretin geni\u015flemesindeki temel olgu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00e2r\u0131n \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/sup><\/a>Londra \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birlikleri Derne\u011fi\u2019nin 400 \u00fcyesi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/sup><\/a> https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/etol\/writers\/groves\/1929\/01\/chartism.htm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Reg Groves* \u00c7eviren: Hilal Ada\u015fl\u0131k Ayl\u0131k \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Dergisi’nin Ocak say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan Chartism ve G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz: Reformizm Yan\u0131lmas\u0131 makalesinde[2] Chartizm’in[3] gerilemesinin sebepleriyle ilgili bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yer al\u0131yordu. \u201cAna sebep\u201d diyordu \u201cChartizm’i yaratan ger\u00e7ek, ko\u015fullara bak\u0131larak bulunabilir.” \u00d6zellikle, 1830\u2019lar ve 40\u2019lardaki ekonomik krizin devam\u0131nda \u00fcretim ve ticaretin geni\u015flemesi, proletarya ve kapitalistler aras\u0131ndaki antagonizmay\u0131 zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[4] Ancak bu de\u011ferlendirme, Chartizm’in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen ko\u015fullar\u0131n daha nitelikli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":758,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[494,368,318],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-25-sayi-aralik-2018","category-ceviri","category-hilal-adaslik"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c7artist hareketin liderli\u011finde s\u0131n\u0131fsal m\u00fccadele<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/12\/03\/cartist-hareketin-liderliginde-sinifsal-mucadele\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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