{"id":720,"date":"2018-10-03T11:42:04","date_gmt":"2018-10-03T08:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=720"},"modified":"2023-01-17T16:37:44","modified_gmt":"2023-01-17T13:37:44","slug":"emperyalist-celiskiler-derinlesirken-transatlantik-iliskilerde-yarilma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/10\/03\/emperyalist-celiskiler-derinlesirken-transatlantik-iliskilerde-yarilma\/","title":{"rendered":"Emperyalist \u00e7eli\u015fkiler derinle\u015firken: Transatlantik ili\u015fkilerde yar\u0131lma"},"content":{"rendered":"

Y\u00fccel \u00d6zdemir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Emperyalist devletler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve ittifaklar\u0131n yenilenmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00fcre\u00e7 h\u0131zlanarak derinle\u015fmeye devam ediyor. Bug\u00fcne kadar kampla\u015fmadaki taraflar \u00e7o\u011funlukla, genellenerek \u201cBat\u0131<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cDo\u011fu<\/em>\u201d diye tarif ediliyordu. \u201cBat\u0131<\/em>\u201ddan kastedilen NATO \u015femsiyesi alt\u0131nda bir araya gelen, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte hareket etmi\u015f ABD ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa devletlerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ittifakt\u0131. \u201cDo\u011fu<\/em>\u201ddan kas\u0131t ise, daha \u00e7ok Rusya ve \u00c7in.<\/p>\n

Uzun bir s\u00fcre bu \u015fekilde tarif edilen emperyalist kampla\u015fman\u0131n, gelinen a\u015famada asl\u0131nda tam da ger\u00e7e\u011fi ifade etmedi\u011fini, son y\u0131llarda NATO \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar ve gelece\u011fe dair farkl\u0131 planlar yeterince ortaya koyuyor. \u00d6zellikle Donald Trump\u2019\u0131n ABD Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ilmesiyle birlikte \u00e7eli\u015fkiler hem daha yal\u0131n \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131, hem de h\u0131zland\u0131. Ancak bug\u00fcn sertle\u015fen Avrupa ile ABD aras\u0131ndaki (transatlantik) \u00e7eli\u015fkiler, Trump\u2019la ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. Uzun bir s\u00fcredir Avrupa ile ABD aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan \u00e7eli\u015fkiler kendilerini farkl\u0131 vesilelerle ortaya koymaktayd\u0131. Irak i\u015fgali \u00f6ncesinde Almanya ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ABD ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019yle hareket etmeyi reddederek, Rusya ve \u00c7in ile birlikte i\u015fgale kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, denilebilir ki, \u201cBat\u0131<\/em>\u201d cephesindeki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00f6nemli yar\u0131lmayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra SSCB\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019daki kapitalist devletleri kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na alan ABD, SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra da bunun aynen devam etmesini istiyordu. Do\u011fu Bloku\u2019nun ve SSCB\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 zaferinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ABD hanesine \u201cba\u015far\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, kurulan \u201cyeni d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni<\/em>\u201dnde de ABD\u2019nin egemenli\u011finin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmesi ve ona g\u00f6re hareket edilmesini dayat\u0131yordu. Bir s\u00fcre bu \u015fekilde devam eden transatlantik ili\u015fkilerde, ABD, kimi \u00e7eli\u015fkilere ra\u011fmen, hep \u00fcstten bakan, hesap soran ve di\u011ferlerini kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ba\u011flayan g\u00fc\u00e7 konumundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Vladimir Putin\u2019in 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 koltu\u011funa oturmas\u0131ndan sonra Rusya, ekonomik, askeri ve siyasi olarak ABD ve m\u00fcttefiklerine teslim olma niyetinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stererek, ad\u0131m ad\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131 hamleler yapma politikas\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi. Denebilir ki, Putin ilk \u00f6nemli ve ciddi \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, 2007\u2019de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 43. M\u00fcnih G\u00fcvenlik Konferans\u0131\u2019nda yapt\u0131. Sadece Alman bas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil d\u00fcnya bas\u0131n\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan da \u201cYeniden So\u011fuk Sava\u015f<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, Putin, \u201cG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda, tek kutuplu d\u00fcnya kabul edilemez olmakla birlikte, ayn\u0131 zamanda bunun imkans\u0131z oldu\u011fu kanaatindeyim<\/em>\u201d demi\u015fti.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra tamamen teslim al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131lan Rusya, ekonomik sorunlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ayr\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olmak istedi\u011fi mesaj\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Zira bunu yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist devletlerin SSCB\u2019den kopan cumhuriyetleri talan ederek teslim almalar\u0131na benzer bir durumunun kendi ba\u015f\u0131na gelece\u011finin fark\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu nedenle, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u00c7in ile girmi\u015f oldu\u011fu yak\u0131n ittifak\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterirken, eski n\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131nda yeniden etkili olma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7ine girdi, ancak \u00e7ok fazla ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131. Ama bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te m\u00fcttefiklerini \u00e7o\u011faltmaya da \u00f6zel \u00f6nem verdi. Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle ba\u015fta enerji olmak \u00fczere de\u011fi\u015fik alanlarda ekonomik ve ticari ili\u015fkilerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirirken, ili\u015fkileri geren taraf olmamaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterdi. Gerhard Schr\u00f6der’in Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda (1998-2005), Almanya-Rusya ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli bir ivme yakaland\u0131. Bunun sonucu olarak, Rusya ile Almanya aras\u0131nda Balt\u0131k Denizi alt\u0131ndan do\u011frudan do\u011falgaz ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve tarihi stratejik \u00f6neme sahip Kuzey Avrupa Do\u011falgaz Ak\u0131m\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irildi. Daha sonra, Donald Trump’\u0131n son NATO Zirvesi’nde sert tepki g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Kuzey Avrupa Do\u011falgaz Ak\u0131m\u0131 II\u2019nin temeli at\u0131ld\u0131. Schr\u00f6der, do\u011fal gaz hatlar\u0131n\u0131 yapan konsorsiyumun \u00f6nemli y\u00f6neticilerinden biri oldu. Ancak, daha sonra, Angela Merkel’in Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k koltu\u011funa oturmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Almanya’n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda ibre k\u0131smen yeniden ABD’den yana d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Koalisyon i\u00e7inde Sosyal Demokratlar\u0131n kimi \u00e7ekincelerine ra\u011fmen…<\/p>\n

Eski n\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist devletlere kapt\u0131ran Rusya, bat\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fkileri olan Irak ve Libya rejimlerine yeterince sahip \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131. Daha do\u011frusu\u015f ABD\u2019yi ve m\u00fcttefiklerini engelleyebilecek g\u00fcce sahip de\u011fildi. Bir di\u011fer n\u00fcfuz alan\u0131 Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 elinde tutmak i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir \u00e7aba harcad\u0131, ancak buna da g\u00fcc\u00fc yetmedi. Zira, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u201cBat\u0131 cephesi<\/em>\u201d, aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilere ra\u011fmen Ukrayna\u2019da tam anlam\u0131yla ittifak yapt\u0131. Sonunda, kurtarabilece\u011fine inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklara el koydu (K\u0131r\u0131m), bir k\u0131sm\u0131na ise (Donbas ve Lugansk) sahip \u00e7\u0131karak, bat\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irmesini engelledi. Ancak, Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n genelinde bat\u0131yla girdi\u011fi m\u00fccadeleyi kaybetti ve b\u00f6ylece NATO\u2019nun askeri olarak do\u011frudan Rusya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yana\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyemedi.<\/p>\n

Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kaybederken, benzer bir durumun ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Suriye\u2019de ise yedi y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcren sava\u015f\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Denebilir ki, SSCB\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra girdi\u011fi pek \u00e7ok m\u00fccadeleyi kaybeden Rusya, ilk kez, ele ge\u00e7irilmek istenen eski n\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131ndan birisini korumay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu, ayn\u0131 zamanda, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ABD kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendisine g\u00fcvenerek, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m m\u00fccadelesinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir akt\u00f6r oldu\u011funu ispatlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131mlar, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hamlelerle birlikte emperyalist payla\u015f\u0131mda var oldu\u011funu ve kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak i\u00e7in sava\u015fa da haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

BATI \u0130TT\u0130FAKINDA ARAYI\u015eLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rusya’n\u0131n yeniden payla\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcrecine a\u00e7\u0131k olarak m\u00fcdahil oldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde, AB’nin \u00f6nemli \u00fclkeleri, Almanya ve Fransa da, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda birlikte hareket ettikleri ABD’nin kanatlar\u0131 alt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kman\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. Geleneksel Anglosakson ili\u015fkiler ba\u011flam\u0131nda ABD ile daha yak\u0131n bir ittifak i\u00e7inde olan \u0130ngiltere, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften koparak di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle birlikte ortak hareket etmeye yana\u015fmad\u0131. Atlantik’in di\u011fer yakas\u0131yla her gerilim ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Almanya ve Fransa\u2019dan \u00e7ok, ABD ile birlikte hareket etmeyi ye\u011fledi. Irak Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndaki tutumu da bu y\u00f6nde oldu. AB’nin gelecek mimarisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130ngiliz burjuvazisinin izledi\u011fi politika, daha \u00e7ok ortak pazar\u0131n korunmas\u0131, ancak siyasi ve ekonomik entegrasyonun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalma \u015feklinde oldu. Bu nedenle, \u0130ngiltere’nin Brexit karar\u0131yla AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131na kalmas\u0131 da, pek \u00e7ok \u015feyin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, y\u0131llard\u0131r izlenen bu politikan\u0131n sonucuydu.<\/p>\n

AB’nin kendi ba\u015f\u0131na siyasi ve ekonomik bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne engeller koyan, ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar talep eden ve bunlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla da elde eden \u0130ngiltere, gelinen a\u015famada verdi\u011fi Brexit karar\u0131yla, geride kalan Almanya ve Fransa’n\u0131n zorunlu ittifaklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesine de yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Zira, tek ba\u015f\u0131na hareket ettiklerinde, ABD, Rusya ve \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131nda fazla \u015fanslar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131ndalar. Bu nedenle, askeri, ekonomik ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan, \u0130ngiltere’nin ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 bu a\u00e7\u0131dan i\u015flerini de kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, AB’de her a\u00e7\u0131dan entegrasyon s\u00fcrecinin h\u0131zl\u0131 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini istiyorlar.<\/p>\n

Bu temelde at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar konusunda iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f farklar\u0131 olmakla birlikte, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde as\u0131l belirleyici durumda olan\u0131n Almanya oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131nda Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ni kendisine kalkan olarak kullanmay\u0131 temel bir strateji haline getiren Alman burjuvazisi, tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u201cAlman yolu<\/em>\u201ddan gitmesinin sak\u0131ncal\u0131 oldu\u011funun fark\u0131nda. Bu nedenle, AB’yi bir arada tutmak i\u00e7in, kimi zaman baz\u0131 tavizler vererek, belirledi\u011fi politikay\u0131 uygulamaya devam ediyor. Almanya’n\u0131n d\u00fcnya genelinde atmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu \u201cAB<\/em>\u201d olarak paketleyerek servis etmesine, hen\u00fcz AB i\u00e7inde itiraz edebilecek ciddi bir g\u00fc\u00e7 bulunmuyor. Ancak yak\u0131n gelecekte, ba\u015fta \u0130talya, Macaristan, Polonya… gibi sa\u011f pop\u00fclistlerin i\u015fba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde bu itiraz\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi bekleniyor. Sa\u011f pop\u00fclizmdeki y\u00fckseli\u015fin AB’yi milliyet\u00e7i temelde b\u00f6lme ve da\u011f\u0131tma tehdidi her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn biraz daha b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. \u015eimdiden bu y\u00f6nde pek \u00e7ok analiz yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

10 y\u0131l \u00f6nce 15 Eyl\u00fcl’deki Lehman Brothers’\u0131n iflas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olarak kabul edildi\u011fi d\u00fcnya ekonomik krizi ve ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan Avrupa’daki \u201cbor\u00e7 krizi<\/em>\u201dne, bug\u00fcnden geriye d\u00f6n\u00fcl\u00fcp bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Almanya’n\u0131n rakiplerine g\u00f6re, ekonomik olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7lenme, do\u011fal olarak uzunca bir s\u00fcredir Alman burjuvazisinin d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131nda daha etkili rol oynama iste\u011fini tetiklemekle kalm\u0131yor, ama yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriyor. Bir taraftan NATO b\u00fcnyesinde askeri harcamalar art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve Rusya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda askeri y\u0131\u011f\u0131nak yap\u0131l\u0131rken, di\u011fer taraftan ise AB i\u00e7inde ayr\u0131 bir askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n somut ad\u0131mlar\u0131 at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

13 Kas\u0131m 2017’de Br\u00fcksel\u2019de AB \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerin Savunma ve D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanlar\u0131n\u0131n onaylad\u0131klar\u0131 \u201cDaimi Yap\u0131sal \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Savunma Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d \/ \u201cPESCO<\/em>\u201d (Permanent Structured Cooperation), yeniden payla\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde, AB’nin askeri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere uygulamaya konuldu.[2]<\/a> \u201cAB\u2019nin NATO\u2019su<\/em>\u201d say\u0131labilecek bir askeri yap\u0131lanman\u0131n hedeflendi\u011fi anla\u015fmay\u0131 AB D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Y\u00fcksek Komiseri Federica Mogherini \u201ctarihi bir an<\/em>\u201d olarak nitelendirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Anla\u015fma, imzac\u0131 \u00fclkelere 20 ayr\u0131 \u015fart dayat\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, askeri harcamalar\u0131n d\u00fczenli \u015fekilde artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 operasyonlar\u0131na asker verilmesinin zorunlu hale getirilmesi geliyor. \u00dcye \u00fclkeler PESCO \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131 uygulamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc. Tek tek operasyonlar\u0131 onaylamayan \u00fclkeler ise ancak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalabilirler, karar\u0131 bloke etme hakk\u0131na sahip olmayacaklar. Der Spiegel\u2019de yer alan habere g\u00f6re, PESCO\u2019nun bir e\u011fitim merkezi ve b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re ortak sava\u015f birlikleri olacak. \u015eu anda var olan Visegr\u00e1d-Grubu (Polonya, \u00c7ekya, Slovakya ve Macaristan) ve Weimar Battlegroup (Almanya, Fransa ve Polonya) da, PESCO\u2019ya b\u00f6lgesel grup olarak dahil edilecek. AB \u00fclkeleri, 2016\u2019ta savunma harcamalar\u0131na toplam 334 milyar dolar ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Alman-Frans\u0131z ittifak\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cPESCO<\/em>\u201d, as\u0131l olarak, payla\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde askeri a\u00e7\u0131dan ayr\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak sahaya \u00e7\u0131kma plan\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fil. Fransa ile birlikte, uzun zamand\u0131r \u00fcye \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda askeri i\u015fbirli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcayan Almanya, \u015fimdi istedi\u011fi y\u00f6nde \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f durumda. Bunda Fransa Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Emmenual Macron\u2019un se\u00e7ilmesinin de b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc oldu. \u00d6nceki Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Fran\u00e7ois Hollande bu konuda hep a\u011f\u0131r davranmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015fti. Ancak, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin ge\u00e7en y\u0131l Brexit karar\u0131 almas\u0131ndan sonra, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda askeri y\u00f6nde i\u015fbirli\u011finin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine var\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Macron, g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra Sorbonne \u00dcniversitesi’nde AB konusunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel konu\u015fmada, gelecek planlar\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 vermi\u015fti. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda AB ordusu geliyordu. Macron, s\u00f6z konusu konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, \u201c2020\u2019de faaliyete ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 umdu\u011fu ortak savunma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn NATO\u2019nun yerini almak yerine NATO\u2019yu destekleyen bir yap\u0131da olmas\u0131 ve AB\u2019nin ortak askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak hareket etmesi<\/em>\u201d gerekti\u011fini savunmu\u015ftu. Macron, ortak bir savunma b\u00fct\u00e7esi ve politikas\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek gerekti\u011fini, ayr\u0131ca Avrupa askeri e\u011fitim akademisi kurmak istedi\u011fini de ifade etmi\u015fti.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Gelece\u011fin en \u00f6nemli sorusu ise, NATO ile PESCO aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131. \u0130mza t\u00f6reni \u00f6ncesinde yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda, ABD Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Donald Trump\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesinin ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin AB\u2019den ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n, PESCO\u2019nun kurulu\u015f s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade ediliyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla siyasi ve ekonomik yar\u0131lman\u0131n yan\u0131nda olu\u015fan askeri yap\u0131lanmaya yeni gerek\u00e7eler de bulunmu\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Almanya eski Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Joachim Gauck, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Frank-Walter Steinmeier ve Savunma Bakan\u0131 Ursula von der Leyen, \u015eubat 2014’de kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 50. M\u00fcnih G\u00fcvenlik Zirvesi’nde, Almanya ve AB’nin art\u0131k d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131nda askeri olarak etkili rol almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ilan etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Son olarak, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz May\u0131s ay\u0131nda, Almanya Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Angela Merkel de, M\u00fcnih’te bir bira \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada Almanya’n\u0131n d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir rota izlemesi gerekti\u011fini \u015fu \u015fekilde \u00f6zetlemi\u015fti: \u201cBa\u015fkalar\u0131na g\u00fcvendi\u011fimiz d\u00f6nem bir par\u00e7a geride kald\u0131. Bunu son g\u00fcnlerde g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. Ve bu nedenle sadece \u015funu s\u00f6yleyebilirim: Avrupal\u0131lar olarak kaderimizi ger\u00e7ekten elimizde almam\u0131z gerekiyor.<\/em>\u201d Ve devam etmi\u015fti: \u201cElbette ABD ile dost kalaca\u011f\u0131z. Ancak Avrupal\u0131lar olarak kendi kaderimizi belirlemek i\u00e7in kendimiz m\u00fccadele etmeliyiz.<\/em>\u201d[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki; bu s\u00f6zlerin adresi ABD ve lideri Donald Trump’tan ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fil. Zira Merkel, Kanada’da yap\u0131lan G 7 Zirvesi’nde de, Trump’un istediklerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve tutum alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Uzun s\u00fcredir \u00f6zlemi \u00e7ekilip belli edilen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n etkili bir g\u00fcc\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme arzusu, sonunda, Almanya taraf\u0131ndan, yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir belge haline getirildi. Federal D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubunca haz\u0131rlanan Strateji Belgesi, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Heiko Maas taraf\u0131ndan Handelsblatt gazetesine yaz\u0131lan bir makale ile ilan edildi. Makalede, Maas a\u00e7\u0131k olarak, ABD\u2019nin k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgileri a\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bunu dengeleyecek bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini savunarak, ABD ile ili\u015fkilerde art\u0131k \u201cstratejik ortakl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d yerine \u201cdengeli ortakl\u0131k<\/em>\u201dtan (Balancierten Partnerschaft) s\u00f6z etmekteydi.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131da, \u0130ran ve Rusya konusunda ABD\u2019nin belirledi\u011fi politikaya itiraz ediliyor ve muhtemel ambargolar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in somut \u00f6neriler yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, ABD\u2019den ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00fcresel para transfer a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, vergi \u00f6demeyen ABD\u2019li dijital tekellerden vergi al\u0131nmas\u0131 geliyordu. Rusya ve \u0130ran ile ili\u015fkiler \u00fczerinden tarif edilen bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi de eklemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Zira, T\u00fcrk-Amerikan ili\u015fkilerinin gerilmesi, Almanya i\u00e7in yeni bir \u015fans olarak ele al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r gerilimli olan ili\u015fkilerin normalle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131, at\u0131lmaya devam ediliyor. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede daha \u00f6nce insan haklar\u0131 ve bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda y\u00f6neltilen ele\u015ftiriler bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131larak, Erdo\u011fan Berlin’e davet edildi ve askeri t\u00f6renle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Bu ad\u0131mlar, T\u00fcrkiye’den \u00e7ok, Almanya’n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye ve b\u00f6lgeye dair siyasi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc at\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye’nin, giderek Rusya’ya yakla\u015fmas\u0131 yerine, Almanya\/AB ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 kalmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ciddi planlar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Denebilir ki; D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ABD’ye dair haz\u0131rlanan belge, bug\u00fcne kadar siyaset\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6ylenenleri resmi devlet g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc haline getiriyor ve genel olarak bundan sonra izlenecek politikan\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesini belirliyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, Almanya ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcne ra\u011fmen siyasi ve askeri a\u00e7\u0131dan ABD\u2019nin himayesinde kald\u0131k\u00e7a, payla\u015f\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde etkili olamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve istediklerini elde edemeyece\u011finin fark\u0131nda. Trump\u2019\u0131n Avrupa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 tak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 ve ba\u015fta \u00e7elik ve al\u00fcminyum olmak \u00fczere de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden daha fazla g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi almaya dayal\u0131 politikas\u0131 ise, bu s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131yor ve Almanya\u2019y\u0131 yeni partnerler aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nlendiriyor. Eskiden bu aray\u0131\u015flar g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011finde, \u00fclke i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir kesim, ABD ile birlikte hareket etmenin zorunlulu\u011fundan s\u00f6z ederek kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Ancak Trump\u2019\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan sonra ABD ile birlikte hareket edilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 alabildi\u011fince azald\u0131.<\/p>\n

TRANSATLAN\u0130K \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LERDE \u00c7IKAR FARKLILIKLARI VE PAYLA\u015eILAMAYANLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Almanya’n\u0131n merkezinde oldu\u011fu Avrupa’n\u0131n, ABD ile ili\u015fkileri her a\u00e7\u0131dan sorgulama ve yeniden d\u00fczenleme niyetini a\u00e7\u0131k olarak ortaya koydu\u011fu bu politikas\u0131, elbette aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve pazar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7eki\u015fmelerden kaynaklan\u0131yor. Avrupa tekellerinin baz\u0131 alanlarda ABD tekellerinden daha fazla mesafe kaydedip g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131, do\u011fal olarak, daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 elde etme iste\u011fiyle pazar payla\u015f\u0131m m\u00fccadelesini k\u0131z\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. ABD tekellerinin belli alanlarda Avrupal\u0131 tekellerle rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131flamas\u0131 nedeniyle Trump’\u0131n \u201ckorumac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa \/ protektionizme<\/em>\u201d dayal\u0131 \u201cAmerica first<\/em>\u201d (\u00d6nce Amerika) politikas\u0131n\u0131 savundu\u011fu biliniyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6revi devral\u0131r almaz Transpasifik Serbest Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131’ndan (TTP)[7]<\/a> \u00e7ekilen Trump, ard\u0131ndan ABD ile AB aras\u0131nda y\u0131llarca imzalanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in pazarl\u0131klar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Transatlantik Serbest Ticaret ve Yat\u0131r\u0131m Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131 (TTIP) da iptal etti. Her iki ad\u0131m da, \u201cAmerica first<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

ABD’li tekellere, Avrupa’da da ABD’deki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 uygulama imkan\u0131 tan\u0131yan, kurals\u0131z rekabetin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7an TTIP, ba\u015fta Almanya olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede, y\u00fcz binlerce insan taraf\u0131ndan defalarca protesto edilmi\u015f, Obama y\u00f6netimiyle AB \u00fclkelerinin y\u00f6neticileri buna ra\u011fmen geri ad\u0131m atmaya yana\u015fmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Anla\u015fman\u0131n, ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan ABD tekellerinden \u00e7ok Avrupa men\u015feili tekellerle AB’nin i\u015fine yarayaca\u011f\u0131ndan hareket eden Trump’\u0131n iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda, elbette ABD’nin Avrupa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda verdi\u011fi ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131yor. Federal \u0130statistik Dairesi\u2019nin verilerine g\u00f6re, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya’dan ABD’ye toplam 113 milyar Euro’luk mal sat\u0131l\u0131rken, ABD’den 57,8 milyar Euro’luk mal ithal edildi. Sat\u0131n al\u0131nanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda 6,3 milyar Euro ile otomobil geliyor. Verdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131k nedeniyle Almanya ve \u00c7in’den[8]<\/a> yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ithalat\u0131n ABD ekonomisinin ba\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 oldu\u011funa inanan, bu nedenle de bir televizyon kanal\u0131na verdi\u011fi deme\u00e7te her iki \u00fclkeden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman<\/em>\u201d olarak s\u00f6z eden Trump (ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evresi), bu nedenle her iki \u00fclkenin tekellerine ABD pazar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6ncelikli politika haline getirmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Federal \u0130statistik Dairesi\u2019nin rakamlar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 2008 ekonomik krizinden sonra Almanya’n\u0131n ABD’ye ihracat\u0131nda istikrarl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131n oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Krizin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 2008’de ABD’ye 71 milyar Euro\u2019luk ihracat yapan Almanya, krizin etkisini hissettirdi\u011fi 2009’da ancak 54 milyar Euro\u2019luk ihracat yapt\u0131. Sonraki y\u0131llarda ise s\u00fcrekli bir art\u0131\u015fla, ihracat miktar\u0131, 2015’te 113 milyar Euro\u2019ya kadar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

ABD’nin Almanya ve \u00c7in’e kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 elbette yeni de\u011fil. Almanya, en \u00e7ok ihracat\u0131 ABD’ye yaparken, \u00c7in, Hollanda ve Fransa’dan sonra d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ihracat \u00fclkesi konumunda. Yine Almanya, 2016 verilerine g\u00f6re, 373 milyar dolar ile, \u0130ngiltere, Japonya ve Fransa’dan sonra ABD’ye en fazla do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131m yapan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclke konumunda.<\/p>\n

Verilere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Trump’\u0131n \u201ckorumac\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131, as\u0131l olarak ABD sermayesini rekabetten korumaya y\u00f6nelik. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, TTIP’in iptal edilmesinin arkas\u0131nda, as\u0131l olarak ticari kayg\u0131lar bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Halbuki, Obama y\u00f6netimi, TTIP ile, Avrupa ile vergileri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 kald\u0131rarak, ABD ekonomisine nefes ald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu hamle sadece ekonomiyle de s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Atlantik’in iki yakas\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u201cekonomik entegrasyon<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnde at\u0131lacak ad\u0131mlar, ayn\u0131 zamanda, siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan da \u201ckader birli\u011fi<\/em>\u201dne zemin haz\u0131rlayacakt\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, TTIP, askeri ve siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan kurulmu\u015f olan \u201cstratejik ortakl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d\u0131n ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan temellendirilmesi anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Trump’\u0131n karar\u0131, bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u201cstratejik ortakl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7EL\u0130K VE AL\u00dcM\u0130NYUMA G\u00dcMR\u00dcK VERG\u0130S\u0130 NE ANLAMA GEL\u0130YOR?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cKorumac\u0131<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131nda \u0131srar eden ve ABD pazar\u0131n\u0131 rakiplere kapatma politikas\u0131n\u0131 izleyen Trump, ilk \u00f6nemli hamlesini \u201culusal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek \u00e7elik ve al\u00fcminyumda ithal vergilerini y\u00fckselterek yapt\u0131. 1 Haziran\u2019dan itibaren ge\u00e7erli olmak \u00fczere; \u00c7in, AB, Kanada, Meksika\u2019dan ithal edilen \u00e7elik ve al\u00fcminyuma y\u00fczde 25 ve y\u00fczde 10 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi kondu. Buna tepki g\u00f6steren AB; 22 Haziran\u2019dan itibaren, ABD\u2019den ithal edilen m\u0131s\u0131r, barbunya, pirin\u00e7, m\u0131s\u0131r gevre\u011fi, f\u0131st\u0131k ezmesi, yaban mersini, portakal suyu, viski, puro, sigara, t\u00fct\u00fcn, ruj, kot pantolon, nevresim, ayakkab\u0131, lavabo, merdiven, vantilat\u00f6r, motosiklet, yat, tekne, t\u00fcp ve \u00e7elik gibi y\u00fczlerce farkl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcne y\u00fczde 25 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi koydu.<\/p>\n

Trump’\u0131n \u201cticaret sava\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201d karar\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda da, yine, Almanya ve di\u011fer \u00fclkeler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda verdi\u011fi ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatma ve ABD tekellerini koruma bulunuyor. Zira \u00e7elik ve al\u00fcminyum ithalat\u0131n\u0131n eskisi gibi devam etmesi durumunda ABD’nin verdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n devam edece\u011fi ve i\u00e7erideki \u00fcretimin de yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalaca\u011f\u0131, bunun da ordunun ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7lerin yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilece\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Nitekim ithalat vergisinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra, ABD’de \u00e7elik \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 30 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.[10]<\/a> Ancak \u00fclkede daha \u00f6nce tonu 660 dolardan sat\u0131lan \u00e7eli\u011fin fiyat\u0131yla 900 dolara kadar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine, en \u00e7ok \u00e7elik \u00fcreten tekeller aras\u0131nda yer alan United States Steel ve Arcelor Mittal’de \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc \u00c7elik \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Sendikas\u0131, elde edilen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00e2rdan pay talep etmeyi ve \u00fccretlerin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Ancak her iki tekel de uzun vadede \u00fccretlerde art\u0131\u015fa yana\u015fmad\u0131. US Steel her i\u015f\u00e7iye bir seferli\u011fine 15 bin dolar, bu y\u0131l i\u00e7in ise 6 bin dolar \u00f6deme ve gelecekte \u00fccretleri art\u0131rmama teklifinde bulundu.<\/p>\n

Resmi verilere g\u00f6re, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n 1,3 milyon tonla en \u00e7ok \u00e7elik satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda, AB i\u00e7 pazar\u0131n\u0131 saymasak, ABD ilk s\u0131rada yer al\u0131yor. Buna ra\u011fmen, Amerikan g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerindeki art\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n Alman ekonomisinde bir sars\u0131nt\u0131ya yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 beklenmiyor. Ancak, alternatif yeni pazarlar bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, 85 bin i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7elik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde daralma olmas\u0131 bekleniyor ve bu da d\u0131\u015f Pazar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 acille\u015ftirip ciddile\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n

OTOMOB\u0130LE G\u00dcMR\u00dcK VERG\u0130S\u0130 M\u0130?<\/strong><\/p>\n

As\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan\u0131n, Trump taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00fcndeme getirilen, ancak bug\u00fcne kadar uygulanmayan otomobillerden al\u0131nan g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisinin y\u00fckseltilmesi oldu\u011funu ise hem Almanya hem de ABD biliyor. Zira b\u00f6ylesi bir ad\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde yarataca\u011f\u0131 sars\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olacak. Bu nedenle Almanya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere AB \u00fclkelerinin tepkisi de \u00e7ok daha sert olaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k.<\/p>\n

ABD ile AB aras\u0131nda D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc b\u00fcnyesine var\u0131lan anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, AB, ABD’den ithal edilen arabalardan y\u00fczde 10 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi alacak. ABD ise, otomobillerden y\u00fczde 2.5, pikap ve y\u00fck ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan y\u00fczde 25 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu anla\u015fmay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u201captalca<\/em>\u201d bulan Trump, otomobillerden al\u0131nan vergileri y\u00fckseltme tehdidinde bulunuyor. Bu tehdidin birinci adresi ise, elbette \u201cotomobil \u00fclkesi<\/em>\u201d Almanya. Y\u0131lda 1.4 milyon araba satan Almanya, bunlar\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birini ise do\u011frudan ABD\u2019de \u00fcreterek piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. ABD’de \u00fcretilen ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sat\u0131l\u0131yor. Bas\u0131nda yer alan haberlere g\u00f6re, Alman otomotiv tekeli BMW, bu nedenle ABD’de yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na en \u00e7ok ara\u00e7 satan tekel konumunda. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ABD’nin Avrupa pazar\u0131nda satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 araba say\u0131s\u0131 ise \u00e7ok az.<\/p>\n

Eurostat ve ABD Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Temmuz 2018 verilerine g\u00f6re, AB, 2017\u2019de ABD\u2019ye 37.4 milyar Euro\u2019luk ara\u00e7 ihra\u00e7 etti. Bu rakam, AB\u2019nin toplam ara\u00e7 ihracat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 30\u2019una denk geliyor. Bu miktar, ABD\u2019nin toplam otomotiv ithalat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 25’i. \u00d6te yandan ABD, 2017\u2019de AB\u2019ye 6.3 milyar Euro\u2019luk ara\u00e7 ihracat\u0131nda bulundu. Bu rakam ABD\u2019nin k\u00fcresel otomotiv ihracat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 20\u2019si, AB\u2019nin k\u00fcresel ithalat\u0131n\u0131nsa y\u00fczde 15.3\u2019\u00fc demek. AB\u2019ye \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin otomotiv tekelleri, ABD\u2019de 2.9 milyon ara\u00e7 \u00fcretiyor ve bu ABD\u2019nin toplam ara\u00e7 \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 26\u2019s\u0131na denk geliyor.<\/p>\n

Bunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc elbette Almanya’ya ait. Ward’s Automotive Group taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan verilere g\u00f6re, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD pazar\u0131nda Mercedes 372 bin 238 (ABD’nin ithal etti\u011fi: 228 bin 988), BMW ve Mini 363 bin 409 (ithalat, 249 bin 303), VW 339 bin 676 (ithalat, 37 bin 101), Audi 226 bin 511 (ithalat, 175 bin 241), Posche 55 bin 420 (ithalat, 55 bin 420) ara\u00e7 satt\u0131.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Verilere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, VW’nin ABD’deki \u00fcretiminin \u00e7ok fazla oldu\u011fu, Posche’nin ise hi\u00e7 \u00fcretim yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bu durum, her iki a\u00e7\u0131dan da ABD pazar\u0131n\u0131n Alman otomobil tekelleri i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a verimli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

AB ile bu ticaret sava\u015f\u0131na giren Trump’\u0131n en \u00f6nemli hedefi ise \u00c7in. 24 Eyl\u00fcl’de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren kararnameye g\u00f6re, \u00c7in’den ithal edilen 200 milyar dolar de\u011ferindeki \u00fcr\u00fcne y\u00fczde 10 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi konuldu. \u00c7in tekelleri taraf\u0131ndan ihra\u00e7 edilen binlerce \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olacak g\u00fcmr\u00fckler vergileri, ABD firmalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7in\u2019de \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olacak. S\u00f6z konusu \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi 1 Ocak 2019’dan itibaren y\u00fczde 25’e \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak. ABD’nin \u00c7in’den gelecek \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu\u011fu g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerinin \u00f6zellikle elektrik ve elektronik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc etkilemesi bekleniyor. Ev aletleri \u00fcreten Midea firmas\u0131n\u0131n ihracat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 40’\u0131, elektronik (kamera, cep telefonu vb.) aletler \u00fcreten TCL firmas\u0131n\u0131n ihracat\u0131n\u0131n ise y\u00fczde 44’\u00fc ABD’ye yap\u0131l\u0131yor.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7in, bu hamleye, 60 milyar dolar de\u011ferindeki Amerikan ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi koymakla yan\u0131t verdi. Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011finde, bu karardan, ABD’de Alman tekelleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilip \u00c7in\u2019e ihra\u00e7 edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler de etkilenecek. Alman BMW tekeli, her y\u0131l ABD’deki fabrikalar\u0131nda \u00fcretti\u011fi 290 bin arac\u0131 (bunlar aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fck ara\u00e7lar\u0131 da bulunuyor) \u00c7in’e sat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini y\u00fckseltme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131n, \u00c7in’le olan ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatma ve ABD tekellerini devlet eliyle koruma oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k. Zira, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n iki b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren rekabette ABD’nin \u00c7in’e kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k y\u0131ldan y\u0131la b\u00fcy\u00fcyor. \u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ticaret hacmi, bu y\u0131l\u0131n ilk alt\u0131 ay\u0131nda, bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131l\u0131n ilk alt\u0131 ay\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00fczde 13.1 artarak, 301 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7in’in sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 13.6, ABD’nin sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda ise y\u00fczde 11.8 art\u0131\u015f oldu. ABD Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n 2015 verilerine g\u00f6re, ABD, \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 367 milyar dolar, AB kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 157 milyar dolar (Almanya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 75 milyar dolar), Kanada kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 21 milyar dolar, Meksika kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaysa 68 milyar dolar a\u00e7\u0131k verdi. Bu veriler, ABD’nin neden s\u00f6z konusu \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n

ABD’nin g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini y\u00fckseltme politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, \u00c7in ise, 1 Temmuz’dan itibaren otomobillerden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisini y\u00fczde 25’ten 15’e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Merkel’in Peking’e yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ziyaretten birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce al\u0131nan bu karar, en \u00e7ok Alman otomobil tekellerinin i\u015fine yarayacak. Y\u0131lda 28.9 milyon araba sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla \u00c7in bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazar\u0131. \u00d6zellikle de pahal\u0131 arabalar i\u00e7in. 2017’de, Almanya \u00c7in’e, 200 bin VW, 160 bin Mercedes, 70 bin Porsche, 50 bin Audi marka araba satt\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019in bu karar\u0131, ABD’de daralma ihtimali g\u00fc\u00e7lenen pazar\u0131n \u00c7in’de k\u0131smen a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ve \u00c7in-Almanya yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zlanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n

ABD ile AB aras\u0131ndaki \u201cticaret sava\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131 de\u011ferlendiren S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung’dan Nicolaus Piper, \u015fu hat\u0131rlatmada bulunuyor: \u201cBug\u00fcnlerde olanlardan sonra nelerin olabilece\u011fi konusunda uyar\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rnekler var. 1928’de ABD’deki ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinde Cumhuriyet\u00e7i aday Herbert Hoover, i\u015fyerlerini ve tar\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileriyle koruyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vaat etti. Se\u00e7imleri kazand\u0131ktan sonra Kongre \u00fcyeleri senat\u00f6r Reed Smootundder ile milletvekili Willis Hawley’i vaatleri hayata ge\u00e7irmekle g\u00f6revlendirdi. \u0130kisi toplam 900 mala g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi getiren yasay\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar ve 17 Haziran 1930’da, hem de ekonomik krizin tam da ortas\u0131nda yasa y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konuldu. Smoot-Hawley felakete gidi\u015fi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. Kanada, Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlemler ald\u0131. Sonunda d\u00fcnya ticareti diye bir \u015fey kalmad\u0131. Smoot-Hawlet travmas\u0131 ancak \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra atlat\u0131labildi. 1964’te ABD ile Avrupa aras\u0131nda \u2018tavuk sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 ya\u015fand\u0131. Avrupa, tavuklara y\u00fcksek g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri koydu. ABD’nin buna yan\u0131t\u0131 Frans\u0131z konyaklar\u0131na ve Alman Volkswagen arabalar\u0131na g\u00fcmr\u00fck koymak oldu. \u00c7elik, u\u00e7ak, hormonlu et ve di\u011fer alanlarda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar oldu ve sonunda bir uzla\u015fma bulundu. Peki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki pop\u00fclistler d\u00f6nemindeki ticaret sava\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiler yaratacak? Federal H\u00fck\u00fcmet’in<\/em> konuyla ilgili bir uzman\u0131 bu soruyu \u015f\u00f6yle yan\u0131tl\u0131yor: ABD ile AB aras\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck ticaret sava\u015f\u0131 ancak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir taraf\u0131 g\u00fcld\u00fcr\u00fcr. O da \u00c7in’den ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/em>\u201d[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

ABD’nin iki \u00f6nemli alana dair art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da art\u0131rmay\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fi g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri, bir yan\u0131yla ABD i\u00e7 pazar\u0131n\u0131 yabanc\u0131 tekellere kapatarak ABD tekellerini korumaya al\u0131rken, di\u011fer yan\u0131yla ise pek \u00e7ok alanda Amerika\u2019n\u0131n rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor. Daha \u00f6nce ekonomik alanda rakipleriyle kolayl\u0131kla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilen ABD, gelinen a\u015famada ucuz hammadde ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00fcretkenli\u011finin y\u00fcksekli\u011fi nedeniyle Almanya ve \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in\u2019le rekabet edemez duruma gelmi\u015f bulunuyor. Kendi pazar\u0131n\u0131 koruyup yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanma hesab\u0131 yapan ABD tekellerinin, bir sonraki hamlede ise, rakiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 yeniden d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131nda hakimiyet kurmak ve rekabette etkili olmak i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn imkanlar\u0131n\u0131 seferber edece\u011fi bug\u00fcnden g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bug\u00fcn g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini y\u00fckselten ABD, gelecekte, yeniden g\u00fcmr\u00fcklerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini g\u00fcndeme getirebilir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa’da genel olarak beklentiler bu y\u00f6nde. Bu politikay\u0131 tekellerden kopar\u0131p, daha \u00e7ok Trump’\u0131n bireysel tutumuyla a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, Trump’\u0131n g\u00f6revden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda her \u015feyin eskisi gibi normale d\u00f6nece\u011fini, bu nedenle ABD ile ba\u011flar\u0131n kopar\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 savunuyorlar. Ancak ticaret verilerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, meselenin sadece Trump ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ABD tekellerinin baz\u0131 alanlarda rakipleriyle rekabet edemedi\u011fi, bu nedenle de devletin devreye girerek tekelleri koruma alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir zamanlar s\u0131k\u00e7a propagandas\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u201cpiyasa liberalizmi\u201d ya da \u201cpiyasa her \u015feyi d\u00fczenler<\/em>\u201d \u015feklindeki kapitalist zihniyetin do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kez daha g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

AB \u0130LE ABD ARASINDAK\u0130 B\u0130R D\u0130\u011eER \u00c7EL\u0130\u015eK\u0130: \u0130RAN<\/strong><\/p>\n

AB ile ABD aras\u0131ndaki bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli gerilim ya da \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma noktas\u0131 da \u0130ran’a y\u00f6nelik politika farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. Uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren pazarl\u0131klar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, \u0130ran\u2019la 14 Temmuz 2015’te Viyana’da imzalanan n\u00fckleer silah anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n May\u0131s 2018’de Trump taraf\u0131ndan tek tarafl\u0131 iptal edilmesi ve bu \u00fclkeye y\u00f6nelik olarak yeni yapt\u0131r\u0131m kararlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeme getirilmesi transatlantik ili\u015fkilerde yeni bir gerilime yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Almanya ve Fransa liderleri anla\u015fman\u0131n iptal edilmemesi i\u00e7in bizzat Beyaz Saray’a giderek Trump ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapt\u0131, ancak istedikleri sonucu alamad\u0131lar. Anla\u015fmada ABD’nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in di\u011fer daimi \u00fcyeleri Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, Rusya ve \u00c7in’in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Almanya ve \u0130ran’\u0131n imzas\u0131 vard\u0131. \u00c7ok tarafl\u0131 anla\u015fman\u0131n Trump taraf\u0131ndan iptal edilmesine, beklendi\u011fi gibi, di\u011fer \u00fclkeler de tepki g\u00f6sterdi. Avrupa \u00fclkeleri Almanya, Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere, ortak bir a\u00e7\u0131klamayla, Trump’\u0131n karar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerini ba\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettiler. \u00c7in ve Rusya da Trump\u2019\u0131n karar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, ABD \u00e7ekildi\u011fi halde anla\u015fma fiili olarak halen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte.<\/p>\n

Trump’\u0131n \u201ctarihteki en k\u00f6t\u00fc anla\u015fma<\/em>\u201d ilan etti\u011fi anla\u015fma konusunda verdi\u011fi karar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi olarak, n\u00fckleer silah \u00fcretimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u0130ran’\u0131, Ortado\u011fu’daki \u201cter\u00f6r ve kaos<\/em>\u201dun sorumlusu ilan etmesi, at\u0131lan bu ad\u0131m\u0131n, n\u00fckleer silah \u00fcretiminden \u00e7ok, Tahran’\u0131n b\u00f6lgede artan etkisini k\u0131rmaya ve yarataca\u011f\u0131 kaos \u00fczerinden bu \u00fclkede rejim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Karar, bir kez daha, birle\u015fik bir \u201cBat\u0131<\/em>\u201d kamp\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, as\u0131l belirleyici olan\u0131n, \u00fclkelerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve her \u00fclkenin bu \u00e7\u0131karlara g\u00f6re tutum belirledi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. Trump’\u0131n karar al\u0131r ve uygulamaya koyarken s\u00f6zde m\u00fcttefikleriyle bir isti\u015fare etme ihtiyac\u0131 bile duymamas\u0131 da, ABD’nin kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ekinmeden ayr\u0131 davranabilece\u011fini ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n

Der Spiegel karar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131ndan sonra olanlar\u0131 \u015fu tepkiyle de\u011ferlendiriyordu: \u201c16 ay i\u00e7inde Trump’\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemez. Avrupa; koruyucu g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, ortak de\u011ferlerin g\u00fcvencesini ve d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131nda ABD ile birlikte olu\u015fturdu\u011fu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybediyor. Peki \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki iki bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l (belki de alt\u0131 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l) i\u00e7inde ne olacak? Daha fazla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in yeterli zaman.<\/em>\u201d[14]<\/a> Dergi, \u00e7are olarak, Avrupa’n\u0131n birlikte hareket etmesini ve provokasyonlara gelmemesini \u00f6neriyor.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer Antla\u015fma ve \u0130ran’a y\u00f6nelik ambargonun yumu\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte h\u0131zla bu \u00fclkeyle ticari ili\u015fkileri ba\u015flatan ve k\u0131sa zamanda ticaret hacmini iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karan Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, \u0130ran’\u0131n anla\u015fmaya sad\u0131k kalmas\u0131 durumunda, ticari ili\u015fkileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcreceklerini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar. Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, Trump’\u0131n kendileriyle m\u00fczakere etmeden anla\u015fmay\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na sonland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n, ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u0130ran gibi \u00f6nemli bir konuda Avrupal\u0131 m\u00fcttefiklerini yok sayma anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini de y\u00fcksek sesle ifade ettiler. Trump’\u0131n Paris \u0130klim Anla\u015fmas\u0131’ndan \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra da AB \u00fclkeleri ayn\u0131 tutumu tak\u0131narak, anla\u015fman\u0131n kendileri i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmaya devam edece\u011fini ilan etmi\u015flerdi. Bu yok saymaya kar\u015f\u0131 AB \u00fclkelerinin daha fazla sessiz kalmas\u0131 beklenmiyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, d\u00fcnya art\u0131k ABD’nin tek ba\u015f\u0131na her \u015feyi belirledi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnya de\u011fil. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, gelecekte ABD’den farkl\u0131 olarak, \u0130ran ile \u201cele\u015ftirel diyalog<\/em>\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ili\u015fkilerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye kararl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bu politikalar\u0131, temel olrak, elbette Molla rejimini \u00e7ok sevmelerinden de\u011fil, \u0130ran pazar\u0131n\u0131 elde etme isteklerinden kaynaklan\u0131yor. Uzun y\u0131llar ambargo uygulanan ve \u015fimdi yeniden Kas\u0131m\u2019da petrol ticaretinin de kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla iyice a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak ambargo alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaya ba\u015flayan 80 milyonluk \u0130ran, Avrupal\u0131 tekeller i\u00e7in yeni ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f \u201cbo\u015f pazar<\/em>\u201d gibi. \u00dc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, n\u00fckleer anla\u015fma imzalan\u0131r imzalanmaz, ba\u015fta Alman ve Frans\u0131z tekelleri olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok Avrupa \u00fclkesinin tekeli \u0130ran’a ak\u0131n etmi\u015fti. Gidip gelen delegasyonlar\u0131n hedefinde mal satma ve yat\u0131r\u0131m yapma vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bas\u0131nda yer alan haberlere g\u00f6re, Almanya ile \u0130ran aras\u0131ndaki ticaret hacmi, 2016’da bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la oranla iki kat artarak, 3 milyar Euro\u2019ya ula\u015ft\u0131. Bunun 2.4 milyar\u0131n\u0131 Almanya’n\u0131n \u0130ran’a ihra\u00e7 ettikleri olu\u015fturuyor. \u00d6zellikle \u00c7in, \u0130ran’da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve bu \u00fclkeye ihracat\u0131yla, di\u011fer emperyalist devletlere g\u00f6re bir ad\u0131m \u00f6nde. Alman tekellerinin \u00e7o\u011fu, sahada \u00c7in ile rekabet etme zorunda olmaktan \u015fikayet\u00e7i.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki, Almanya ve Fransa, \u0130ran pazar\u0131ndan kolay \u00e7ekilmeyecek. Almanya D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Heiko Maas\u2019\u0131n, \u0130ran ile ticaret yapan tekellerin ABD ambargosundan etkilenmemesi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 bir para transfer sisteminin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermesi de bunu g\u00f6steriyor. \u0130ran ile yap\u0131lan ticarette para yerine mal de\u011fi\u015fimi \u00f6neren de var. Keza, AB \u00fclkelerinin ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerle yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ticarette dolar yerine Euro\u2019yu kullanmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00f6ylemler de giderek yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazan\u0131yor. En son AB Komisyonu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jean-Claude Juncker, \u201cAB \u015firketlerinin Euro de\u011fil Dolarla mal satmas\u0131 biraz komik oluyor. Avrupal\u0131lar olarak her y\u0131l 300 milyar Euro de\u011ferinde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z enerjinin y\u00fczde 80’ini Dolar cinsinden \u00f6dememiz kabul edilemez. Hem de petrol\u00fcn y\u00fczde 2’si ABD’den geldi\u011fi halde.<\/em>\u201d[15]<\/a> dedi. Dolar\u0131n d\u00fcnya ticaretindeki yerini sorgulayan Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin, gelecekte, transatlantik ili\u015fkilerin seyrine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, bunu daha y\u00fcksek sesle ifade etmeleri bekleniyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ki, Trump \u0130ran’a y\u00f6nelik yapt\u0131r\u0131m kararlar\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmede \u0131srar edip bunu ihlal eden \u00fclkeler ve firmalar da olduk\u00e7a, tansiyon \u00e7ok daha y\u00fckselecektir. Ticaret sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da, \u0130ran ile ticaret yapan \u00c7in, Alman, Frans\u0131z tekeller olu\u015fturacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Avrupa’n\u0131n \u015fimdiden bu tekeller i\u00e7in \u00f6nlem aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmesi de bunun habercisi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015fta Almanya ve Fransa olmak \u00fczere Avrupa \u00fclkeleri Trump\u2019\u0131n karar\u0131na uymay\u0131p anla\u015fmaya sad\u0131k kalarak \u0130ran\u2019la ekonomik ve ticari ili\u015fkilerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcreceklerini ilan ettiler, ancak ABD, ambargoya uymayan \u015firketleri \u201ckara liste<\/em>\u201dye alarak Amerika\u2019daki faaliyetleriyle d\u0131\u015f ticaret yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bir\u00e7ok Avrupa \u015firketi \u00e7oktan \u0130ran\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

GER\u0130L\u0130ML\u0130 \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER NEREYE VARAB\u0130L\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Transatlantik ili\u015fkilerde \u00e7\u0131kar farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve pazar alanlar\u0131 konusunda ya\u015fanan \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin kendisini en fazla hissettirdi\u011fi alanlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda elbette ittifak \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc NATO geliyor. Ticari olarak k\u0131yas\u0131ya rekabet i\u00e7inde olan \u00fclkelerin siyasi ve askeri olarak bir arada bulunmalar\u0131 daha ne kadar s\u00fcrebilir, sorun bu, ve bu NATO\u2019da yans\u0131yor. Ticari alandaki rekabete bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ABD’nin \u00f6zellikle Almanya’y\u0131 \u201cd\u00fc\u015fman<\/em>\u201d ilan etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Temmuz ay\u0131nda Br\u00fcksel’de yap\u0131lan NATO Zirvesi\u2019nde taraflar aras\u0131ndaki gerilim bir kez daha a\u00e7\u0131k olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Merkel\u2019e, NATO\u2019ya katk\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesindeki askeri harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 zaman ge\u00e7irmeden art\u0131rma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Trump, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Rusya ile ticari ili\u015fkilerinden de rahats\u0131z oldu\u011funu \u201cNorth Stream II<\/em>\u201d do\u011fal gaz hatt\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirerek g\u00f6sterdi ve Almanya’y\u0131 \u201cRusya\u2019n\u0131n esiri olmak<\/em>\u201dla itham etti. \u201cNorth Stream<\/em>\u201d, ABD\u2019nin Avrupa\u2019ya satmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaya gaz\u0131 planlar\u0131n\u0131 bozuyor. Bu nedenle Trump, \u201cABD ile Rusya enerji alan\u0131nda rakip<\/em>\u201d diyor.<\/p>\n

Rusya ile normal ticari ili\u015fkilerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer rakiplerine g\u00f6re daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine yol a\u00e7\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Trump bu nedenle, \u201cBizim normal ticari ili\u015fkiler s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmedi\u011fimiz bir \u00fclkeyle di\u011ferleri de s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesin<\/em>\u201d diyor. Benzer bir politika \u0130ran i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli.<\/p>\n

ABD cephesinde, eskiden beri, AB\u2019nin kendi i\u00e7inde uyumlu olmas\u0131 ve birle\u015fme s\u00fcrecini ilerletmesinin en \u00e7ok Almanya\u2019ya yarayaca\u011f\u0131 bilindi\u011fi i\u00e7in bundan ho\u015flan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunu engellemek i\u00e7in b\u00f6lme planlar\u0131n\u0131n devreye konuldu\u011fu s\u0131r de\u011fil. Nitekim, Alman diplomat ve siyaset\u00e7iler, Trump\u2019un Almanya’ya y\u00f6nelik ele\u015ftirilerini \u201cAB\u2019yi b\u00f6lmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor<\/em>\u201d diye de\u011ferlendiriyorlar.<\/p>\n

Trump, emperyalist payla\u015f\u0131m kap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda ABD\u2019yi en \u00fcstte tutmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok boyutlu, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f, kimi zaman \u00e7eli\u015fkili gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir d\u0131\u015f politika s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ancak, emperyalist devletler aras\u0131nda keskinle\u015fen rekabet, art\u0131k ABD\u2019nin eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi her \u015feye tek ba\u015f\u0131na karar veren bir \u00fclke olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumu, her y\u0131l M\u00fcnih’te d\u00fczenlenen G\u00fcvenlik Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n direkt\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapan Wolfgang Ischinger’in Der Spiegel’e verdi\u011fi s\u00f6yle\u015fide sarf etti\u011fi \u015fu c\u00fcmleler \u00f6zetliyor: \u201cBir paradigma de\u011fi\u015fimi ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Sovyetlerin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra d\u00fcnyadaki durum hi\u00e7 bu kadar tehlikeli olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcven yok oldu. D\u00fcnyada yeni bir siyasi d\u00f6neme benzeyen geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131yor. Rusya’n\u0131n yeni rol\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00c7in’in sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, Suriye’de oldu\u011fu gibi d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki sava\u015flar\u0131 Avrupa’dan hissediyoruz. G\u00fcvenilir partner T\u00fcrkiye sallant\u0131da, AB istikrars\u0131zla\u015f\u0131yor. Ancak hi\u00e7bir politikac\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 Trump kadar g\u00fcvensizle\u015ftirmedi. Ocak 2017’den beri g\u00f6revde ve b\u00fct\u00fcn liberal d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni tehlikede.<\/em>\u201d[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Her y\u0131l silah tekellerini, siyaset\u00e7ileri, generalleri ve sava\u015f stratejistlerini M\u00fcnih’e davet eden bir sava\u015f baronu olarak Ischinger’in b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131n nedenleri konusunda s\u00f6yleyebilece\u011fi \u015fey ise yok. Halbuki olanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, onlar\u0131n ba\u015f savunucusu oldu\u011fu kapitalist emperyalizmin do\u011fas\u0131nda var. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, kapitalist emperyalist devletler aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bitmeyen rekabet, pazar payla\u015f\u0131m kavgas\u0131 ve daha fazla siyasi egemenlik ve hegemonya iste\u011fi, gerilim ve sava\u015flar\u0131n as\u0131l kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. SSCB’nin var oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde, bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist devletler varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkileri minimuma \u00e7ekerek, as\u0131l d\u00fc\u015fman SSCB’ye ve sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 kader birli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u201cBat\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n kendi aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zde uyumunun s\u0131rr\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir rakibin, yani SSCB’nin olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yordu. Rakibin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcp da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla, asl\u0131nda emperyalist ili\u015fkiler ve rekabet normal s\u00fcrecine girdi ve bug\u00fcn olanlar da bu normal s\u00fcrecin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kapitalist emperyalist rekabetteki dizginsizlik, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte d\u00fcnyay\u0131 iki b\u00fcy\u00fck, pek \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fckledi ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131r oldu. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc rekabetin \u015fiddetine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, as\u0131l payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte de oldu\u011fu gibi, silah ve sava\u015fla olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015faretleri var. Belirli e\u011filimler g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flasa da, hen\u00fcz, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nkine benzeyen bir \u201cdenge<\/em>\u201d sistemine dair blokla\u015fmalar yok ve k\u0131sa zamanda olu\u015fmas\u0131 da beklenmiyor. Daha fazla b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ise, kuvvetle muhtemel. \u201cBat\u0131<\/em>\u201d blokunu \u015femsiyesi alt\u0131nda toplayan NATO’nun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve misyonu gelecekte \u00e7ok daha tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 olacak. B\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve da\u011f\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn biraz daha art\u0131yor. Belki bir arada kal\u0131\u015f\u0131 zorunlu hale getirecek yeni bir sava\u015f ya da ter\u00f6r sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc uzatabilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz d\u00f6nemde her emperyalist devletin kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re politika belirleme, ko\u015fullara ve somut duruma g\u00f6re m\u00fcttefikler saptamaya ge\u00e7me e\u011filimi, ayn\u0131 zamanda ili\u015fkilerin karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyor. Net olan ise, ABD’nin d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki liderli\u011finin daha fazla sorgulan\u0131r hale geldi\u011fi ve eskiden sahip oldu\u011fu di\u011fer emperyalistlerle rekabetteki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmesidir.<\/p>\n

Trump’\u0131n ABD tekellerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in izledi\u011fi pervas\u0131z politikalar \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin derinle\u015fme s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131yor ve emperyalistler aras\u0131ndaki kampla\u015fmalar\u0131 tetikliyor.<\/p>\n

Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, emperyalist devletler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemden farkl\u0131 olarak sadece s\u00f6z ya da politik ayr\u0131l\u0131klarda yans\u0131makla kalm\u0131yor, somut uygulamalarla da kendisini hissettiriyor. Bu gelinen a\u015famada itibariyle bug\u00fcne kadar biriken \u00e7eli\u015fkiler, bir \u00fcst a\u015famaya s\u0131\u00e7rayarak, pazar alanlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirlerinin aleyhine daralt\u0131p ele ge\u00e7irmeye y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde olanlar bir kez daha Lenin’i hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Karl Kautsky’nin \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ultra-emperyalizm<\/em>\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ele\u015ftiren Lenin, zaman\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cKautsky’nin, i\u00e7lerinde \u2018ultra-emperyalizm\u2019in, embriyonunu g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 karteller (t\u0131pk\u0131 laboratuvar\u0131n tablet \u00fcretiminde bir ultra-tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7ekirde\u011finin g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi), d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ve yeniden payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 payla\u015fmadan bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olmayan payla\u015fmaya, ve tersi bir duruma ge\u00e7i\u015fin \u00f6rnekleri de\u011fil midir? Eskiden, \u00f6rne\u011fin, Uluslararas\u0131 Ray Sendikas\u0131 ya da Uluslararas\u0131 Deniz Ticaret Tr\u00f6st\u00fc i\u00e7inde, Almanya’n\u0131n da kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla d\u00fcnyay\u0131 rahat\u00e7a payla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Amerika’ya ve ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere ait mali sermaye, \u015fimdilerde, hi\u00e7 de bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olmayan usullerle i\u015fleyen yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde, bir yeniden payla\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011fil midir? Mali-sermaye ve tr\u00f6stler, d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin farkl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin ritimleri aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 azaltmaz, \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131r. Oysa, kuvvetler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, de\u011fi\u015fik<\/em>li\u011fe u\u011frad\u0131ktan sonra, kapitalist d\u00fczende \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em> sa\u011flayacak kuvvetten ba\u015fka \u015fey var m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/em>\u201d[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn olup bitenlere bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, bunca uluslararas\u0131 tekele ra\u011fmen ulus devletlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na dayal\u0131 \u201czor<\/em>\u201d\/\u015fiddet giderek daha fazla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Transatlantik ili\u015fkilerdeki yar\u0131lma ve ayr\u0131 bir askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 olma hevesiyle d\u00fcnya genelinde h\u0131zla artan silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 de bunu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

Emperyalist devletler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin derinle\u015fmesinin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u0131z, \u00f6yle kolayca yava\u015flayacak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Tersine \u015fiddetlenme e\u011filimi g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e art\u0131yor. Bunun yarataca\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 alanda yeni sava\u015f ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, ulusal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ise i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve emek\u00e7ilerin tarihsel olarak elde ettikleri ekonomik ve demokratik kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi \u015feklinde ilerleyecektir. Bunu de\u011fi\u015ftirerek tersine \u00e7evirecek tek g\u00fc\u00e7 ise, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve halklar\u0131n verece\u011fi m\u00fccadeledir.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yank\u0131 yaratan bu konu\u015fma, daha sonra T\u00fcrk Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n internet sitesinde de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yay\u0131nland\u0131. (www.hurriyet.com.tr\/gundem\/putinin-munih-konusmasi-genelkurmayin-sitesinde-5956456) Hem de d\u00f6nemin Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Orgeneral Ya\u015far B\u00fcy\u00fckan\u0131t\u2019\u0131n ABD gezisinde oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada. T\u00fcrk Genelkurmay\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Putin’in konu\u015fmas\u0131na bu kadar \u00f6nem vermesi, \u00f6yle anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, devlet i\u00e7inde Rusya ile ittifak e\u011filiminin Erdo\u011fan’dan \u00f6nce ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Daha do\u011frusu, bu e\u011filimin orduda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sonra Erdo\u011fan’a da kabul ettirildi\u011fi anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Portekiz, Malta, Danimarka, \u0130rlanda ve \u0130ngiltere ilk etapta anla\u015fmay\u0131 imzalamad\u0131. \u0130ngiltere Brexit nedeniyle, Danimarka ise i\u00e7 siyasi nedenlerle anla\u015fman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmaya karar verdi. Di\u011fer \u00fclkeler sonradan onaylad\u0131. Danimarka, Euro’ya kat\u0131lmay\u0131 da referandumla reddetmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.spiegel.de\/politik\/deutschland\/pesco-eu-entscheidet-ueber-engere-militaerische-zusammenarbeit-a-1177522.html<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/www.zeit.de\/politik\/ausland\/2017-09\/zukunft-eu-emmanuel-macron-rede<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.spiegel.de\/politik\/deutschland\/angela-merkel-das-bedeutet-ihre-bierzelt-rede-ueber-donald-trump-a-1149649.html<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Handelsblatt, 22.08.2018<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> ABD \u00e7ekilmesine ra\u011fmen, Japonya, b\u00f6lgede \u00c7in ile rekabet edebilmek i\u00e7in 11 \u00fclkeyle birlikte Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pasific Partnership (CPTPP – Kapsay\u0131c\u0131 ve \u0130lerici Transpasifik Ticaret ve Yat\u0131r\u0131m Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131) anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131. \u00dcye \u00fclkeler \u015funlar: Avustralya, Kanada, Japonya, Malezya, Meksika, Peru, Vietnam, \u015eili, Brunei, Tanzanya, Singapur ve Yeni Zelanda.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> ABD, 2017’de, \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 376 milyar dolarl\u0131k ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 verdi.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/259944\/umfrage\/deutsche-exporte-in-die-usa\/<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sueddeutsche.de\/wirtschaft\/gehaelter-us-stahlarbeiter-fordern-wegen-strafzoellen-mehr-lohn-1.4126099<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung, 25 May\u0131s 2018<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sueddeutsche.de\/wirtschaft\/us-strafzoelle-gegen-china-aus-dem-handelsstreit-wird-ein-handelskrieg-1.4017328<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung, 3-4 Mart 2018<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Der Spiegel, 12.05.2018, Ba\u015fyaz\u0131<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> https:\/\/www.sueddeutsche.de\/wirtschaft\/2.220\/wirtschaftspolitik-europa-greift-den-dollar-an-1.4128348<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Der Spiegel 01.09.2018<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Lenin Emperyalizm Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131 Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.pdf, sf. 108<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Y\u00fccel \u00d6zdemir Emperyalist devletler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve ittifaklar\u0131n yenilenmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00fcre\u00e7 h\u0131zlanarak derinle\u015fmeye devam ediyor. Bug\u00fcne kadar kampla\u015fmadaki taraflar \u00e7o\u011funlukla, genellenerek \u201cBat\u0131\u201d ve \u201cDo\u011fu\u201d diye tarif ediliyordu. \u201cBat\u0131\u201ddan kastedilen NATO \u015femsiyesi alt\u0131nda bir araya gelen, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte hareket etmi\u015f ABD ve Bat\u0131 Avrupa devletlerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ittifakt\u0131. \u201cDo\u011fu\u201ddan kas\u0131t ise, daha \u00e7ok Rusya ve \u00c7in. Uzun bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":721,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[492,376,361],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-23-sayi-ekim-2018","category-dunya","category-yucel-ozdemir"],"yoast_head":"\nEmperyalist \u00e7eli\u015fkiler derinle\u015firken: Transatlantik ili\u015fkilerde yar\u0131lma<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/10\/03\/emperyalist-celiskiler-derinlesirken-transatlantik-iliskilerde-yarilma\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Emperyalist \u00e7eli\u015fkiler derinle\u015firken: Transatlantik ili\u015fkilerde yar\u0131lma\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Y\u00fccel \u00d6zdemir Emperyalist devletler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve ittifaklar\u0131n yenilenmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00fcre\u00e7 h\u0131zlanarak derinle\u015fmeye devam ediyor. 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