{"id":682,"date":"2018-09-03T17:46:39","date_gmt":"2018-09-03T14:46:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=682"},"modified":"2023-01-17T17:49:57","modified_gmt":"2023-01-17T14:49:57","slug":"secim-sistemi-uzerine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/09\/03\/secim-sistemi-uzerine\/","title":{"rendered":"Se\u00e7im sistemi \u00fczerine"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130. Trajnin*<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kapitalist \u00fclkelerde se\u00e7im sisteminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, kitlelerin burjuvazi \u00f6nderli\u011finde feodalizm ve mutlakiyeti y\u0131k\u0131p soylular\u0131n ve ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak burjuva demokrasisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fimi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burjuvazi kendi demokrasisini kurarken, t\u00fcm halk\u0131 temsil etti\u011fini iddia ederek, ulusal egemenlikten, yani halk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z iktidar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etti. Ger\u00e7ekte ise, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 halk\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 olarak, kendi diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u201chalk\u0131n yarar\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Burjuvazi feodal tabakalar\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yok ettikten sonra, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in parlamento da dahil, devletin t\u00fcm kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 istismar etti. Kapitalist \u00fclkelerdeki se\u00e7im sistemi, burjuvazinin, onun yard\u0131m\u0131yla, parlamentodaki egemenli\u011fini garanti etti\u011fi ara\u00e7lardan biridir.<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z burjuvazisi, kitleleri feodalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 1789\u2019de yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130nsan ve Yurtta\u015fl\u0131k Haklar\u0131 Deklarasyonu\u2019nda ulusal egemenli\u011fin halka ait oldu\u011funu ilan etti. Halk Bastille\u2019i y\u0131kt\u0131, omuzlar\u0131nda devrimin b\u00fct\u00fcn zorluklar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131, ama sonunda kurulan bu \u2018hakimiyet\u2019, egemenlik haklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan aldat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. Burjuvazi halk temsilcili\u011fini ve yasa koyuculu\u011fu kendine ba\u011flad\u0131 ve kimin se\u00e7ip se\u00e7ilebilece\u011fine tek ba\u015f\u0131na karar verdi. 22 Aral\u0131k 1789 yasas\u0131 ve 1791\u2019deki ilk Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131 sonras\u0131 se\u00e7me hakk\u0131, en az 25 ya\u015f\u0131nda olmaya, en az 1 y\u0131ld\u0131r ayn\u0131 yerde veya ayn\u0131 kantonda oturmaya ve en az 3 g\u00fcnl\u00fck kazanc\u0131n\u0131 direkt vergi olarak \u00f6demeye ba\u011fland\u0131. Birisinin hizmetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar (m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n emrinde olanlar) se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bu ko\u015fullara sahip olmayan yurtta\u015flar, \u2018pasif yurtta\u015flar\u2019 olarak nitelendi ve se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum oldu. D\u00f6nemin \u00f6nemli burjuva politikac\u0131lar\u0131ndan Barnave, 11 A\u011fustos 1791\u2019deki kurulu\u015f (Anayasa) kongresinde (Anayasa) bu \u00f6nlemi \u015f\u00f6yle gerek\u00e7elendirdi: \u201cYoksulluklar\u0131 nedeniyle, ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ve s\u00fcrekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda olan yurtta\u015flar, se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 bilin\u00e7li ve hedefli olarak kullanmak i\u00e7in gerekli bilgiye ve var olan sistemin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecek \u00e7\u0131karlara sahip de\u011fildirler..<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

1791\u2019deki ilk Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra \u00f6zellikle m\u00fclks\u00fcz kesimlerden olan yeti\u015fkin halk\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te biri se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Halk kitlelerinin ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fu daha sonralar\u0131 Frans\u0131z burjuvazisinin devrimci kesimi olan Jakobenlerin iktidara gelmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Ancak Jakobenler se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmay\u0131 korudular: Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 yoktu, bir yerde ikamet etme zorunlulu\u011fu 6 aya, ya\u015f s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 da 21\u2019e indirildi. Jakobenlerin devrilmesinden sonra zengin burjuvazi iktidara geldi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan halk\u0131n (emek\u00e7ilerin) haklar\u0131nda ve se\u00e7me hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara gidildi.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 konusundaki raport\u00f6r Boussy d\u2019Anglas Thermidor Konferans\u0131\u2019nda (Frans\u0131z Devriminde Robespierre\u2019i devirmek i\u00e7in birle\u015fenler grubunun d\u00fczenledi\u011fi konferans) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada alayc\u0131 \u015fekilde m\u00fclks\u00fczlere s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z haklar tan\u0131n\u0131p, yasa koyucular aras\u0131nda yer almalar\u0131na f\u0131rsat tan\u0131n\u0131rsa, onlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate almadan huzursuzluk yaratacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ya da yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vereceklerini s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olmak devlet ya\u015fam\u0131na kat\u0131lman\u0131n ana ko\u015fulu yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Burjuvazi halk\u0131n temsil edildi\u011fi organlar\u0131n fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 giderek daha fazla k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131. Napolyon\u2019un \u201cyasa koyucu organlar\u0131n mutlak erki\u201dni t\u00fcmden ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 burjuvalar taraf\u0131ndan kutland\u0131. Napolyon\u2019un devrilmesi sonras\u0131 tekrar kurulan \u201chalk\u0131 temsil eden kurumlar\u201d ise, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n ve daha sonra b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayicilerin g\u00f6steri organlar\u0131 haline geldi.<\/p>\n

Liberal \u00e7evrelerde yaln\u0131zca \u201cahlaki-politik bir ideal<\/em>\u201d olarak \u00fcrkek\u00e7e \u201chalk egemenli\u011fi<\/em>\u201dnden s\u00f6z edildi. Zaman\u0131, yetene\u011fi ve bilgisi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sadece burjuvazinin y\u00f6netme yetene\u011fine sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmekteydi. Halk, devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bir objesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u201cTebaan\u0131n hakk\u0131, se\u00e7mek veya parlamentoda temsil edilmek de\u011fil, iyi y\u00f6netilmektir. Ancak yoksulluk \u00e7ekmeyen insanlar iyi y\u00f6netebilirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc maddi sorunlar\u0131 yoktur, yeterli e\u011fitime, d\u00fczenli bir ikametgaha ve politik geli\u015fimleri i\u00e7in yeterli zamana sahiptirler.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok burjuva devlet bilimcisi, se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n bir hak olarak de\u011ferlendirilmemesi, devletin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 temelinde uygulanmas\u0131 gereken bir fonksiyon olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fi iddias\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. B\u00f6yle fonksiyonlar herkesin de\u011fil, durumlar\u0131 gere\u011fi bu d\u00fczenin (burjuva d\u00fczeninin) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden yana olanlar\u0131n hakk\u0131 olabilirdi. Burjuva devlet bilimcilerine g\u00f6re yasa koyucu organlara temsilcilerin se\u00e7ilmesi konusunda ancak bu insanlara g\u00fcvenilebilirdi. Ama yasa, \u201ct\u00fcm halk\u0131n<\/em>\u201d iradesi, yani hem s\u00f6m\u00fcrenlerin hem de s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin ortak iradesi olarak lanse edildi. Ger\u00e7ekte ise, yasa, Lenin\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201czaferi elde eden ve devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7iren s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n<\/em>\u201d iradesini yans\u0131tmaktayd\u0131. (Lenin, Werke, Band 2, Seite (sayfa) 418, Dietz Verlag)<\/p>\n

SE\u00c7ME HAKKININ KISITLANMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burjuva anayasalar, \u201cgenel oy hakk\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ilan ettiler ve hala ediyorlar, ama se\u00e7im yasalar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan binlerce hileli \u201cd\u00fczeltmelerle\u201d bu \u201cgenellik\u201d geni\u015f halk kitlelerinin se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum edilmesi \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin demokratik anayasas\u0131nda; \u201cKanton vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n hepsi \u0130svi\u00e7re vatanda\u015f\u0131d\u0131r ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc se\u00e7im ve oylamaya kat\u0131lma hakk\u0131na sahiptir<\/em>\u201d denmesine ra\u011fmen (Paragraf 43), se\u00e7im yasas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sadece erkekler se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahiptir.*<\/p>\n

Halk kitlelerinin haklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ve se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona se\u00e7im kurallar\u0131 belirlenmesi, se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n belli ko\u015fullara ba\u011flanmas\u0131, yayg\u0131n ba\u015fvurulan bir y\u00f6ntemdir.<\/p>\n

Hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn burjuva devletlerde se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip olma ya\u015f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir. \u0130ngiltere, ABD ve Fransa\u2019da 21 ya\u015f\u0131na girmi\u015f olanlar se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131labilir. \u0130sve\u00e7 (23), Danimarka (25) gibi se\u00e7ime kat\u0131lma ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler de vard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle gen\u00e7li\u011fin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

Bunu, herhangi bir yerde belli bir s\u00fcreden beri ikamet etme mutlak ko\u015fulu izler. Fransa\u2019da bu s\u00fcre 6 ayd\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fik eyaletlerinde 2 ay ile 2 sene aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fir. B\u00f6ylelikle, sezon i\u015f\u00e7ileri gibi m\u00fclks\u00fcz halk kitleleri, i\u015f bulabilmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli yerlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131ndan se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Bir\u00e7ok kapitalist \u00fclkede kad\u0131nlar\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca bir\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fclkede (Almanya, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, ABD ve \u0130talya) kad\u0131nlar se\u00e7im yasalar\u0131yla, John Stuart Mill\u2019in deyimiyle, \u00e7ocuk ve delilerle ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fcler. 1913 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Avam Kamaras\u0131\u2019ndaki milletvekillerinin 219\u2019u kad\u0131nlar\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131na \u201cevet\u201d derken, 266\u2019s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkesinde kad\u0131nlar ancak Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funlukla Sovyet se\u00e7im yasas\u0131n\u0131n etkisiyle, se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na kavu\u015ftular. Fransa\u2019da ise, kad\u0131nlar ancak 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde edebildiler.<\/p>\n

Kapitalist \u00fclkelerde s\u00f6m\u00fcrge halklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130kinci s\u0131n\u0131f tebaalar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fcler ve devletle ilgili i\u015flere kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Farkl\u0131 ulusal az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devletlerde, bu ulusal az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n parlamentoda temsiliyetinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, egemenlerin temsiliyetinin ise art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgeleri belirlenir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Avusturya\u2019da 1907\u2019de yap\u0131lan se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 reformuyla 40 bin Avusturyal\u0131, 52 bin Polonyal\u0131, 55 bin \u00c7ek ve 102 bin Ruthen (Slav \u0131rk\u0131ndan gelen Do\u011fu Avrupal\u0131lara verilen genel ad) ba\u015f\u0131na 1 temsilcinin parlamentoya g\u00f6nderilebilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlemesi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1935\u2019de Polonya\u2019da se\u00e7ilen Sejm\u2019de (parlamento) \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan az\u0131nl\u0131klar, milletvekillerinin ancak y\u00fczde 10\u2019una sahip olabildiler.<\/p>\n

Burjuva \u00fclkelerde se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lan yurtta\u015flar\u0131n aras\u0131nda yoksulluk nedeniyle devlet yard\u0131m\u0131 almak zorunda olanlar da vard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ABD\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fik eyaletlerinde yard\u0131mla ya\u015fayanlar se\u00e7im listelerinden silindi.<\/p>\n

Tek tek \u00fclkelerde de\u011fi\u015fik nedenlerle se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitime ba\u011flayan d\u00fczenlemeler de yap\u0131ld\u0131. ABD\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerinde Siyahlardan iyi okuma ve yazma ve Amerikan anayasas\u0131n\u0131 iyi bilme gibi ko\u015fullar talep edildi ve bu ko\u015fullara sahip olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131 yap\u0131lan s\u0131navlarla belirlendi. B\u00f6ylelikle Siyahlar\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 kitlesel olarak gasp edildi. Japonya\u2019da ise, ancak milletvekillerinin isimlerini yazabilen ki\u015filer se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip olabildiler.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran \u00f6nlemlerden biri de, vergi ko\u015fuludur. Se\u00e7menler, se\u00e7ime kat\u0131labilmek i\u00e7in belli miktarda vergi \u00f6demek zorundad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylesi bir vergi ABD\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fik eyaletlerinde uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ko\u015ful, i\u015fsizleri, \u00f6zellikle de m\u00fclks\u00fczleri etkilemekte, onlar\u0131 se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan yoksun kalmaya mecbur b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde de emek\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamak, zenginlere ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fik hileler yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiltere\u2019de formel olarak yurtta\u015flar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ge\u00e7erli olsa da, zengin s\u0131n\u0131flar \u00e7o\u011fulcu se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Sanayi i\u015fletmeleri ve ticari \u015firketlere sahip olanlar ve e\u015fleri, hem ikamet ettikleri yerde hem de sahip olduklar\u0131 m\u00fclklerin (fabrika vb.) bulundu\u011fu ba\u015fka yerlerde se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahiptirler. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcniversiteler i\u00e7in \u00f6zel se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgeleri vard\u0131r: \u00dcniversite diplomas\u0131 sahibi, \u00f6zellikle de zengin s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n mensubu \u00fcniversite mezunlar\u0131, hem ikamet ettikleri yerde hem de \u00fcniversite se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesinde oy kullanma hakk\u0131na sahiptirler.<\/p>\n

Geni\u015f halk kitlelerinin se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131n\u0131n bir y\u00f6ntemi de, hiyerar\u015fik z\u00fcmre sistemidir. Bu sisteme g\u00f6re, se\u00e7menler sosyal konumlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, m\u00fclk sahiplerinin \u00f6ncelikli bir z\u00fcmre olu\u015fturduklar\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik kategorilere ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Z\u00fcmre sistemine g\u00f6re parlamentoya g\u00f6nderilen temsilcilerin say\u0131s\u0131, se\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131na de\u011fil, o z\u00fcmrenin devlet i\u00e7indeki g\u00fcc\u00fcne, toplumsal konumuna g\u00f6re belirlenir. M\u00fclk sahiplerinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 z\u00fcmresi, temsilcilerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu se\u00e7er. B\u00f6ylelikle parlamentodaki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olur. Z\u00fcmre sistemi, Avusturya\u2019da 1907, Rusya\u2019da ise 1917\u2019deki \u015eubat Devrimi\u2019ne kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu sistemin Rusya\u2019da \u00c7ar Dumas\u0131 se\u00e7imlerinde nas\u0131l uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakal\u0131m: Se\u00e7im kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re (paragraf 9-11, 28, 32, 33, 37, 42) \u015fu se\u00e7im ko\u015fullar\u0131 vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1- Rus vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip olmak. 2- 25 ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde olmak. 3- Erkek olmak. 4- Kusursuz davran\u0131\u015f sahibi olmak (herhangi bir su\u00e7 i\u015flememek). 5- Sabit ikametgah sahibi olmak. 6- Belli bir servete sahip olmak. 7- Belli bir hizmet zorunlulu\u011fundan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmak (ordu mensuplar\u0131, \u00f6\u011frenciler vb. se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip de\u011fildi).<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fik z\u00fcmrelerin de kendi i\u00e7lerinde de\u011fi\u015fik s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu se\u00e7imler, do\u011frudan de\u011fil, dolayl\u0131 se\u00e7imlerdi. B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak a\u011falar\u0131 ve \u015fehirli se\u00e7menler (i\u015f\u00e7iler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda) iki s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 (b\u00f6lgesinde se\u00e7ilecek ki\u015fiyi belirlemek ve Duma\u2019ya milletvekili se\u00e7mek), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak a\u011falar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 (b\u00f6lgesinde se\u00e7ilecek ki\u015fiyi belirlemek, se\u00e7menleri belirlemek ve Duma\u2019ya milletvekili se\u00e7mek), k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu d\u00f6rt s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 ( b\u00f6lgesindeki se\u00e7ilecek ki\u015fiyi belirlemek, b\u00f6lgesindeki en yetkili ki\u015fiyi belirlemek, se\u00e7menleri belirlemek ve Duma\u2019ya milletvekili se\u00e7mek) se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahiptiler.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak a\u011falar\u0131 se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip olanlar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 (y\u00fczde 51,1) olu\u015fturuyordu. \u015eehirliler y\u00fczde 24,2\u2019sini. \u015eehirliler de kendi aralar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 13,2 ile y\u00fcksek servet sahipleri ve y\u00fczde 11 ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck servet sahipleri olarak kategorilere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler genel se\u00e7menlerin y\u00fczde 22,4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015ftururken, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 2,3\u2019t\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik daha fazla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma, Rus olmayan milliyetlere y\u00f6nelikti. \u00d6zellikle de 16 Haziran 1907\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yeni se\u00e7im kararnamesiyle bu daha da k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, Polonya eyaletlerinde eskiden 37 temsilci se\u00e7ilirken 1907 sonras\u0131 14, Kafkas b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00f6nceden 25 temsilci se\u00e7ilirken 10 temsilci se\u00e7ilebildi. Orta Asya\u2019n\u0131n yerlileri T\u00fcrki halklar\u0131n ise, herhangi bir temsilci se\u00e7me haklar\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n

Hindistan\u2019da hala bu z\u00fcmre sistemi ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

Genel olarak demokrasinin halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun egemenli\u011fi ve se\u00e7imlerin bu \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun iradesi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ge\u00e7ekte ise, burjuva se\u00e7im sistemi, se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinde de s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131r: Se\u00e7ilen adaylar, \u00e7o\u011fu kez se\u00e7men az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iradesini ifade eder. \u00d6rne\u011fin Fransa\u2019da, 1928 se\u00e7imlerinde, 4 milyon 830 bin oy se\u00e7ilen adaylara, yakla\u015f\u0131k 6 milyon oy ise se\u00e7ilemeyen adaylara verilmi\u015ftir. 1932 se\u00e7imlerinde bu say\u0131, 5 milyon 245 bin ve 6 milyon 315 bin olarak belirlendi. Buna ra\u011fmen Temsilciler Meclisi t\u00fcm halk\u0131n iradesinin temsil edildi\u011fi bir yer olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7APRA\u015eIK SE\u00c7\u0130M GEOMETR\u0130S\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndaki adaletsizlik se\u00e7im geometrisiyle de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgeleri, herhangi bir egemen klik ve partisinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zetilmesi, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n ise zarar g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde belirlenir.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgelerinin bu \u015fekilde \u201cd\u00fczenlenmesi\u201dyle \u00f6zellikle III. Napolyon ve Bismarck ilgilenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin n\u00fcfusu 39,7 milyon olan Almanya\u2019da, 1871 y\u0131l\u0131nda 397 se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesi vard\u0131. 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Almanya n\u00fcfusu 56 milyona eri\u015fti, ama se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesi say\u0131s\u0131 ayn\u0131 kald\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u015fehirlerdeki emek\u00e7i kitlelerin temsiliyeti s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgelerinin \u201cd\u00fczenlenmesi\u201d bazen \u00e7ok enteresan bi\u00e7imler alabilmektedir. Bu \u015fekilde bir \u201cd\u00fczenleme\u201d ABD\u2019nin Massachusetts eyaletindeydi. Oradaki se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesi bir kertenkele \u015feklindeydi. Belirlemenin o d\u00f6nemin ABD Ba\u015fkanvekili Jerry taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle b\u00f6lge \u201cJerrymander\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Amerikan Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yorumcular\u0131ndan James Bryce, se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgelerinin, bu operasyonu hayata ge\u00e7iren partinin oy \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu garanti etmek hedefiyle belirlendi\u011fini yazd\u0131. Bu hedef, servet sahibi olmayan se\u00e7menlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun, bu plan\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olanlar\u0131n (egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n temsilcilerinin) se\u00e7ilme ihtimali olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgelerine kaydedilmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Bazen se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgelerinin bu \u015fekilde belirlenmesiyle, iki partinin e\u015fit oya sahip oldu\u011fu yerlerde bir b\u00f6lgeye yeni servet sahibi se\u00e7menler kaydedilerek fazla oy almas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bryce, ayr\u0131ca Missisippi\u2019de, ayakkab\u0131 ba\u011fc\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen, 40 mil geni\u015fli\u011finde, 500 mil uzunlu\u011funda bir se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesi oldu\u011fundan da s\u00f6z eder. Pennsilvania\u2019n\u0131n bir se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesi ise, halter \u015feklindeydi. Missouri\u2019deki bir b\u00f6lgenin k\u0131vr\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, uzunlu\u011funun, t\u00fcm eyaletten fazla oldu\u011fu dikkati \u00e7eker. Bunun amac\u0131, t\u00fcm Siyahlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye kaydedebilmekti. Tabii ki Siyahlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye kaydedilmesi i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen bu yorucu \u00e7aban\u0131n nedeni, Siyahlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 de\u011fildi. Bu d\u00fczenlemeler sayesinde, \u00f6rne\u011fin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sanayi ve i\u015f\u00e7i merkezi kadar temsilci g\u00f6nderme hakk\u0131na sahip oldu. Bunun yap\u0131lma nedeni, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ve tabii ki burjuvazinin hizmetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan temsilci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu konuda karakteristik bir \u00f6rnek, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa\u2019da Millet Meclisi se\u00e7imleri \u00f6ncesi yap\u0131lan kanton se\u00e7imleriydi. Oy say\u0131m\u0131 sonras\u0131 Kom\u00fcnist Parti 3 milyon 830 bin oy alarak birinci s\u0131raya geldi, ama, sadece 328 temsilci \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Sosyalist Parti ise 3 milyon 700 bin oy ald\u0131 (Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019den 130 bin oy daha az), ama Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019den 483 daha fazla, 811 temsilci \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Bir milletvekili \u00e7\u0131karma hakk\u0131 olan Aisne b\u00f6lgesindeki 33 bin 191 se\u00e7menin oldu\u011fu Saint-Quentin kantonunda bir Kom\u00fcnist se\u00e7imleri kazan\u0131rken, Niederalpen b\u00f6lgesindeki 391 se\u00e7menin oldu\u011fu Allons kantonunun da bir milletvekili se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 vard\u0131 ve bir H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat se\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

BURJUVA DEVLETLERDE M\u0130LLETVEK\u0130LLER\u0130N\u0130N SE\u00c7MENLER\u0130NE KAR\u015eI SORUMSUZLU\u011eU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burjuvazinin se\u00e7imleri etkileme ara\u00e7lar\u0131na ideolojik ara\u00e7lar\u0131 da katmak gerekir. Bunun ilk s\u0131ras\u0131nda bas\u0131n yer al\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist \u00fclkelerde bas\u0131n, bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tekelle\u015ftiren, egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n, partilerinin, milletvekili adaylar\u0131n\u0131n lehine kamuoyu olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan gazete tr\u00f6stlerinin elindedir. Buna, radyo, film gibi di\u011fer ideolojik etki ara\u00e7lar\u0131 da dahildir. Toplant\u0131 salonlar\u0131 da burjuvaziye aittir. Burjuvazinin adaylar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7menlere dayatmak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kirli entrikalar\u0131 da hesaba katmak gerekir. James Bryce, Amerika Cumhuriyeti* kitab\u0131nda se\u00e7imler \u00fczerine \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cSe\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip olmayanlar\u0131n listelere kaydedilmesi ve oylar\u0131n say\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki hileler gibi de\u011fi\u015fik sahtekarl\u0131klar sadece \u015fehir y\u00f6netimi se\u00e7imlerinde de\u011fil devlet ve federal y\u00f6netimlere y\u00f6nelik se\u00e7imlerde de yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Buna, milletvekillerine verilen r\u00fc\u015fvetler de eklenmelidir. R\u00fc\u015fvet alm\u0131\u015f bir milletvekili formel olarak halk\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunur, ger\u00e7ekte ise b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye sahipleri ve bankerlerin hizmetindedir. \u015eu ya da bu sanayi dal\u0131na avantaj sa\u011flayacak yasalar\u0131 destekler, h\u00fck\u00fcmet nezdinde sermaye sahiplerinin avukat\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcrden milletvekillerine bu yasalar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6denen para bo\u015fa gitmi\u015f de\u011fildir, sadece \u015fu ya da bu mal\u0131n \u00fcretilmesiyle ilgili vergilerin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya yabanc\u0131 rakiplerin mallar\u0131na getirilen g\u00fcmr\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir yasa, kapitalist kliklerin bu t\u00fcrden milletvekillerini dayatmak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 se\u00e7im harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 telafi etmeye yeter. (Amerikanische Republik, Teil 2, seite (sayfa) 412, bask\u0131 tarihi 1890)<\/p>\n

Milletvekillerinin se\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir sorumlulu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, se\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip olanlar se\u00e7tikleri milletvekillerini kontrol hakk\u0131n\u0131 kaybederler. Burjuva anayasalar\u0131nda al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere milletvekillerin \u201culusa<\/em>\u201d kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluklar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilir, bu da milletvekillerini her se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesi se\u00e7menlerine verdikleri vaatleri yerine getirmekten kurtar\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu kapitalist \u00fclkede se\u00e7menler g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmeyen milletvekillerini azletme hakk\u0131na sahip de\u011fildirler. Stalin\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi; \u201cO, bir taraftan di\u011fer tarafa ge\u00e7ebilir, do\u011fru yoldan do\u011fru olmayana sapabilir, hatta de\u011fi\u015fik kirli entrikalara giri\u015febilir. \u0130stedi\u011fi gibi takla atabilir, ne de olsa ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin gerici Mosley, 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019nden Avam Kamaras\u0131\u2019na se\u00e7ildi, ama fa\u015fistlere ge\u00e7ti. Se\u00e7menler, kendilerini temsil etmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in milletvekilli\u011finden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ettiklerinde, Mosley\u2019in cevab\u0131, onlara kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, ulusa kar\u015f\u0131 sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde oldu.<\/p>\n

Fransa Meclisi\u2019nin Anayasa Komisyonu\u2019nun, Kom\u00fcnistlerin, her milletvekilinin se\u00e7menlerine kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fu oldu\u011fu ve onlar taraf\u0131ndan azledilebilece\u011fi \u015feklindeki \u00f6nerisini, Sosyalist Parti, Katolik Cumhuriyet\u00e7iler ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131n sa\u011f\u0131n oylar\u0131yla reddetti\u011fini bu arada belirtmek gerekir. Bunun yerine, milletvekillerinin partileri taraf\u0131ndan azledilebilece\u011fi karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu karar, halk\u0131n iradesi yerine kapitalist partilerin ve temsil ettikleri kapitalist kliklerin iradesinin ge\u00e7irilmesini olanakl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lenin, burjuva demokrasisinin karakteristik bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi olarak \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cKapitalist demokrasinin mekanizmalar\u0131na yak\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda; her yerde; se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, ya da g\u00f6reli en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda (ikametgah zorunlulu\u011fu, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 vb.) veya temsiliyet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n davran\u0131\u015f\u0131nda toplant\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131n geriye itildi\u011fini (kamu binalar\u0131 \u2018dilenciler\u2019 i\u00e7in de\u011fildir!), ya da saf kapitalist organizasyon olan g\u00fcnl\u00fck bas\u0131nda ve benzer ve benzer yerlerde, demokratizmin s\u00fcrekli s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Yoksullara y\u00f6nelik bu k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar, d\u0131\u015flamalar, engellemeler k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir, ama bir araya getirildi\u011finde yoksul halk\u0131n demokrasiye aktif kat\u0131l\u0131mdan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na, d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/em>\u201d (Lenin, Werke, Band 11, Seite (sayfa) 430, Dietz Verlag)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, kapitalist ko\u015fullarda, burjuvazinin, halk kitlelerinin elde etti\u011fi demokrasinin \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu engellere ve k\u0131s\u0131tlamalara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etti ve ediyor. Demokrasinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesiyle sa\u011fland\u0131. Bu konuda Lenin; \u201cDemokrasi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc, kararl\u0131 ve devrimci bir m\u00fccadele vermeyen bir proletarya, kendini burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 bir zafere haz\u0131rlayamaz.<\/em>\u201d (Lenin, Werke, Band 14, sayfa (seite) 38, Dietz Verlag ) der.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 SINIFININ SE\u00c7ME HAKKININ GEN\u0130\u015eLET\u0130LMES\u0130 \u0130\u00c7\u0130N M\u00dcCADELES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kapitalist ko\u015fullarda politik haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunur ve demokrasinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eder. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, kapitalist ko\u015fullarda se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesi i\u00e7in de m\u00fccadele etti ve ediyor. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, ordu mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015f halklar\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n garanti edilmesi, parlamentonun kitleler i\u00e7in ayd\u0131nlatma k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bu sayede m\u00fcttefikleriyle kayna\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eder. Emek\u00e7ilerin politik ve ekonomik haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve geni\u015fletilmesi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele verir.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdiki tarihi geli\u015fim basama\u011f\u0131nda, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki halk kitleleri, giderek artan \u015fekilde burjuva se\u00e7im sisteminin eski normlar\u0131ndan ho\u015fnutsuzluklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin Yugoslavya ve Bulgaristan\u2019da fa\u015fizmin tamamen yok edilmesi ve feodal kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n tasfiyesi u\u011fruna m\u00fccadele halk kitlelerinin hareketlenmesini beraberinde getirdi, ve bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, demokrasi, burjuva devletlerin eski demokrasisinden ayr\u0131\u015fan \u00f6zel, yeni bi\u00e7imler ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Devrimci Marksistler, kapitalist ko\u015fullardaki genel se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman feti\u015fle\u015ftirmedi. Marx ve Engels, odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 esas olarak se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n elde edilmesi olarak belirleyen Lassalle\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Lassalle\u2019e g\u00f6re, se\u00e7me hakk\u0131, devlete, yeni, \u201ct\u00fcm halk\u0131 kapsayan<\/em>\u201d, \u201cs\u0131n\u0131flar \u00fcst\u00fc<\/em>\u201d bir karakter vermesi gerekirdi.<\/p>\n

Lassalle\u2019\u0131n genel oy hakk\u0131n\u0131 dogma ve feti\u015f yapan \u00f6\u011fretileri, \u2018Lassalle\u2019a geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u2019 propagandas\u0131 yapan revizyonizm ve reformizmde hi\u00e7 de tesad\u00fcfi olmayan \u015fekilde bir yeniden do\u011fu\u015f ya\u015fad\u0131. Oport\u00fcnistler, demokratik bir sistem ve genel se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, burjuva devletin bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u2013burjuvazinin\u2013 egemenlik organ\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u201c\u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun iradesinin<\/em>\u201d, \u201chalk\u0131n iradesinin<\/em>\u201d temsilcisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini iddia etmektedirler. Oport\u00fcnistler b\u00f6ylelikle, asl\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n koruyucusu olan burjuva devletin, emek\u00e7ilerin temel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil edebilece\u011fi hayalini yaymaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Oysa kapitalist ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda \u201cgenel oy hakk\u0131<\/em>\u201d , burjuva hukuk d\u00fczeninin dayanaklar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil edenlere \u00f6ncelikler tan\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Proletarya, politik haklar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyle elde etti. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00c7artist hareketin m\u00fccadelesi sonucu sa\u011fland\u0131. Fransa\u2019da da 1871\u2019de Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yenilgisi sonras\u0131 burjuvazi, proletaryadan duydu\u011fu korku nedeniyle \u201cgenel\u201d se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 (genel se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmekle birlikte tam bir se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 yoktu, \u00f6rne\u011fin kad\u0131nlar se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda elde ettiler) kald\u0131rmaya cesaret edemedi. Ana motoru i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olan 1905 Rus Devrimi, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki devrimci m\u00fccadeleyi de etkiledi. \u00d6rne\u011fin Avusturya\u2019daki genel se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi, esas olarak Rusya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimci hareketi taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131. Lenin bu konuda, 1917 Ocak ay\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazar:<\/p>\n

\u201c30 Ekim 1905\u2019te, \u00c7ar\u0131n anayasa manifestosu \u00fczerine olan telgraf\u0131n Viyana\u2019ya ula\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte, bu haberin, Avusturya\u2019da genel se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n nihai olarak elde edilmesinde tayin edici bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cAvusturya sosyal demokratlar\u0131n\u0131n bir konferans\u0131nda yolda\u015f Ellenbogen ( o zamanlar hen\u00fcz sosyal yurtsever de\u011fildi, yolda\u015ft\u0131) politik grevle ilgili bir konu\u015fma yaparken telgraf onun \u00f6n\u00fcndeki masaya kondu. Tart\u0131\u015fmalar sona erdi. \u2018Yerimiz sokakt\u0131r!\u2019 slogan\u0131 Avusturya sosyal demokratlar\u0131n\u0131n delege toplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 salonda yank\u0131land\u0131. Ve sonraki g\u00fcnler Viyana\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck sokak eylemleri, Prag\u2019da barikatlar g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Avusturya\u2019da genel se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n zaferi kazanaca\u011f\u0131 belli olmu\u015ftu.<\/em>\u201d (Lenin, Werke, Band 14, sayfa (seite) 356, Dietz Verlag )<\/p>\n

Rusya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, fedakarca s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc devrimci m\u00fccadelesi sonucu, \u015eubat Devrimi sonras\u0131 nispeten ileri bir se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 elde etti. Se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek demokrasinin ifadesi haline gelmesi ise, sadece sosyalist Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin zaferi temelinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

SOVYETLER B\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130\u2019NDE SE\u00c7ME HAKKI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sovyet sosyalist demokrasisi, geni\u015f halk kitlelerine devlet y\u00f6netimine kat\u0131lman\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7an en geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 demokrasidir. Kelimenin tam anlam\u0131yla bir halk demokrasisidir.<\/p>\n

\u201cDemokratik burjuva \u00fclkelerde, yasalara g\u00f6re e\u015fit haklara sahip olan, ama ger\u00e7eklikte binlerce hile ve \u015fike ile politik hayata kat\u0131lma hakk\u0131ndan, demokratik hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lan kitleler, bizzat devletin demokratik y\u00f6netimine s\u00fcrekli,<\/em> ko\u015fulsuz ve belirleyici \u015fekilde kat\u0131l\u0131m hakk\u0131na sahip oldular art\u0131k.<\/em>\u201d (Lenin, Werke, Band 24, sayfa (seite) 13, Dietz Verlag )<\/p>\n

Sovyet halk\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilmeyen egemenli\u011fi Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi (SSCB) anayasas\u0131na yaz\u0131ld\u0131:<\/p>\n

\u201cSSCB\u2019de t\u00fcm egemenlik, Emek\u00e7i Temsilcilerinin Sovyetleri bi\u00e7iminde kent ve k\u0131rdaki emek\u00e7ilere aittir.<\/em>\u201d (SSCB Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 3. Maddesi)<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm iktidar organlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcstten en alta kadar se\u00e7imle belirlenmesi prensibi, milletvekillerinin se\u00e7menlerine kar\u015f\u0131 sorumlulu\u011fu, karar alma ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme organlar\u0131n\u0131n hesap verme zorunlulu\u011fu ilkesi, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, Sovyet devletinde ger\u00e7ek halk egemenli\u011finin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini kan\u0131tlar.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist demokrasinin temeli, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n devlet ve kooperatifler \u015feklinde emek\u00e7ilere ait oldu\u011fu sosyalist toplum d\u00fczeninde bulunur.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist demokrasi ger\u00e7ek demokrasidir. Sadece yurtta\u015flar\u0131n haklar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmez, ger\u00e7ekte uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 da garanti eder. Demokrasinin en \u00f6nemli slogan\u0131 olan e\u015fitlik, sosyalist ko\u015fullarda kararl\u0131 \u015fekilde uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist demokrasi, yurtta\u015flar\u0131n i\u015f, dinlenme, e\u011fitim ve di\u011fer insanl\u0131k onurunu g\u00fcvenceye alan ve y\u00fckselten konularda e\u015fit ve ger\u00e7ek haklara sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 garanti eder. Kad\u0131n ve erkekler i\u00e7in e\u015fit haklar\u0131 garanti eder, herkese, yap\u0131lan i\u015fin nicelik ve niteli\u011fine tekab\u00fcl eden bir gelire sahip olmay\u0131 garanti eder. B\u00fct\u00fcn ulus ve \u0131rklar\u0131n e\u015fit haklara sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn yurtta\u015flar\u0131n devlet i\u015flerine e\u015fit kat\u0131l\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 garanti eder.<\/p>\n

Sovyet demokrasisi aktif bir demokrasidir.<\/p>\n

\u201cSay\u0131s\u0131z sendika, i\u015fyeri, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, spor ve di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin faaliyetlerinde; Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin kapsaml\u0131 topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki milyonlarca k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri birle\u015ftiren kolektif \u00fcretimin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131nda; kolektif \u00fcretimimizdeki, devlet i\u015fletmelerimizdeki, maden ocaklar\u0131 ve demiryollar\u0131m\u0131zdaki sosyalist yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinde; i\u015fte b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlarda, ger\u00e7ek halk demokrasisinin ye\u015fermesi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar eski zamanlarda bilinmezdi ve Sovyet sistemi sayesinde \u00fclkemizde \u00e7oktan sona erdirilmi\u015f olan, ezen ve ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n var oldu\u011fu hi\u00e7bir devlette de g\u00f6r\u00fclemez.<\/em>\u201d (W. M. Molotov, B\u00fcy\u00fck Sosyalist Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin 28. Y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde)<\/p>\n

Sovyet se\u00e7im sistemi, halk\u0131n sadece politik alanda de\u011fil, ekonomik alanda da s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibi olmas\u0131n\u0131n ve egemenli\u011finin ifadesidir. Se\u00e7imlere halk kitlelerinin en geni\u015f, hemen hemen istisnas\u0131z kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, Sovyet demokrasisinin en karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir.<\/p>\n

Sovyet se\u00e7im sistemi, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 11. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011finin en y\u00fcksek Sovyeti [Meclisi] se\u00e7imleriyle ilgili kararlar (ayn\u0131 zamanda birlik Sovyeti\u2019ne se\u00e7im, \u00f6zerk cumhuriyetlerin ve b\u00f6lgelerin Sovyeti\u2019ne i\u015f\u00e7i temsilcilerinin se\u00e7imiyle ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler) Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi Anayasas\u0131\u2019na uygun yap\u0131l\u0131r. Sovyet se\u00e7im sistemi ile burjuva se\u00e7im yasalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir fark vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sovyet devleti, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde ya\u015fayan t\u00fcm yurtta\u015flar\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 bilin\u00e7li olarak kullanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcar. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde anayasan\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenilmesi, SSSCB\u2019de ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funun dillerinde geni\u015f propagandas\u0131 sayesinde sa\u011flan\u0131r. Se\u00e7im belgeleri, se\u00e7im listesi ve oy pusulas\u0131 SSCB<\/p>\n

halklar\u0131n\u0131n ana dilinde yay\u0131mlan\u0131r. Her yurtta\u015f\u0131n toplumsal g\u00f6revini bilin\u00e7li olarak yerine getirebilmesi i\u00e7in SSCB\u2019nin Y\u00fcksek Sovyet se\u00e7imlerinin ko\u015fullar\u0131 da ana dilde \u00f6\u011fretilir ve a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlar, bir\u00e7ok kapitalist \u00fclkede g\u00f6r\u00fclenin tersine Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. 1937\u2019de yap\u0131lan SSCB Y\u00fcksek Sovyet se\u00e7imlerine 94 milyon yurtta\u015f\u0131n 91 milyonu (y\u00fczde 96,8\u2019i) kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cSovyetler Birli\u011fi Y\u00fcksek Sovyet Se\u00e7imiyle \u0130lgili Kararlar<\/em>\u201d\u0131n 2. Maddesinde \u015f\u00f6yle denir: SSCB Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 135. Maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cTemsilciler genel se\u00e7imle se\u00e7ilir. 18 ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki t\u00fcm SSCB yurtta\u015flar\u0131 \u0131rk, ulus, din, e\u011fitim, ikamet, servet, sosyal k\u00f6ken, \u00f6nceden<\/em> yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015ften ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lma ve se\u00e7ilme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. \u0130stisna olarak ruh hastalar\u0131 ve mahkeme karar\u0131 ile se\u00e7me hakk\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lanlar se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lamazlar.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

SSCB Anayasas\u0131, genel se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 yan\u0131nda se\u00e7im sistemini de belirlemi\u015ftir: E\u015fit se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r, yani her vatanda\u015f sadece bir oya sahiptir ve t\u00fcm yurtta\u015flar ayn\u0131 temelde se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131l\u0131r. Dolays\u0131z se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r: Yani en y\u00fcksek ya da di\u011fer iktidar organlar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcileri dolayl\u0131, \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 de\u011fil, do\u011frudan se\u00e7imle belirlenir. Gizli se\u00e7im: Se\u00e7menlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrce oylar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesi, isteklerini belirtebilmesi i\u00e7in se\u00e7imler gizli yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

SSCB SE\u00c7\u0130MLER\u0130NDE TEKN\u0130K<\/strong><\/p>\n

SSCB se\u00e7imleri ger\u00e7ek halk se\u00e7imleridir. T\u00fcm se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinin organizat\u00f6r\u00fc Sovyet halk\u0131d\u0131r. Se\u00e7imlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan masraflar\u0131 devlet \u00fcstlenir. Kapitalist \u00fclkelerde ise, burjuva partiler, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 parlamentoda temsil etmeleri hedefiyle kapitalist klikler taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilirler.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im listelerinin do\u011fru haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, t\u00fcm se\u00e7menlerin eksik b\u0131rak\u0131lmadan se\u00e7im listesine kaydedilmesi, kay\u0131tlar\u0131n do\u011frulu\u011fu ve hatas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Sovyet se\u00e7im sistemi, ne ikamet zorunlulu\u011fu ne de yurtta\u015flar\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131nda ba\u015fka k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar tan\u0131r. Se\u00e7imlerin genelli\u011fi, se\u00e7im listelerinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131ndan sonra de\u011fi\u015fik nedenlerle ikametini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda kalan yurtta\u015flar\u0131n da oy kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylesi se\u00e7menler, b\u00f6lge se\u00e7im y\u00fcr\u00fctme komitesinden, ordu mensubu iseler birliklerinin komutan\u0131ndan ald\u0131klar\u0131 bir se\u00e7me hak belgesi ile se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc bulunduklar\u0131 yerde oy kullanma hakk\u0131na sahip olurlar.<\/p>\n

Sovyet se\u00e7im sistemi her ulustan emek\u00e7inin politik ya\u015fama aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 garanti eder. Bu, kendini, se\u00e7im kurallar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Birlik Sovyetleri ve Uluslar Sovyeti\u2019ne temsilci se\u00e7iminde, se\u00e7im muhitleri veya m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde de g\u00f6sterir. Bu se\u00e7imlerde se\u00e7im b\u00f6lge ve m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 belirlenir. Birlik Sovyeti se\u00e7imlerinde, b\u00f6lgeler, 300 bin ki\u015finin bir b\u00f6lge olu\u015fturmas\u0131 \u015feklinde belirlenir. Uluslar Sovyetleri se\u00e7imlerinde ise, muhitlerin belirlenmesi \u015f\u00f6yle olur: Her Birlik Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde 25, her Otonom Cumhuriyet\u2019te 11, her Otonom B\u00f6lge\u2019de 5, her Ulusal B\u00f6lge\u2019de 1 se\u00e7im muhiti belirlenir.<\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019de se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgelerinin belirlenme prensibi kararl\u0131 ve eksiksiz uygulanan demokrasinin sonucudur. Do\u011fru se\u00e7im muhitlerinin olu\u015fumu e\u015fit se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini sa\u011flar. Burjuva halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i b\u00f6lgelerinde ise \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f say\u0131yla se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgelerinin olu\u015fturuldu\u011fu kapitalist \u00fclkelerin tersine, Sovyet \u00fclkesinde, e\u015fitlik prensibine g\u00f6re, 300 bin se\u00e7menin (Birlik Sovyeti\u2019nin se\u00e7iminde) oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeler bir se\u00e7im muhiti olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uluslar Sovyeti se\u00e7imlerinde de e\u015fitlik egemendir. Burada e\u015fit ulusal devlet formlar\u0131, Uluslar Sovyeti\u2019nde n\u00fcfuslar\u0131na uygun temsilci sahibi olurlar. Bu, Birlik Cumhuriyetleri i\u00e7in 25, her Otonom Cumhuriyet i\u00e7in 11, her Otonom B\u00f6lge i\u00e7in 5, her Ulusal Muhit i\u00e7in 1 temsilcidir.<\/p>\n

Demokrasi prensibi se\u00e7im m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde de kararl\u0131 \u015fekilde uygulan\u0131r. M\u0131nt\u0131kalar se\u00e7ime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in se\u00e7menlerin yak\u0131n\u0131na getirilir. N\u00fcfusun fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u015fehirlerde 1500-3000, k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde 500-2000 se\u00e7meni kapsayan se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgeleri olu\u015fturulur. E\u011fer bir yer (n\u00fcfusu 300\u2019den az olmayan) bir se\u00e7im m\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131ndan 10 kilometreden fazla uzaktaysa, burada da bir se\u00e7im m\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131 olu\u015fturulabilir. Kuzey ve do\u011fudaki n\u00fcfusun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde en az 100 ki\u015finin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7im m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131 olu\u015fturulabilir. Kuzeyin de\u011fi\u015fik uluslar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki da\u011fl\u0131k alanlarda ve g\u00f6\u00e7erlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde en az 50 ki\u015filik se\u00e7im m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131 olu\u015fturulabilir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck askeri birliklerde de 50 ki\u015fiden bir se\u00e7im m\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131 olu\u015fturulur. Donanma birliklerinde 25, hastane, do\u011fum evleri, sanatoryumlar ve engelli yurtlar\u0131nda 50 ki\u015filik se\u00e7im m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131 olu\u015fturulur.<\/p>\n

Yolcu trenlerinde, se\u00e7im m\u0131nt\u0131kalar\u0131ndan se\u00e7me hakk\u0131 belgesi alm\u0131\u015f olan yolcular\u0131n oy pusulalar\u0131 teslim al\u0131n\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle en geni\u015f kitlelerin se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmas\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

Bir dizi kapitalist \u00fclkede Se\u00e7im Kurulu h\u00fck\u00fcmet temsilcilerinin elindedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131nda 24. Maddeye g\u00f6re, Devlet Dumas\u0131 se\u00e7imlerinde se\u00e7imlerin genel kontrol\u00fc ve do\u011fru uygulamas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde vali ve \u015fehir y\u00f6neticilerine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

SSCB\u2019de ise se\u00e7imlerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve yap\u0131lmas\u0131, hem merkezi hem yerel hem de mevkilerde (sahalarda) kamu \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin temsilcilerinin elindedir. Sovyet se\u00e7imlerinin karakteristi\u011fi ise, sars\u0131lmaz halk egemenli\u011finin g\u00f6stergesi olan halk\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Se\u00e7im komisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyelerinin se\u00e7imi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir toplumsal g\u00f6revdir. Se\u00e7menlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn se\u00e7im komisyonlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapmas\u0131, bunun somut bir g\u00f6stergesidir. SSCB\u2019nin en y\u00fcksek Sovyeti\u2019nin birinci se\u00e7imi s\u0131ras\u0131nda se\u00e7im komisyonlar\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 milyon ki\u015fi g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6lgesel devlet organlar\u0131n\u0131n, sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi Aral\u0131k 1939\u2019da yap\u0131lan son se\u00e7imlerinde ise, se\u00e7im komisyonlar\u0131nda 6 milyonun \u00fczerinde ki\u015fi g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Adaylar\u0131n belirlenme sistemi, toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin aktif rol oynamas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Aday g\u00f6sterme hakk\u0131, toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlere, emek\u00e7ilerin derneklerine, kom\u00fcnist partisinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine, sendikalara, kooperatiflere, gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr birliklerine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hak, (onlar\u0131n) merkezi ve yerel organlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla; i\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlar\u0131n i\u015fletmelerdeki genel meclislerinde, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin kolhozlarda, k\u00f6y ve kaymakaml\u0131klarda, devlet \u00e7iftliklerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i ve memurlar i\u00e7in sovhozlarda, askerler i\u00e7in birliklerinde hayata ge\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde se\u00e7imler, s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona toplumun se\u00e7ti\u011fi ki\u015filer olarak lanse edilen, asl\u0131nda ise \u015fu ya da bu kapitalist \u00e7evrenin adam\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131kar savunucusu olan birilerinin parlamentoya girmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, \u00e7o\u011funlukla tekelci i\u015fletmeler taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen partilerin se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri burjuva devletlerdeki gibi de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiltere\u2019de adaylar\u0131n belirlenmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda her aday i\u00e7in 150 Sterlinlik bir kapora al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu kapora, aday, se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesindeki oylar\u0131n en az sekizde birini alamazsa geri \u00f6denmez. \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki burjuva partiler bu nedenle kendi kaporas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyebilecek, se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131n\u0131n masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenebilecek ve ayr\u0131ca se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesinde maa\u015fl\u0131 bir se\u00e7im g\u00f6revlisini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilecek zengin adaylara \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Sovyet milletvekili ise bir kamu emek\u00e7isidir. SSCB\u2019de adaylar\u0131n belirlenmesinde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc, toplumsal ya\u015fama yap\u0131lan katk\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir ki\u015fi Y\u00fcksek Sovyet organ\u0131na bir dizi b\u00f6lge taraf\u0131ndan aday g\u00f6sterilebilir, ancak sadece bir b\u00f6lgeden ve adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ederse se\u00e7ime kat\u0131labilir. SSCB Anayasas\u0131 (125. Madde) bir se\u00e7im b\u00f6lgesinde listeye girebilen aday g\u00f6steren her organizasyona ve SSCB\u2019nin her vatanda\u015f\u0131na, aday\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir engelleme olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ajitasyon yapma hakk\u0131n\u0131 garanti eder.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7imden \u00f6nceki son 20 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yerel se\u00e7im komisyonu, se\u00e7menleri se\u00e7im g\u00fcn\u00fc ve yeri konusunda her g\u00fcn bilgilendirmekle m\u00fckelleftir. Se\u00e7imler Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin her yerinde bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ve ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn, yerel saate g\u00f6re sabah saat 6 ile gece saat 12.00 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lmak zorundad\u0131r. Oy pusulalar\u0131n\u0131n gizli doldurulmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in se\u00e7menin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 kimsenin bulunmayaca\u011f\u0131 bir oda belirlenmi\u015ftir. Yazma bilmedi\u011fi ya da engelli oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in se\u00e7im pusulas\u0131n\u0131 kendi dolduramayanlar i\u00e7in se\u00e7menin belirledi\u011fi bir ki\u015fi yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n

Bir aday\u0131n se\u00e7ilebilmesi i\u00e7in, ge\u00e7erli oylar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011funu almas\u0131, yani mutlak oy \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu elde etmesi gereklidir. E\u011fer adaylardan hi\u00e7biri mutlak oy \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu elde edemezse veya b\u00f6lgede kullan\u0131lan oy say\u0131s\u0131 se\u00e7menlerin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan az say\u0131da ise, b\u00f6lge se\u00e7im komisyonu en fazla oy alan iki aday aras\u0131nda tekrar oylama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131 alabilir ya da merkezi se\u00e7im komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en b\u00f6lgede ilk se\u00e7imden en fazla iki hafta sonra yeni se\u00e7im yap\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u015fiddet, hile, tehdit veya r\u00fc\u015fvetle bir se\u00e7menin \u00f6zg\u00fcr oy kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lmakt\u0131r. Se\u00e7im belgelerinde ya da verilen oylar\u0131n say\u0131m\u0131nda sahtekarl\u0131k yapan devlet g\u00f6revlileri veya se\u00e7im komisyonu \u00fcyeleri \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131, oy kullanma s\u00fcreci ve oylar\u0131n say\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcyle ilgili t\u00fcm se\u00e7im sistemi, her Sovyet yurtta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7me hakk\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ek demokratik ko\u015fullarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesini garanti eder. Sovyet se\u00e7menleri, temsilcilerinin se\u00e7menlerin irade ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ne derece ciddiye ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ne derece \u201chalk\u0131n hizmet\u00e7isi<\/em>\u201d olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iyi bir araca sahiptir: Anayasa\u2019ya g\u00f6re her temsilci (milletvekili), yasalarda belirlenmi\u015f \u015fekilde, se\u00e7menlerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun karar\u0131yla azledilebilir.<\/p>\n

Sovyet se\u00e7imlerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi ko\u015fullar, Sovyet halk\u0131n\u0131n ahlaki-politik tek v\u00fccut olu\u015fu, halk\u0131n iradesine y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131 uygulayabilecek olan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n yok edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, Sovyet halk\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesinin yans\u0131t\u0131labilmesini garanti eder.<\/p>\n

Sovyet se\u00e7im sistemi ile kapitalist \u00fclkelerdeki se\u00e7im sistemi aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyalar kadar fark vard\u0131r: Sovyet se\u00e7im sisteminde ger\u00e7ek demokrasi ve Sovyet halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesinin ifadesi v\u00fccut bulur, onun politik ve ekonomik alanda ger\u00e7ek egemenli\u011fi garanti edilir. Burjuva se\u00e7im sistemi ise, burjuvazinin egemenli\u011finin ifadesidir. Burjuva demokrasisi, \u201cOrta\u00e7a\u011fa g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tarihsel ilerleme olu\u015fturmakla birlikte, her zaman dar, g\u00fcd\u00fck, d\u00fczmece, ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc bir demokrasi, zenginler i\u00e7in bir cennet, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenler, yoksullar i\u00e7in bir tuzak ve bir aldatmaca olarak kal\u0131r, \u2013kapitalist rejimde ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc olamaz.<\/em>\u201d (Lenin, Werke, Band 23, seite (sayfa) 346 Dietz Verlag )<\/p>\n

Sovyet demokrasisinin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 ve zaferleri Sovyet sosyalist d\u00fczenin do\u011fas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r ve emek\u00e7ilerin Bol\u015fevik Partisi ve Sovyet devleti taraf\u0131ndan fikri e\u011fitiminin sonucunu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sovyet demokrasisinin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan Sovyet se\u00e7im sistemi, kitlelerin Sovyet devletinin askeri ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan daha da sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn daha da y\u00fckseltilmesi m\u00fccadelesinde harekete ge\u00e7irilmesinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir arac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130. Trajnin* Kapitalist \u00fclkelerde se\u00e7im sisteminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, kitlelerin burjuvazi \u00f6nderli\u011finde feodalizm ve mutlakiyeti y\u0131k\u0131p soylular\u0131n ve ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak burjuva demokrasisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fimi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Burjuvazi kendi demokrasisini kurarken, t\u00fcm halk\u0131 temsil etti\u011fini iddia ederek, ulusal egemenlikten, yani halk\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z iktidar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etti. Ger\u00e7ekte ise, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 halk\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 olarak, kendi diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":683,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[491,421,321],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-682","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-22-sayi-eylul-2018","category-devrimler-tarihi","category-i-trajnin"],"yoast_head":"\nSe\u00e7im sistemi \u00fczerine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/09\/03\/secim-sistemi-uzerine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Se\u00e7im sistemi \u00fczerine\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0130. 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