{"id":602,"date":"2018-06-03T16:10:54","date_gmt":"2018-06-03T13:10:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=602"},"modified":"2022-12-06T12:03:52","modified_gmt":"2022-12-06T09:03:52","slug":"50-yilinda-dunyanin-68i-ve-tturkiyenin-ozgunlugu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/06\/03\/50-yilinda-dunyanin-68i-ve-tturkiyenin-ozgunlugu\/","title":{"rendered":"50. y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 68\u2019i ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kadir Yal\u00e7\u0131n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201868, etkisini d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde hissettiren yak\u0131n zamanlar\u0131n devrimci d\u00f6nemidir. Sonra Fransa ve Brezilya\u2019da, T\u00fcrkiye ve Burkino Faso ya da Tunus\u2019la M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da devrimci d\u00f6nem olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bir yana, lokal aya\u011fa kalk\u0131\u015flar ya\u015fansa bile, -Arap \u00fclkeleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n birbirini tetikleyen Arap ayalanmalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015fta tutulursa- i\u015f\u00e7i, gen\u00e7lik ya da s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n hareketi \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famay\u0131p s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na alarak \u00fclkeden \u00fclkeye yay\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201868 ise, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde farkl\u0131 yanlar\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131ksa bile, d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7eklidir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011findeki bu devrimci d\u00f6nem kadar \u201868 hareketi de, tabii ki, d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7ekli geli\u015fme ve nedenlerden kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f; II. Emperyalist Sava\u015f ya da daha do\u011fru tan\u0131m\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck anti-fa\u015fist sava\u015f i\u00e7inde mayalanarak, sava\u015f sonunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan birikimleri ve kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 da yok etmek \u00fczere d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011findeki ko\u015fullar\u0131n gericile\u015ftirilerek de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi giri\u015fimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 olarak patlak vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bilinir ki, b\u00fcy\u00fck anti-fa\u015fist sava\u015f, ad\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde, fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nelmi\u015fti ve -sosyalizm ve anavatan\u0131 SSCB\u2019nin ezilmese bile Nazi Almanyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kolu kanad\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131larak zay\u0131flat\u0131lmas\u0131 beklentisi i\u00e7inde Bat\u0131dan ikinci cephenin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrekli geciktirilmesine ra\u011fmen- fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flanan zaferle sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde SSCB ve onun \u015fahs\u0131nda sosyalizmin itibar\u0131 doruktayd\u0131. Geli\u015fmi\u015f olanlar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerinde i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi yayg\u0131n ve kitleselken, kitlesel Kom\u00fcnist Partiler alabildi\u011fine g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015f ve \u00f6rne\u011fin Fransa\u2019da fa\u015fizme ve Nazi i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri olarak burjuvaziyle ortak h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i hareketi geli\u015fkinken ezilen ulus ve halklar\u0131n hareketi durgun de\u011fildi. Tam tersine, sava\u015f i\u00e7inde, emperyalistlerin, birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere silahland\u0131r\u0131p ordular\u0131na askere ald\u0131klar\u0131 en ba\u015fta Afrika ve Asya\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinin halklar\u0131, ellerine verilen silahlar\u0131 kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilerine \u00e7evirmekte gecikmemi\u015f; ellerine bir kez silah alan ezilen yoksullar bu silahlar\u0131n hakk\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f ve kendi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullanmaya giri\u015fmi\u015flerdi. Sonu\u00e7 eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik sisteminin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc oldu ki, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de budur. Sadece Afrika\u2019da birbirinin pe\u015fi s\u0131ra onlarca ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fclke kurulurken, sava\u015f\u0131n emperyalistler aras\u0131ndaki as\u0131l galibi olan Amerikal\u0131 emperyalistler, hatta vakit ge\u00e7irmeden geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6neldikleri -g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ama ekonomik ve mali olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131lmaya dayal\u0131- yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci y\u00f6ntemlerle, bunu, \u0130ngilizlerle di\u011ferlerinin ellerindeki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri kapmak amac\u0131yla te\u015fvik bile ettiler. Ayn\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ama\u00e7l\u0131 ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketleri Asya\u2019da da yay\u0131ld\u0131. Hindistan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere yeni ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fclkeler kuruldu.<\/p>\n

Vietnam ve \u00e7evresi b\u00f6lgede ise geli\u015fmeler belirli bi\u00e7imde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterdi. Amerikan emperyalizmi, 1949\u2019daki \u00c7in\u2019in kurtulu\u015fu ve Kore Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla \u00fclkenin kuzeyinin 1953\u2019te ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, kendi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tamamen olumsuzla\u015farak ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131kmakta olan gidi\u015fata \u201cdur<\/em>\u201d demek \u00fczere, \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesmeye giri\u015fti. Mart-May\u0131s 1954\u2019te Vietnaml\u0131lar, Dien Bien Phu\u2019da, Japonlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00fclkelerini i\u015fgal eden Frans\u0131z emperyalistlerini \u201cmeydan sava\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201dnda yenip \u00fclkelerinden \u00e7ekilmek zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131nda, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n yerini emperyalist kapitalist d\u00fcnyan\u0131n patronlu\u011funu kapm\u0131\u015f olan Amerikal\u0131lar ald\u0131. Uzun s\u00fcrecek sava\u015f yeniden ba\u015flad\u0131 ve \u201868\u2019i ko\u015fullayan temel bir dinamik b\u00f6ylece i\u015flevselle\u015fti.<\/p>\n

1945 sonras\u0131 d\u00fcnya, s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi, SSCB\u2019nin g\u00fcc\u00fc ve etkisinin artmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde g\u00fc\u00e7lenip kitleselle\u015fmesi ve kitlesel Kom\u00fcnist Partilerin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde hesaba kat\u0131lmazl\u0131k edilemeyen bir g\u00fcce ula\u015farak ya g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u2013ana- muhalefet ya da iktidar orta\u011f\u0131 partiler haline gelmeleri, sosyalizm ve uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin yedek g\u00fcc\u00fc ve m\u00fcttefiki olarak \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkede iktidar\u0131 alan ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketlerinin geli\u015fkinli\u011fi, d\u00fcnya gericili\u011fini hem alabildi\u011fine \u00fcrk\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f hem de k\u00f6\u015feye s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak \u00f6te yandan d\u00fcnya gericili\u011finin ba\u015f patronu ve kalesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Amerikan emperyalizmi, uluslararas\u0131 burjuvazi ve tekellerin sadece \u201c\u00f6nc\u00fc\u201d de\u011fil, ama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u015fl\u0131ca m\u00fcfrezesi olarak, kendi \u00fclkesinde gericili\u011fi sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p tahkim etmekle ba\u015flay\u0131p d\u00fcnya gericili\u011fini d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve sosyalizm kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda birle\u015ftirmeye ve tek-merkezli olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeye giri\u015fti.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de, Visconsin Senat\u00f6r\u00fc McCarthy\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi, f\u0131r\u0131nlarda yakma ve kitlesel olarak imha etmeleri bir tarafa, neredeyse Hitlerinkinden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kalmayan bir anti-kom\u00fcnist kampanya ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6ncelikle devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131 hedef alan, ancak giderek sinema, tiyatro, t\u0131p ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma faaliyetleri i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm meslek dallar\u0131na yay\u0131lan kampanya, bug\u00fcn FET\u00d6 su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla AKP\u2019nin \u00f6rnek ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden kitlesel i\u015ften atmalar ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa mahkum etmelerle geli\u015fti. Demokrat olmak hedefe konmak i\u00e7in yetiyordu. Sendikalara ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na nefes ald\u0131rmama, kampanyan\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca ilkelerindendi.<\/p>\n

Kapitalizmin 1929 B\u00fcy\u00fck Bunal\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n etkilerinin devam etti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde, 1932\u2019de ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 boyunca da d\u00f6rt kez \u00fcst \u00fcste se\u00e7ilerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcren tek Amerikal\u0131 olan Demokrat Partili Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019in 1945\u2019te, sava\u015f\u0131n son aylar\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle yerine ge\u00e7en ve bir d\u00f6nem daha iktidarda kalan Harry Truman, anti-kom\u00fcnist McCarthycili\u011fi devlet kat\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yarak resmi politika edindi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nce ba\u015fkan olur olmaz Japonya\u2019n\u0131n iki kentine (Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki) atom bombas\u0131 at\u0131lmas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 vererek, kitlesel \u00f6l\u00fcmlere neden oldu ve y\u00fcz binlerce insan\u0131n kan\u0131na girdi. Japon emperyalizminin tesliminden sonra ise, Kore\u2019de SSCB ile ABD aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan ilk anla\u015fmazl\u0131kta, 1947-\u201948 s\u00fcrecinde Kore b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u00dclke i\u00e7ini tamamen \u201ctemizleyip\u201d Truman Doktrini ad\u0131 verilen ve d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde SSCB ve ilerici anti-emperyalist mevzideki \u00fclkelere kar\u015f\u0131 uzla\u015fmaz bir m\u00fccadele y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren anti-kom\u00fcnist doktriniyle ABD, d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik yay\u0131lmac\u0131 ekonomik ve askeri hamlelerini art\u0131rd\u0131. D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 G. Marshall\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\/yard\u0131m paketleriyle ba\u015fta Nazi\u2019lerce yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lan ve sanayileri tahrip edilerek ekonomileri \u00e7\u00f6kertilen Almanya olmak \u00fczere Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle Yunanistan ve T\u00fcrkiye gibi SSCB\u2019nin \u201ckanat \u00fclkeleri\u201d ABD\u2019nin l\u00fctufkar desteklerine mazhar oldular. Federal Almanya, sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n ve kapitalist \u201c\u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck\u201d\u00fcn temsili y\u00fcz\u00fc olacak \u015fekilde yeniden in\u015fa edilmeye giri\u015fildi. Teslim al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f Japonya\u2019da benzer bir mali-iktisadi politika uyguland\u0131.<\/p>\n

1949\u2019da \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu ilan edilirken ayn\u0131 zamanda Avrupa ve Amerika \u00fclkelerinin Amerikan patronaj\u0131ndaki sald\u0131rgan \u015femsiye \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak NATO kuruldu. Ve Amerikan emperyalizmi 1950\u2019de, BM karar\u0131yla Kore\u2019nin kuzeyine sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti. 1950\u2019nin sonlar\u0131nda, \u00c7in Kore sava\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve y\u00fcz binlerce \u00c7inli g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Kuzey Kore\u2019nin yan\u0131nda sava\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Amerikan plan\u0131 fiyaskoyla sonu\u00e7lanarak 1953 ortalar\u0131nda ate\u015fkes anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Ancak bu, belirtildi\u011fi gibi, Amerikan emperyalizminin Asya\u2019dan elini aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi anlam\u0131na gelmedi, tersine, bir y\u0131l sonra, Truman Doktrininin \u201cdomino etkisi\u201d tezi uyar\u0131nca yeni ve uzun s\u00fcrecek, ama ABD\u2019ye pahal\u0131ya mal olacak bir sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatmak \u00fczere, Vietnam\u2019a m\u00fcdahale edip \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyini ele ge\u00e7irdi. Ancak Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cdomino etkisi\u201dyle sava\u015f giderek -Kambo\u00e7ya, Laos, Tayland gibi \u00fclkeleri de kapsayarak- t\u00fcm g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131. Halklar\u0131n ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n pervas\u0131zca \u00e7i\u011fnenmesi ve ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketlerinin d\u00fc\u015fman say\u0131larak ezilmesine giri\u015filmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, anti-emperyalist ulusal hareketler geli\u015fip yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

NATO\u2019nun ard\u0131ndan, SSCB\u2019yi ku\u015fatma amac\u0131yla, 1954\u2019te Balkan Pakt\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Asya Pasifik\u2019te ise SEATO, 1955\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla \u00f6nce Ba\u011fdat Pakt\u0131 ve Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n devrilip Irak\u2019\u0131n Pakt\u2019tan \u00e7ekilmesiyle CENTO kuruldu. Emperyalizmin d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011findeki bu sald\u0131rgan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, sonunda, bu paktlar\u0131n, ama ba\u015fl\u0131ca NATO\u2019nun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda SSCB ve 6 Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkesi taraf\u0131ndan Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131 kuruldu.<\/p>\n

Marshall yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da gericilik bir yandan te\u015fvik edildi bir yandan da yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine giri\u015fildi. Nazi art\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadrolarla doldurulan CIA, NATO\u2019ya dayal\u0131 olarak, Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde Gladio\u2019nun \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesiyle Amerikan yanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anti-kom\u00fcnizmin gelece\u011fini sa\u011flama almaya y\u00f6neldi. Prusya k\u00f6kenli Amerikanc\u0131 Konrad Adenauer\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat H\u00fck\u00fcmetin ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 sanayile\u015fme hamlesiyle i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n nefes alamaz k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n gericili\u011fin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir polis devleti olarak yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi el ele gitti. Anayasay\u0131 Koruma Te\u015fkilat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1950 sonunda kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 1956\u2019da Almanya\u2019da \u201ckom\u00fcnizm\u201din resmen yasaklanmas\u0131 takip etti. Ancak Amerikan-Alman gericili\u011finin hedefinde olanlar kom\u00fcnistlerden ibaret de\u011filllerdi; Hitler fa\u015fizminin devrilmesiyle kazan\u0131lan demokratik haklar bir bir rafa kald\u0131r\u0131lmaya, topluma gerici disiplin dayat\u0131lmaya, t\u00fcm ilerici ve demokratlar etkisizle\u015ftirilip susturulmaya giri\u015fildi.<\/p>\n

Fransa farkl\u0131 durumda de\u011fildi. DeGaulle\u2019\u00fcn \u201c\u00fclkeyi kurtarma\u201dya iktidara davet edilmesiyle kom\u00fcnistlerin h\u00fck\u00fcmet ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve t\u00fcm devlet katlar\u0131ndan \u201ctemizlenmeleri\u201d kampanyas\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar birbirine e\u015flik etti. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na gen\u00e7lik kitlelerine y\u00f6nelik gerici \u00f6nlemler eklendi. De Gaulle\u2019c\u00fc iktidarla birlikte fa\u015fist parti ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin soka\u011f\u0131 \u201cteslim alma\u201ds\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i grevlerine ve gen\u00e7li\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar daha da yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fclkelerinde de sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin h\u0131zl\u0131 kapitalist geli\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen antidemokratik bask\u0131lar giderek artmaktayd\u0131. \u0130spanya\u2019da Frankocu fa\u015fizm t\u00fcm barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla i\u015fba\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u0130talya\u2019da H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Partinin \u201crestorasyon\u201d politikalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7i kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 politikalar yo\u011funluk kazan\u0131yordu. Torino ve Milano ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere i\u015f\u00e7i grev ve g\u00f6sterilerine sald\u0131r\u0131lar artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yunanistan\u2019da siyasal bask\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131yordu, vb.<\/p>\n

Y\u00dcKSELEN M\u00dcCADELE VE AVRUPA 68\u2019\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmelere kar\u015f\u0131 olarak ve \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d kavram\u0131na y\u00fcklenen anlamlar toplumun \u00e7e\u015fitli kesimlerinde farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermekle birlikte \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve demokrasi talebi etraf\u0131nda tepki birikimi giderek art\u0131yordu. D\u00f6nemin kitlesel eylemlerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ilk \u00fclkelerden biri Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri idi. Kuzey Kaliforniya\u2019da Berkeley \u00dcniversitesi \u00f6\u011frencilerinin Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131na ve siyahlara y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 protesto eylemleri h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyerek \u00fclke d\u00fczeyinde yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Berkeley, \u201chippylerin Mekkesi\u201d diye an\u0131l\u0131yordu ve \u201cSava\u015fma Sevi\u015f\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden pasifist ve \u015fiddet-kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 s\u00f6ylemlerle hareket eden hippy hareketi, siyahi yurtta\u015flara kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n reddi ve sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131nda da rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Konu\u015fma ve hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc talep eden ve sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 eylemlere y\u00f6nelik devlet bask\u0131s\u0131, hareketin giderek radikalle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve m\u00fccadele giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin Vietnam\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 Alman gen\u00e7li\u011finin g\u00fcndemine 1965\u2019lerden itibaren girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1967\u2019de bir \u00f6\u011frencinin polis kuru\u015funuyla \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerine sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck eylemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Polis bask\u0131s\u0131 ve iktidar\u0131n antidemokratik politikalar\u0131 protesto ediliyordu. Almanya 68\u2019inin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken Rudi Dutschke\u2019nin 11 Nisan 1968\u2019de kur\u015funlanarak a\u011f\u0131r yaralanmas\u0131, gen\u00e7lik eylemlerinin daha da yay\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede on binlerce gen\u00e7 \u00fclkenin 30\u2019a yak\u0131n kentinde g\u00f6steriler yapt\u0131, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmak istenen bask\u0131 yasalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tepkiler daha da b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 IG-Metal protestolar\u0131 destekleyici bir tutum ald\u0131 ve protestolar Almanya-Fransa hatt\u0131nda, Berlin\u2019den Paris\u2019e ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli di\u011fer kentlerinde kitlelerin \u00e7e\u015fitli kesimlerini kapsayan y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal tepkilerin g\u00f6sterilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Amerikan emperyalizminin Kuzey Vietnam\u2019a a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fla birlikte (1965), ABD ve Avrupa\u2019dan G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019ya \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde protesto g\u00f6sterileri yay\u0131lmakta, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hemen her taraf\u0131nda oldu\u011fu \u00fczere \u201cYankee vah\u015feti\u201dne duyulan \u00f6fke Fransa\u2019da da soka\u011fa ta\u015fmaktayd\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinin ulusal kurtulu\u015f sava\u015flar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda a\u00e7maza d\u00fc\u015fen Fransa toplumsal \u00e7alkant\u0131lar i\u00e7indeyken, \u201c\u00e7are\u201dyi De Gaulle\u2019\u00fc g\u00f6reve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmakta bulmu\u015ftu. Ne de olsa, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kahraman generaliydi! 2 Haziran 1958\u2019de, alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z yetkilerle ve yeni bir anayasa yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla \u201culusun ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7me\u201dyi kabul eden De Gaulle, Cezayir\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k istemini kabullenmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f, deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131yacak kararlar a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f, \u201cAlt\u0131 ayl\u0131k\u201d de\u011fil on y\u0131lll\u0131k iktidar\u0131nda siyasal bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemleriyle Frans\u0131z politik ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yeniden bi\u00e7imlendirmi\u015f, ayn\u0131 nedenlerle de toplumun \u00e7e\u015fitli kesimlerinde tepki birikimine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu durum, \u00fcniversite gen\u00e7li\u011finin resmi e\u011fitim politikalar\u0131na ve siyasal bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi ile sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 protestolar\u0131n birle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in uygun ko\u015fullar do\u011furmu\u015f; 1968 Mart\u2019\u0131nda otoriter-merkeziyet\u00e7i \u00fcniversite yasalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi talebiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lan eylemlerin, Nanterre ve ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu Paris Sorbonne \u00dcniversitesi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Fransa\u2019da yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015f; bask\u0131 ve yasaklar\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve Sorbonne\u2019in kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 hareketin g\u00fc\u00e7 ve yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyememi\u015f ve \u00f6\u011frencilerin, \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeleri, kent k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazisi ve giderek milyonlarca i\u015f\u00e7inin (9 milyon grevci) bask\u0131lara ve sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7mesiyle hareket daha da g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015f; Frans\u0131z halk\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadele gelene\u011finde \u00f6rneklerine daha \u00f6nceki devrimler d\u00f6neminde rastlanm\u0131\u015f \u201cBarikatlar\u201d yeniden kurulmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

De Gaulle\u2019\u00fcn iktidar\u0131n\u0131n onuncu y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutlamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u201c10 y\u0131l yeter!\u201d diye protestolar d\u00fczenleyen gen\u00e7lik kesimlerinin eylemlerine \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeleriyle i\u015f\u00e7i temsilcilerinin eylem \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 da eklenince, i\u015fyerlerini i\u015fgal eylemleriyle desteklenen grev ve protestolar sonucu \u00fclkede toplumsal ya\u015fam alt\u00fcst olmu\u015ftu. Amerikan emperyalizminin politikalar\u0131 k\u0131nan\u0131yor, Vietnam direni\u015fini destekleyen sloganlar at\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015fsizler, evsizler, Frans\u0131z emperyalizminin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sava\u015flar\u0131nda sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f eski askerler, eylemlere kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. Fransa, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerin en yayg\u0131n kitle eylemlerine sahne oldu. Buna ra\u011fmen i\u015f\u00e7ilerle \u00f6\u011frenci gen\u00e7lik aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler sorunluydu ve kayna\u015fma zay\u0131f olup i\u015f\u00e7ilerin gen\u00e7lere yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ku\u015fkucuydu. Talep ve hedef belirsizli\u011fi ve karma\u015fas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da ge\u00e7erliydi.<\/p>\n

1968 gen\u00e7lik eylemleri ve sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketin geli\u015fti\u011fi bir di\u011fer \u00fclke \u0130ngiltere idi. Fransa ve Almanya kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir hareket ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmasa da, \u0130ngiliz \u00fcniversitelerinin hemen t\u00fcm\u00fcnde Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 protestolar d\u00fczenlendi ve bu eylemlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131na i\u015f\u00e7ilerin deste\u011fi de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 1960 sonras\u0131 \u201csol hareket\u201d i\u00e7inde yer alan ve sonraki y\u0131llarda Tro\u00e7kist \u201cD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u201d y\u00fcr\u00fctme kuruluna giren Pakistan as\u0131ll\u0131 Tar\u0131k Ali, Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131 protestolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan isimlerinden biriydi ve \u201cBandung Hareketi\u201dnin[1]<\/a> \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnyac\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131na sahipti.<\/p>\n

\u0130talya, \u0130spanya, Japonya ve daha bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede Vietnam direni\u015fine destek ve Amerikan sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ve i\u015fgalini protesto eylemleri d\u00fczenlendi. \u0130talya\u2019da \u00f6\u011frenciler bask\u0131c\u0131 e\u011fitim politikalar\u0131na ve Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131’na kar\u015f\u0131 protestolar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. \u0130spanya\u2019da, Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131na ve Frankocu fa\u015fist barbarl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 protesto eylemleri yap\u0131ld\u0131. ABD sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Meksika ve Brezilya\u2019da da \u00e7e\u015fitli eylemlerle protesto edildi.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Ancak kitleselli\u011fi ve yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na; Amerikan i\u015fgal sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 protesto, \u00fcniversitelerde demokratik reformlar, daha fazla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck gibi talepleri ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ABD ve Avrupa 68\u2019i, talep ve hedef kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla belirgindi ve bu eylemlerde liberal bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc ve anar\u015fizan anlay\u0131\u015flar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Frans\u0131z 68\u2019inin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201clider\u201dlerin en pop\u00fcleri olan Daniel Cohn Bendit (\u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Danny\u201d), \u201cAnar\u015fistler Federasyonu\u201dnun \u00fcyesiydi; otorite kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131yd\u0131, \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc\u201dyd\u00fc ve hareketi \u201cdevrim\u201d olarak nitelemesine ra\u011fmen, sosyalizmi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel olarak dahi hedeflemekten uzakt\u0131. “Kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn gelecek kadrolar\u0131 olmay\u0131 reddediyoruz” diyen Bendit, sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Avrupa Ye\u015filler hareketinin parlamenteri oldu. Alman gen\u00e7li\u011finin ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan ve \u201ctarihin \u00f6znesi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yerine gen\u00e7lik-merkezli bir \u00f6zne ve hareket koyan Marcuse\u2019ci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri savunan \u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Rudi\u201dnin Alman Ye\u015filleriyle birlikte hareket etmesi de, ba\u015fka etkenlerle birlikte Avrupa \u201868\u2019inin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekenlerin politik-ideolojik tutumuyla ba\u011fl\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7tu.<\/p>\n

Avrupa ve Amerikan 68\u2019inin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesiyle ama\u00e7sal ba\u011flar\u0131 daha zay\u0131f hatta yok denecek d\u00fczeydeydi. Avrupal\u0131 gen\u00e7ler \u201cNe tanr\u0131lar\u0131 isterim ne de efendileri!\u201d diyorlar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcyor, devrimin \u201csilahlar\u0131n eseri\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, \u201cSava\u015fma sevi\u015f!\u201d diye ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kafalar\u0131 da, slogan ve istekleri de kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ve bulan\u0131kt\u0131. Bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc anlay\u0131\u015flar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yor, giyimde, cinsel ya\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u201cserbestlik\u201d isteniyordu. Aralar\u0131nda Tro\u00e7kistler, anar\u015fistler ve Maocular\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k gruplar, e\u011fitim reformu istiyor; okul duvarlar\u0131na “Profes\u00f6rler: hem siz hem de k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcz ihtiyarlam\u0131\u015f”, “Ya\u015famam\u0131za izin verin” posterleri as\u0131yor; siyasal iktidar\u0131 ve t\u00fcm b\u00fcrokratik kurumlar\u0131, partileri, sendikalar\u0131 su\u00e7luyor, bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcceltiyorlard\u0131. Avrupa 68\u2019i, liberal ve anar\u015fizan ideolojik-siyasal anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7lik kitlelerinin, sava\u015f kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131, otorite ret\u00e7i ve \u201ccinsel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc\u201d gruplar\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k bir hareketi olarak geli\u015fti; i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ve sosyalizme uzakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da etkisiyle k\u0131sa denebilecek bir s\u00fcrede sona erdi. Avrupa\u2019da, Avrupa 68\u2019inden de g\u00fc\u00e7 al\u0131narak ya dolays\u0131zca ve aleni \u015fekilde Marksizm-Leninizm kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ya da \u201cd\u00fczeltme-tamamlama\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bilimsel sosyalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bozu\u015fturulup burjuvazi i\u00e7in kabul edilebilir k\u0131l\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Foucault, Derrida, Marcuse, Althusser gibi ideologlar bu ortam\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu hareketin kullanan\u0131 olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N \u00d6ZG\u00dcN \u201868\u2019\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye 68\u2019i ise, temel \u00f6nemdeki baz\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnleriyle d\u00fcnya 68\u2019inden ayr\u0131\u015fan \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6sterdi. Ayn\u0131 nedenlerle farkl\u0131la\u015fan seyir izlemekle kalmay\u0131p farkl\u0131la\u015fan sonu\u00e7lar da do\u011furdu. T\u00fcrkiye 68\u2019i \u201868 ile ba\u015flamad\u0131; aksine denilebilirse \u201968 ile zirve yap\u0131p farkl\u0131 y\u00f6neli\u015flere kap\u0131 aralayarak devrimci olanla oport\u00fcnist olan\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 i\u015fleviyle \u00fclke tarihinde g\u00f6rmezden gelinemeyecek sosyo-politik bir geli\u015fme evresine i\u015faret etti. Emperyalist gericilik ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerinin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve k\u00f6y-kent k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazisi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flara y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde; Amerikan ta\u015feronu iktidar\u0131n uyan\u0131\u015f i\u00e7indeki gen\u00e7lik kesimlerini bask\u0131 ve yasakla y\u0131ld\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 60\u2019lar sonras\u0131 ortamda \u201a65\u2019lerden itibaren ivme kazanan bir \u00f6fke birikimi ve m\u00fccadelenin devam\u0131nda, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclke ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n mayalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 antiemperyalizmin ve nas\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fmalarla sosyalizm iste\u011finin ate\u015fledi\u011fi bir hareket olarak T\u00fcrkiye 68\u2019i, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, demokrasi ve sosyalizm olarak ifade edilebilecek olan hedefler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha belirgin, daha net ve devrimci olarak ya\u015fand\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye 68’inin \u00f6zelliklerinden biri de, siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlere “do\u011fum odas\u0131” i\u015flevi g\u00f6rmesi ve belirli bir sosyal rezerv sa\u011flamas\u0131yd\u0131. Kapitalist d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gerici de\u011ferleriyle hesapla\u015fma hareketi olan ’68, gen\u00e7lik hareketi olmakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmayan i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc emek\u00e7i kitlelerine dek ta\u015f\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir politik-sosyol ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hareket olarak, sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sosyalizmde g\u00f6ren, ancak sosyalizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 sorunlu bir hareketti. Sosyalizm ad\u0131na ve sosyalizm i\u00e7in hareket; nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131na dair netsizli\u011fine ve nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131na dair belirsizliklerine ra\u011fmen sosyalizmin insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurtaracak tek toplumsal ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi ve sistem oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle ileri at\u0131lan ve bask\u0131c\u0131, antidemokratik burjuva sistemine kar\u015f\u0131 demokratik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler, e\u015fitlik ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleyi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karan bir hareket. \u00d6\u011frenci gen\u00e7li\u011fin talepleriyle halk\u0131n sosyoekonomik ve politik talepleri aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kuran, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc de demokrasi ve sosyalizmde g\u00f6ren bir hareket. Vietnam, Filistin halklar\u0131yla dayan\u0131\u015fma, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin son bulmas\u0131 ve ulusal kurtulu\u015f sava\u015flar\u0131na destek, Amerikan emperyalizminin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 esarete kar\u015f\u0131 Latin halklar\u0131yla G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019da verilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 devrimci sava\u015flara destek; K\u00fcba devrimi ve Vietnam direni\u015fine i\u00e7ten yak\u0131nl\u0131k; Ernesto Che Guevara ve Ho Chi Min’e b\u00fcy\u00fck sempati, “Ho Ho Ho, \u0130ki \u00dc\u00e7, Daha Fazla Vietnam, Ernesto\u2019ya Bin Selam!” slogan\u0131nda anlam bulan m\u00fccadele ruhu ve devrim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke topraklar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar rol oynad\u0131. \u00d6\u011frenci sorunlar\u0131yla da u\u011fra\u015f\u0131ld\u0131, fa\u015fizme ve emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele de edildi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yan\u0131nda da yer al\u0131nd\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i grevlerinin ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc direni\u015flerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc. Sonras\u0131na devrimci miras olarak kalan bu adanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ruhuyla y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n devrimci ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinde b\u00fct\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yer al\u0131nmas\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla hareket edildi, vb.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye 68’i, iktisadi-politik ve sosyal sorunlarla \u00e7alkalanan \u00fclkede i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadelesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak, onun geli\u015fmesinin s\u00fcrecinde ve onunla ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve sonraki y\u0131llarda da devam edecek olan m\u00fccadeleye \u00f6nemli dersler b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye 68\u2019inin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekenler direni\u015f\u00e7i i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, ezilen ulusun dertlerini daha yak\u0131ndan bilenler idiler, onlar\u0131n i\u00e7inden gelenlerle birlikte onlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde olarak m\u00fccadeleyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrenlerin militan kesimlerini olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. Onlar\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7i grevlerinde, \u00fcretici mitinglerinde, emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 protestolarda yer alanlar\u0131, T\u0130P gibi bir \u201ckitle partisi\u201dnin i\u00e7inde, ama oport\u00fcnist uzla\u015fmac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, parlamentarizme ve emperyalizme teslimiyet\u00e7i anlay\u0131\u015flara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin de en \u00f6n\u00fcndeydiler. Deniz\u2019leri T\u00fcrkiye 68\u2019inin \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karan bu daha k\u00f6kl\u00fc ba\u011f, daha i\u00e7inden olma haliydi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva devrimcili\u011fine ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlardan kopu\u015fa y\u00f6nelten tepki ve anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n modern revizyonizme ve burjuva uzla\u015fmac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci duygu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f ve eylemle ba\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden, kendi prati\u011finin dersleriyle birlikte devrimin temel s\u0131n\u0131f dayana\u011f\u0131na ve bilimsel sosyalizme y\u00f6neli\u015fe evrilirken, i\u00e7inden gelinen toplumsal ger\u00e7eklik bunda dolays\u0131zca rol oynad\u0131 ve devrimi \u201ckitlelerin eseri\u201d ve \u00f6nc\u00fc sosyal g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olarak alan bilimsel sosyalizme ba\u011flanma ve onda \u0131srar, bu dayanaklardan g\u00fc\u00e7 ald\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva politik-ideolojik e\u011filimlerden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Deniz\u2019ler T\u00fcrkiye 68\u2019inin en \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en militan kesimlerin temsilcisi olmalar\u0131yla birlikte, i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin eylemlerinin de i\u00e7inden gelenler olarak dara\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve emek\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve burjuva boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulu\u015funun \u2018manifestosu\u2019nu ilan ettiler. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve emek\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn devrimin sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f dayanaklar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturduklar\u0131; emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcrt ve T\u00fcrk uluslar\u0131ndan halklar\u0131n ortak davas\u0131 oldu\u011funu; ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ile birlikte bask\u0131 ve e\u015fitsizlikten kurtulu\u015fun yolunu g\u00f6steren Marksizm-Leninizme sar\u0131lmadan hedefe ula\u015f\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131, bu \u015fiarsal manifesto ile ilan edildi. \u0130\u015faret edilen yeni yolda ilerlendi. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva ideolojisi, Debrayc\u0131l\u0131k, Marighellac\u0131l\u0131k ve Guevarac\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7izgisi, Maoculuk ve modern revizyonizm mahkum edildi ve Marksizme y\u00f6neli\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

’68 Hareketi, burjuva ideologlar\u0131yla kapitalizmin besleme yazarlar\u0131nca ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere bir “yan\u0131lg\u0131”n\u0131n sonucu ve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmay\u0131p d\u00fcnyan\u0131n o g\u00fcnk\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan toplumsal sorunlarla ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 hareketiydi. \u201cRefah toplumu\u201d olarak g\u00f6sterilen kapitalizmin en geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, ona kar\u015f\u0131 bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 olarak geli\u015fti ve tarihe mal oldu.<\/p>\n

1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n sahne oldu\u011fu geli\u015fmelerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak \u201968 Hareketi, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin \u00fczerinden yar\u0131m as\u0131r gibi bir zaman ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen hala kendinden s\u00f6zettiriyorsa, bu, kapitalizmin \u2018ana \u00fclkeleri\u2019 olarak bilinen emperyalist \u00fclkelerle birlikte Asya ve Afrika\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkeleri dahil s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerde de toplumsal ya\u015famda ve y\u00f6netenlerle y\u00f6netilenlerin ili\u015fkilerinde sars\u0131c\u0131 etkiye yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f bir harekete geni\u015flemi\u015f olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f etkenleri aras\u0131nda, Vietnam\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f gibi ba\u015fl\u0131ca ve \u00f6nemlilerinden biri olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131s\u0131ra herbir \u00fclkede \u00f6zg\u00fcn olanlar\u0131 da bulunan bu hareket ABD, Fransa, Almanya, \u0130talya ve \u0130ngiltere gibi emperyalist \u00fclkelerde, liberal ve anar\u015fizan bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede geriye \u00e7ekilirken, emperyalizm ve ezilen halklar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin sertle\u015fti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemin \u00fczerine gelmesiyle ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131-geri \u00fclkelerde ulusal kurtulu\u015f\u00e7u, devrimci ve sosyalist e\u011filim ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri ate\u015fleyici i\u015flev g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi kapitalist Bat\u0131 kamp\u0131n\u0131n SSCB ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019daki m\u00fcttefiklerine kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ku\u015fatma ve y\u0131ld\u0131rma politikas\u0131na ve Nazi barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 antifa\u015fist demokratik ve liberal g\u00fc\u00e7birli\u011fi politikalar\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 olarak Fransa ve \u0130talya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fte g\u00fc\u00e7 ve inisiyatif kazanm\u0131\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i ve kom\u00fcnist partilerinin burjuva h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerine ortak olmalar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve halk kitlelerinin mevzilerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirece\u011fine parlamentarist-reformcu anlay\u0131\u015flara enerji ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f; modern revizyonist, reformist ve euro-kom\u00fcnist uzla\u015f\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kom\u00fcnist partilerini y\u00f6netenlerle i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri, i\u015f\u00e7i ve gen\u00e7lik eylemlerini iktidar hedefli y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal kalk\u0131\u015fmalar do\u011frultusunda \u00f6rg\u00fctleme ve ileriye ta\u015f\u0131ma yerine, \u201cgen\u00e7li\u011fin isyankar ruhu ve dikba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dyla da birle\u015fen \u201cotorite tan\u0131maz bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc\u201d sokak hareketini, i\u015f\u00e7i hareketini geri tutma ya da geriye \u00e7ekme politikalar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7elerinden biri olarak kulland\u0131lar. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fclkelerde ve \u00f6zellikle de T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00fclkelerde militan gen\u00e7lik kesimlerinin ilerici demokrat ve \u201csosyalist\u201d kitle partilerinden uzakla\u015fmalar\u0131nda bu uzla\u015f\u0131c\u0131 reformist ve parlamentarist politika ve tutum \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131. Emperyalizm ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i gericiliklerin halklara dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir isyan hareketi olarak geli\u015fti ve \u00fclkelerin ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve toplumsal hareketin ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin d\u00fczeyiyle de ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak belirli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furarak toplumlar\u0131n hayat\u0131ndaki yerini ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

68 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131yla tarihe ge\u00e7en, ancak 65\u2019ten ba\u015flayarak 1980\u2019lere dek s\u00fcren ve \u00fclkeden \u00fclkeye farkl\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckler ta\u015f\u0131yan hareket, \u0130kinci B\u00fcy\u00fck Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin evrensel \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131\u011f\u0131nsal ayaklan\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yla, kendisi de \u00f6zg\u00fcn tarihsel bir anlam kazand\u0131 ve sonras\u0131 y\u0131llardaki geli\u015fmeler \u00fczerinde de etkili oldu. T\u00fcrkiye gibi baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde bu hareket s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f unsurlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, toplumsal devrim i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve emek\u00e7ilerin kitlesel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi fikri ve kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hedefli kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesinde \u0131srar etmeleri ve bilimsel sosyalizm ile i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketinin birli\u011fi i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri kesintisiz m\u00fccadele yeni devrimci i\u015f\u00e7i partilerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na hizmet etti. D\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir isyan hareketi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u201968 hareketi hemen her \u00fclkede, sosyalist-kom\u00fcnist partilerle onlar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131ndaki sendika y\u00f6netimleri taraf\u0131ndan \u201ck\u0131y\u0131mlara davetiye \u00e7\u0131karan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k\u201d olarak nitelendi. Frans\u0131z Kom\u00fcnist Partisi ve etkisi alt\u0131ndaki i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimleri bu hareketi sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede daha ileri mevziler edinmenin dayana\u011f\u0131 haline getirerek ilerletip-yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rma yerine, \u201cs\u00f6nmesi\u201d i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi. FKP, geli\u015fmeleri “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar\u0131n” ve “anar\u015fistlerin” ba\u015f\u0131bozuk eylemleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor; Georges Marchais Humanite’de “Bu sahte devrimcilerin maskeleri enerjik bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc olar objektif olarak Gaullist iktidara ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist tekellere hizmet ediyorlar<\/em>” yaz\u0131yordu. Almanya\u2019da sosyal demokrat parti gen\u00e7lik hareketini su\u00e7layarak etkisizle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130talya\u2019da kom\u00fcnist parti burjuvaziyle \u201ciktidar payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d derdindeydi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de T\u0130P ve TKP, gen\u00e7lik kitlelerinin ve ileri i\u015f\u00e7i kesiminin \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 eylemlere y\u00f6nelmesini \u00f6nleme<\/em>\u201d, yani devrimci m\u00fccadelede ileriye at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleme \u00e7izgisi izledi.<\/p>\n

\u00dczerinden 50 y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti, ve \u015fimdi, d\u00fcnyam\u0131z\u0131n yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fck gerginlikler, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, i\u015fgallerle \u00e7alkaland\u0131\u011f\u0131; tekelci gericili\u011fin halk y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n\u0131n daha da sertle\u015fti\u011fi; zenginlik ve yoksullu\u011fun kar\u015f\u0131t u\u00e7larda y\u0131\u011f\u0131nak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fsizli\u011fin artmaya devam etti\u011fi, sava\u015flar ve i\u015fgaller nedenli b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfus g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdeyiz. SSCB ve Do\u011fu Avrupa Halk Demokrasilerinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn de ortadan kalkmas\u0131, sonras\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7i kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bask\u0131 ve sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131nda kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 etkenlerden biri oldu. Eskinin kitlesel i\u015f\u00e7i partileri darmada\u011f\u0131n oldular ve kapitalist emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler hemen t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde i\u015f\u00e7i ve kom\u00fcnist harekete kar\u015f\u0131 mevzilerini takviye ederek, aralar\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin sertle\u015fmesiyle de ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak antidemokratik bask\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131lar. Balkan \u00fclkeleri par\u00e7alanarak ve Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkeleri i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i gerici kliklerin y\u00f6netiminde emperyalizme yeniden ba\u011flanarak kapitalist uluslararas\u0131 pazara dahil edildiler. Ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak bu \u00fclkelerde gerici ve fa\u015fist ak\u0131m ve partiler g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131lar ve Macaristan, Polonya, Romanya gibi \u00fclkelerde iktidara geldiler. Bu olgusal geli\u015fmelerden de g\u00fc\u00e7 alan sosyalizm ve Marksist kuram d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ideolojik sald\u0131r\u0131 ve ku\u015fatma g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131. Son zamanlar\u0131n birka\u00e7 gen\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131, toplumsal ili\u015fkilere ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerine bu yeni ko\u015fullarda g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131p bu ko\u015fullarda \u201calg\u0131lad\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nemin bir di\u011fer olgusu, emperyalist gerici ku\u015fatma ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011fa ve a\u011f\u0131r s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin yeniden y\u00fckselme e\u011filimine girmesidir. Hen\u00fcz ’68 gibi d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kitlesel ve yayg\u0131n yeni bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f olsa da, lokal direni\u015flerde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte ve \u00f6zellikle emperyalistler aras\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 ve etki alan\u0131 kavgas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme gelen i\u015fgal ve sald\u0131r\u0131 politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6fke giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcmektedir. Di\u011fer yandan kitlesel etkisi zay\u0131f olmakla birlikte k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama kararl\u0131 Marksist-Leninist parti ve \u00f6rg\u00fctler i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve ezilen emek\u00e7i kesimleri i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u0131srar ederek devrimci s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n m\u00fccadele mevzilerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. Sosyalizmin tarihsel olarak ge\u00e7icilik g\u00f6steren yenilgisinden edinilen derslerle birlikte i\u015f\u00e7i-emek\u00e7i m\u00fccadelesinin geriye d\u00fc\u015fmesinin neden ve etkenleri \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6\u011freticili\u011fiyle bug\u00fcn daha ileride bulunuyoruz. Hen\u00fcz May\u0131s 68\u2019inde oldu\u011fu \u00fczere \u201cBarikatlar\u201d i\u00e7in yeterli dayanak ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6zedilemez ise de, fa\u015fist ve gerici hareket ile kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olarak ileri i\u015f\u00e7i-emek\u00e7i kesimlerinin bilin\u00e7le \u00f6rmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 antifa\u015fist-antiemperyalist m\u00fccadele barikat\u0131 i\u00e7in malzeme birikimi her cephede devam ediyor. Bu kez daha bilin\u00e7li \u015fekilde ve g\u00fc\u00e7ler ili\u015fkisinin uluslararas\u0131 somut ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak hareket edilecektir.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> 1955\u2019te Endonezya\u2019da Amerikan emperyalizmi ile SSCB ve etki alanlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkeler\u201di bir araya getiren ve kentin ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan Konferans<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kadir Yal\u00e7\u0131n \u201868, etkisini d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde hissettiren yak\u0131n zamanlar\u0131n devrimci d\u00f6nemidir. Sonra Fransa ve Brezilya\u2019da, T\u00fcrkiye ve Burkino Faso ya da Tunus\u2019la M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da devrimci d\u00f6nem olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bir yana, lokal aya\u011fa kalk\u0131\u015flar ya\u015fansa bile, -Arap \u00fclkeleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n birbirini tetikleyen Arap ayalanmalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015fta tutulursa- i\u015f\u00e7i, gen\u00e7lik ya da s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n hareketi \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famay\u0131p s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkisi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":603,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,365,390,328],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-602","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yazilar","category-genclik","category-tarih","category-kadir-yalcin"],"yoast_head":"\n50. y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 68\u2019i ve T\u00fcrkiye'nin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/06\/03\/50-yilinda-dunyanin-68i-ve-tturkiyenin-ozgunlugu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"50. y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 68\u2019i ve T\u00fcrkiye'nin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kadir Yal\u00e7\u0131n \u201868, etkisini d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde hissettiren yak\u0131n zamanlar\u0131n devrimci d\u00f6nemidir. Sonra Fransa ve Brezilya\u2019da, T\u00fcrkiye ve Burkino Faso ya da Tunus\u2019la M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da devrimci d\u00f6nem olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bir yana, lokal aya\u011fa kalk\u0131\u015flar ya\u015fansa bile, -Arap \u00fclkeleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n birbirini tetikleyen Arap ayalanmalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015fta tutulursa- i\u015f\u00e7i, gen\u00e7lik ya da s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n hareketi \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015famay\u0131p s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkisi […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/06\/03\/50-yilinda-dunyanin-68i-ve-tturkiyenin-ozgunlugu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Teori ve Eylem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" 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