{"id":708,"date":"2018-10-03T11:34:51","date_gmt":"2018-10-03T08:34:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=708"},"modified":"2023-01-17T17:19:32","modified_gmt":"2023-01-17T14:19:32","slug":"grevin-dogusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/10\/03\/grevin-dogusu\/","title":{"rendered":"Grevin do\u011fu\u015fu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dermot Feenan*<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7eviren: Arif Ko\u015far<\/strong><\/p>\n

Neden grevler \u201cgrev\u201d[2]<\/sup><\/a> diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor? Cevab\u0131 250 y\u0131l geriye yani i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fum sanc\u0131lar\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

250 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u2018grev\u2019[3]<\/sup><\/a> s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc toplu i\u015f durdurma eylemini tan\u0131mlamak \u00fczere ilk defa \u0130ngilizce\u2019de kullan\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve denizcilerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi 1768 Londra Grevleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kelime, \u201cmayna\u201d etme[4]<\/sup><\/a> eyleminden ya da gemilerin yelkenlerini toplama, onlar\u0131 hareketsiz hale getirme i\u015finden esinleniyordu. O zamandan beri, \u201cgrev!\u201d, 1768 Londra limanlar\u0131ndan 2018 West Virginia h\u00fck\u00fcmet binas\u0131[5]<\/sup><\/a> \u00f6n\u00fcne kadar, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadelelerini tan\u0131mlayan simgesel bir kelime oldu.<\/p>\n

Bu, elbette, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kolektif bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 durdurdu\u011fu ilk protesto de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda 1768 Londra Grevleri\u2019nden \u00f6nce, Kuzeydo\u011fu \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Tyne ve Wear nehirlerindeki mavnac\u0131lar[6]<\/sup><\/a> (sahilden gemiye k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131yan mavna ya da tekneleri kullananlar) 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren kolektif ajitasyonu \u00e7ok etkili bir bi\u00e7imde kulland\u0131. John Stevenson\u2019un belirtti\u011fi gibi, onlar \u201cilkel bir sendika formunda organize edilmi\u015f ilk meslekler aras\u0131nda<\/em>\u201d idi. Kas\u0131m 1762\u2019de Kuzeybat\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, Liverpool\u2019daki denizciler \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 talebiyle i\u015fi durdurdu. Ve 1765\u2019te, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin kuzeyindeki madenciler uzun bir s\u00fcre i\u015f b\u0131rakt\u0131. Nisan 1768\u2019de, Sunderland\u2019daki denizciler seren direklerini indirerek (b\u00f6ylece yelkenleri \u2018mayna ederek\u2019) gemilerin limandan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 engelledi. Sonu\u00e7ta gemi sahipleri ve ustalar denizcilerin \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f taleplerini kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131. Thames\u2019teki denizciler May\u0131s ay\u0131nda bu eylemleri tekrarlayacakt\u0131. Kuzeydo\u011fu\u2019daki m\u00fccadele taktiklerinin haberleri Londra\u2019daki k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ilerine ula\u015ft\u0131 ve bir kelime bir hareketle birlikte do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n

K\u00d6M\u00dcR TA\u015eIMA \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Londra\u2019n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, Kuzeydo\u011fu \u0130ngiltere\u2019den k\u00f6m\u00fcr nakliye gemileriyle getirilen muazzam miktarda k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc gerektiriyordu. Bu k\u00f6m\u00fcr, Thames nehrinin kuzey k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Wapping ve Shadwell b\u00f6lgelerindeki k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri kiralayan ve par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131 \u00f6deme yapan arac\u0131 \u201cm\u00fcteahhitler\u201d taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen a\u011f\u0131r ve kirli bir i\u015fti. \u00c7o\u011fu yerel han ve taverna sahibi olan m\u00fcteahhit, \u00f6deminin bir unsuru olan k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u2018\u00e7uval\u0131\u2019 ve \u2018f\u0131\u00e7\u0131\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yiyecek ve i\u00e7ki gibi ayni bi\u00e7imlerde \u00f6deme yap\u0131yordu. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma susat\u0131c\u0131 bir i\u015fti ve o d\u00f6nemde k\u00f6t\u00fc kalitedeki su nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7iler biraya y\u00f6neldi. Han ve tavernalar\u0131n b\u00f6lgede yeme-i\u00e7me i\u00e7in tek elveri\u015fli yer oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, m\u00fcteahhitler k\u00f6m\u00fcr i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde dikkate de\u011fer bir kontrol sahibi oldu.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130rlandal\u0131\u2019yd\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 1762-63\u2019te, G\u00fcney \u0130rlanda\u2019daki ilk toprak hareketi dalgas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fti. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u0130rlanda\u2019da kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak i\u00e7in \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren y\u00f6ntemleri kullanan gizli bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olan Whiteboys\u2019un[7]<\/sup><\/a> \u00fcyesiydi, ancak David Featherstone\u2019nun g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi gibi baz\u0131 \u0130rlandal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin basit bir bi\u00e7imde onlar\u0131n y\u00f6ntemlerini taklit etmesi de e\u015fit derecede m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri 16 ya da daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7inin bulundu\u011fu gruplar bi\u00e7iminde limanlarda birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kolektif \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikleri \u015fimdiden mevcuttu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken kullanmak zorunda olduklar\u0131 k\u00fcrekler \u00fczerindeki m\u00fcteahhit tekelinin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 1758 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7iler ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde Parlamento\u2019ya dilek\u00e7e verme eylemi yapt\u0131. Bundan \u00f6nce, m\u00fcteahhitler bu k\u00fcreklerin \u00fcretimini kontrol ediyor ve onlar\u0131 fahi\u015f fiyatlarla i\u015f\u00e7ilere kiral\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, 1758\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren \u00fccret mevzuat\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7i\u015ftirildi. Yasan\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndan sorumlu yerel meclis \u00fcyesi, Jameika\u2019da k\u00f6le eme\u011fi ile i\u015fletilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015feker plantasyonuna sahip William Beckford\u2019du. O, emek\u00e7ilerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemsemeyen yeni laissez-faire[8]<\/sup><\/a> kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 temsil etti.<\/p>\n

Londra\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Yakas\u0131\u2019nda ticaret ve hafif sanayi \u00fcretimdeki b\u00fcy\u00fcme bunun gibi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n her yerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. 1765\u2019teki Spitalfields isyan\u0131nda dokuma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ipek dokuma end\u00fcstrisindeki s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00f6nem boyunca \u00fccretlerinin ge\u00e7im d\u00fczeyinin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti. Yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131, gayri resmi, erken sendikac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imini uyguluyorlard\u0131. 1765\u2019te Fransa\u2019dan ipek ithalat\u0131n\u0131 protesto ettiler. 1767\u2019de isyan devam etti. 1768\u2019de yiyecek k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Londra boyunca daha fazla isyan\u0131 tetikledi. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Nisan ay\u0131nda, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri birka\u00e7 grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iyi yaralayarak gemilere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Karada, protesto grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 i\u015fe almak i\u00e7in han ve tavernalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcs olarak kullanan m\u00fcteahhitlere odakland\u0131. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri, ayr\u0131ca, k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 ve m\u00fcteahhitlerin i\u015fi ba\u015fkas\u0131na devretmesini engellemeye destek olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yerel sulh hakimi Ralph Hodgson\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015fvurdu. Hodgson gemi kaptanlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin i\u015fe al\u0131nmas\u0131 konusunda bilgi alabilece\u011fi bir istihdam b\u00fcrosu kurdu. M\u00fcteahhitler buna d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan i\u015f\u00e7i getirerek cevap verdi. Nisan ay\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri m\u00fcteahhit John Green\u2019in Atl\u0131 Kar\u0131nca Tavernas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ate\u015fli silahlarla bast\u0131. Bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7isi ve bir ayakkab\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ertesi g\u00fcn, Green birka\u00e7 sald\u0131rgan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u015fka bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131. Yedi k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7isi tutukland\u0131, mahkum edildi ve as\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Her\u015feye ra\u011fmen k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri daha iyi \u00fccret i\u00e7in faaliyetlerine devam etti. May\u0131s ay\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda, \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 konusunda yaz\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fcvence al\u0131ncaya kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 durdurdular. Do\u011fu yakas\u0131ndaki caddelerden zengin Bat\u0131 yakas\u0131na k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131yan at arabalar\u0131n\u0131n atlar\u0131n\u0131 bile ald\u0131lar, b\u00f6ylece end\u00fcstrinin tedarik zincirini bozdular. O ay, ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin protestolar\u0131 Londral\u0131 denizcilere yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

DEN\u0130ZC\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n

1763\u2019te biten Yedi Y\u0131l Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, denizciler i\u00e7in daha az i\u015f vard\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 i\u015f i\u00e7in \u00f6deme gemi sahiplerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fiyordu. 1768 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 itibar\u0131yla, Londral\u0131 denizciler gemilerdeki \u00f6demeleri inceliyor ve bu konudaki e\u015fitsizliklerle ilgileniyorlard\u0131. Sunderland’da sadece yelkenleri \u201cmayna ederek<\/em>\u201d[9]<\/sup><\/a> de\u011fil art\u0131k mallar\u0131n\u0131 almaya g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin yetmedi\u011fi f\u0131r\u0131n ve kasaplar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnden davul ve bayraklarla ge\u00e7erek \u00fccret zamm\u0131n\u0131 kazanan denizcileri and\u0131lar. Kolektif ajitasyonun bir \u00f6rne\u011fi verildi. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, Londral\u0131 denizciler, \u00fccret zamm\u0131 al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n kimsenin yelken a\u00e7mayaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda tehdit ederek gemilere zorla bindiler, yelkenleri indirdiler ya da \u201cmayna ettiler\u201d.<\/p>\n

Denizciler Parlamento ve Londra Belediye Ba\u015fkan\u0131na \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in dilek\u00e7e verdi. 11 May\u0131s\u2019a gelindi\u011finde Westminster\u2019a do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcmek i\u00e7in on d\u00f6rt bin ki\u015fi toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Walter Shelton\u2019un bildirdi\u011fi gibi, onlar \u201ckay\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lara, laytercilere[10]<\/sup><\/a>, safrac\u0131lara[11]<\/sup><\/a>, safra ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lara, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ilerine vb. i\u015flerini b\u0131rakmak ve \u00fccretler \u00f6denene kadar i\u015fe gitmemek i\u00e7in<\/em>\u201d \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yapabilmi\u015fti. May\u0131s\u2019\u0131n ikinci haftas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve denizcileri ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7ok say\u0131da tekne Parlamento\u2019nun yan\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek, Westminster Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda karaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve denizciler buradan geriye, do\u011fuya do\u011fru birka\u00e7 mil y\u00fcr\u00fcrken gittikleri \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7i toplayarak limanlardaki i\u015f\u00e7ileri kendilerine katt\u0131lar. Wapping\u2019in hemen kuzeyindeki a\u00e7\u0131k alana, Stepney Fields\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve denizcilerden olu\u015fan devasa bir grup i\u015f\u00e7ilere kat\u0131ld\u0131. Birka\u00e7 hafta i\u00e7inde, Britanya ticaretinin \u00fc\u00e7te birini elindeki tutan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi Thames\u2019teki t\u00fcm ticaret durma noktas\u0131na getirildi. Kay\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar ve at arabas\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri gibi di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7iler greve kat\u0131ld\u0131lar ya da patronlar\u0131n\u0131 grevle tehdit ettiler.<\/p>\n

T\u0130CARETE VE TAHTA KAR\u015eI <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ancak m\u00fcteahhitler Tyneside\u2019dan grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i getirmeye devam ediyor, b\u00f6ylece k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve denizciler aras\u0131ndaki ittifak\u0131 bozuyordu. May\u0131s ay\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda denizcilerin \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f talebi reddedildi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet liman boyunca sava\u015f gemilerini konu\u015fland\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma t\u0131rmand\u0131. Grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar gemileri bo\u015falt\u0131rken bir isyan patlak verdi ve bir denizci \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl \u015fekilde yaraland\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli oldu.<\/p>\n

Dokuz k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7isi denizcinin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sorumlu tutuldu. \u0130kisi idamlar i\u00e7in geleneksel bir b\u00f6lge olan Tyburn\u2019da as\u0131ld\u0131. Alt\u0131s\u0131, k\u00f6m\u00fcr i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin yan\u0131ndaki Sun Tavern Fields\u2019da as\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130dam t\u00f6renine y\u00fczlerce polis memuru ve askerle birlikte elli bin ki\u015fi kat\u0131ld\u0131. Askerler Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131na kadar b\u00f6lgede konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130damlar k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015flerinin azmini k\u0131rd\u0131, ancak ticarete ve tahta kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rnek olan direni\u015fleri unutulmad\u0131 ve gelecek protestolar\u0131 besledi.<\/p>\n

UZUN B\u0130R M\u0130RAS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Themes\u2019te b\u00fct\u00fcn gemileri durdurduklar\u0131 birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin -bu \u00f6rnekte \u015fapkac\u0131lar\u0131n- \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cgrev\u201d yapt\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131l\u0131 ilk kay\u0131tla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz (St James\u2019s Chronicle and The British Evening-Post, 7-10 May\u0131s 1768). Tyneside denizcileri i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret sa\u011flayan ve yelkenleri \u2018mayna\u2019 etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan teknik bir terimin, h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde limanlardan k\u0131y\u0131lara, daha sonra y\u00fcksek yiyecek fiyatlar\u0131ndan artan bir \u015fekilde ac\u0131 \u00e7eken Londra\u2019n\u0131n emek\u00e7i n\u00fcfusuna yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. 1768 bahar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, yeni bir i\u015f\u00e7i ajitasyonu terimi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Atlantik\u2019in iki yakas\u0131nda denizciler giderek artan s\u0131kl\u0131kta greve gidecek ve di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7ilere de ilham verecekti. 1775 y\u0131l\u0131nda, tersane i\u015f\u00e7ileri Portsmouth\u2019da greve gitti, sonra da Britanya\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri sava\u015f gemisi tersanesinde. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde, Usta Ayakkab\u0131c\u0131lar Federal Toplulu\u011fu ayakkab\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fccretlerini korumay\u0131 hedefleyen d\u00fczenli grevler yapt\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n eylemlerinin Amerika\u2019da \u201cgrev yapmak\u201d fiilinin ilk kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Londra grevlerinde k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015fleri ile grev k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 denizciler aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara ra\u011fmen, t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7iler \u201cbenzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir dayan\u0131\u015fma g\u00f6sterdi<\/em>\u201d. Grev duyguda\u015f emek hareketinin potansiyelinde a\u00e7\u0131k bir geli\u015fmeyi temsil ediyordu. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, bu potansiyel denizcilerin \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p i\u015flerine geri d\u00f6nmesi ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ilerini zor durumda devam eden protestolar\u0131nda yaln\u0131z b\u0131rakmas\u0131yla s\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Hanoverian \u0130ngiltere\u2019sinde[12]<\/sup><\/a> d\u00fczeni bozmak \u00fczere toplanma olgusu yeni de\u011fildi. III. George[13]<\/sup><\/a> giderek gericile\u015fir, yeni varl\u0131kl\u0131 toprak sahibi aristokrasi ve t\u00fcccarlar halk\u0131n \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir kesiminin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ederek Parlamento\u2019yu y\u00f6netirken bu tip isyanlar s\u0131kl\u0131k kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, egemen s\u0131n\u0131f, Londra’n\u0131n yoksullar\u0131n\u0131 uyumlu bir end\u00fcstriyel i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in isyanc\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6steri\u015fli idam, yasal i\u015fkence ve askeri bask\u0131 uygulad\u0131. Bu ara\u00e7lar asla ger\u00e7ekten ortadan kalkmad\u0131, kan\u0131t olarak joplu ve atl\u0131 polislerin grevci i\u015f\u00e7ilere sald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131ndaki Britanya\u2019da Orgreave Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/em>[14]<\/sup><\/a> g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n

1768 Londra Grevleri bug\u00fcn hala geni\u015f bir i\u015f\u00e7i m\u00fccadelesi dizisi i\u00e7inde yank\u0131lan\u0131yor. Ancak bu grevlerin fark\u0131na var\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken benzersiz y\u00f6nleri vard\u0131. Belirleyici rolu \u0130rlandal\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onlar \u0130rlanda\u2019daki Whiteboys ajitasyonundan imparatorlu\u011fun atar damarlar\u0131nda kolektif direni\u015f eylemi sahnemek i\u00e7in yararland\u0131lar. Direni\u015f taht\u0131n varolu\u015fsal kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rarak daha b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerle birle\u015fti. B\u00fcy\u00fcyen ticari menfaatler, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131 II. James yanl\u0131s\u0131 isyanlar[15]<\/sup><\/a> ve Yeni D\u00fcnya’da y\u00fckselen cumhuriyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin m\u00fccadelelerinin \u00f6zellikle y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7in tehdit edici g\u00f6r\u00fcnmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Sonu\u00e7, politik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n kararl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, potansiyel olarak asi i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yeni ve b\u00fcy\u00fcyen n\u00fcfusunun disipline edilmesiydi.<\/p>\n

Bu tehdit, koordineli liderli\u011fin k\u00f6kl\u00fc sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, 120 y\u0131ldan fazla bir s\u00fcre sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen 1889 Londra Liman Grevi\u2019ne kadar hayat bulmad\u0131. Ben Tillett ve John Burns\u2019un da aralar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen grev Britanya sendikac\u0131l\u0131k tarihinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. Yeni bir sendika arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kolektif i\u015f durdurma eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7tiler: liman i\u015f\u00e7ilerine \u201calt\u0131 peni\u201d \u00f6deme.<\/p>\n

Londra Liman Grevi\u2019nin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilere, \u00f6zellikle vas\u0131fs\u0131z olanlara, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri ve kolektif eylemlerini \u00fclke sath\u0131na yaymalar\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni bir \u00f6zg\u00fcven kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde, 1889 grevi Britanya i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin y\u00fckseli\u015finde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Ancak 1768\u2019in k\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve denizcileri \u00f6nc\u00fcyd\u00fcler. \u201cGrev\u201d sendika aktivistlerinin m\u00fccadele \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olmadan \u00f6nce ve E. P. Thompson\u2019un belirtti\u011fi gibi emek dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 tan\u0131mlanabilir bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeden \u00f6nce, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri emek tarihine damga vurdu.<\/p>\n

* jacobinmag.com\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan \u201cThe Birth of the Strike\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makaleden \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Feenan, Dermot (2018) \u201cThe Birth of the Strike<\/em>\u201d, https:\/\/jacobinmag.com\/2018\/05\/strikes-history-london-sailors-coal-heavers\/, 10.09.2018.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Makalede ele al\u0131nan \u0130ngilizce\u2019de \u201cgrev\u201d ve \u201cgrev yapmak\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201cstrike\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u201cGrev\u201d kelimesi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye Frans\u0131zca\u2019dan girmi\u015ftir. Frans\u0131zca\u2019da “\u00e7ak\u0131ll\u0131 dere kumu, mil<\/em>” anlam\u0131ndaki Gr\u00e8ve Paris’te bir meydan\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r. Frans\u0131z devrimi d\u00f6neminde Paris’te i\u015f b\u0131rakan i\u015f\u00e7iler belediye binas\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Gr\u00e8ve <\/em>meydan\u0131nda topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201cGr\u00e8ve\u201d meydan\u0131na gitmek i\u015f b\u0131rakmakla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Kelime bug\u00fcnk\u00fc haliyle grev <\/em>anlam\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130ngilizcesi \u201cstrike\u201d.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> Mayna etmek: Geminin yelkenini halat ya da palanga yard\u0131m\u0131yla a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 indirmek.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> West Virginia\u2019da \u00f6\u011fretmen ve okul personeli grevleri 22 \u015eubat 2018’de ba\u015flad\u0131. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ve y\u00fcksek sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti maliyetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6fke ile ba\u015flayan greve yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 bin \u00f6\u011fretmen ve devlet okulu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 kat\u0131ld\u0131. 55 Bat\u0131 Virjinya eyaletindeki t\u00fcm okullarda 250 bin \u00f6\u011frenciyi etkiledi. 7 Mart 2018’e kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Emek\u00e7iler eylemlerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 2018 West Virginia h\u00fck\u00fcmet binas\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> Mavna, gemilere ve yak\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131lara y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yan, g\u00fcvertesiz b\u00fcy\u00fck tekne; mavnac\u0131 ise mavnalar\u0131 kullananlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> Whiteboys (Beyaz Delikanl\u0131lar), 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130rlanda\u2019da topraklar\u0131 ve ortak kullan\u0131m alanlar ellerinden al\u0131nan kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri savunmak i\u00e7in \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren y\u00f6ntemler kullanan gizli bir \u00f6rg\u00fctt\u00fcr. \u0130simleri, \u00fcyelerinin gece bask\u0131nlar\u0131nda giydi\u011fi beyaz \u00f6nl\u00fcklerden geliyor. B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerini hedef ald\u0131lar, kirac\u0131 \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 savundular.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> Frans\u0131zca ifade, anlam\u0131 \u201cb\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z yaps\u0131nlar\u201d. \u0130lk kez Fizyokratlar taraf\u0131ndan “laissez-faire, laissez-passer<\/em>” (b\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z yaps\u0131nlar, b\u0131rak\u0131n\u0131z ge\u00e7sinler) slogan\u0131yla savunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130ngilizce metinde \u201cstrike\u201d.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> Hafifletme ve y\u00fck aktarma i\u015flevine sahip deniz arac\u0131 layteri kullanan i\u015f\u00e7i.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> Safra, bir teknede denge sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k; safrac\u0131 ise bunu kullanan i\u015f\u00e7i.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> Hannover Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Alman k\u00f6kenli bir kraliyet hanedan\u0131yd\u0131. 1714 ile 1901 aras\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netti. Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde Britanya\u2019da sanayi ve ticaret yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fmi\u015f, \u0130ngiltere d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131na h\u00fckmeder hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> Hannover Hanedan\u0131\u2019ndan Kral III. George 1760-1820 tarihleri aras\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya\u2019y\u0131 y\u00f6netti.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> 18 Haziran 1984 tarihinde G\u00fcney Yorkshire’daki Orgreave\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen tarihe ‘Orgreave Sava\u015f\u0131’ olarak ge\u00e7en olaylar \u0130ngiliz i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi tarihinde \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalardan biridir. Ulusal Maden \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Sendikas\u0131’n\u0131n madenlerin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve maden i\u015flerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Mart 1984’ten Mart 1985’e kadar s\u00fcren grevleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Birka\u00e7 saat boyunca s\u00fcren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma s\u0131ras\u0131nda 51 grev g\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc yaraland\u0131 ve 91 madenci g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> Hannover Hanedan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki son \u0130ngiltere Kral\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin son Katolik kral\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dermot Feenan* \u00c7eviren: Arif Ko\u015far Neden grevler \u201cgrev\u201d[2] diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor? Cevab\u0131 250 y\u0131l geriye yani i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fum sanc\u0131lar\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yor. 250 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u2018grev\u2019[3] s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc toplu i\u015f durdurma eylemini tan\u0131mlamak \u00fczere ilk defa \u0130ngilizce\u2019de kullan\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve denizcilerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi 1768 Londra Grevleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kelime, \u201cmayna\u201d etme[4] eyleminden ya da gemilerin yelkenlerini toplama, onlar\u0131 hareketsiz […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":709,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[368,367,291],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-708","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceviri","category-emek-mucadelesi","category-arif-kosar"],"yoast_head":"\nGrevin do\u011fu\u015fu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/10\/03\/grevin-dogusu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Grevin do\u011fu\u015fu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dermot Feenan* \u00c7eviren: Arif Ko\u015far Neden grevler \u201cgrev\u201d[2] diye adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor? Cevab\u0131 250 y\u0131l geriye yani i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fum sanc\u0131lar\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yor. 250 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u2018grev\u2019[3] s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc toplu i\u015f durdurma eylemini tan\u0131mlamak \u00fczere ilk defa \u0130ngilizce\u2019de kullan\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00f6m\u00fcr ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve denizcilerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi 1768 Londra Grevleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 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