{"id":545,"date":"2018-04-09T12:26:13","date_gmt":"2018-04-09T09:26:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=545"},"modified":"2023-01-18T14:23:45","modified_gmt":"2023-01-18T11:23:45","slug":"breslaudaki-w-borgiusa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/","title":{"rendered":"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a"},"content":{"rendered":"

Friedrich Engels*<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aziz Beyefendi,<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte sorular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Toplum tarihinin belirleyici ana etkeni sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ekonomik ili\u015fkilerden, belli bir toplumdaki insanlar\u0131n kendi ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretme ve (i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn var oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde) \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de\u011fi\u015fme tarz\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc o ili\u015fkiler b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretim ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma tekni\u011fini kapsar. Bizim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re bu teknik, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de\u011fi\u015fim ve, ayr\u0131ca, b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm tarz\u0131n\u0131, bu nedenle, soysal (gentile) toplumun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinden sonra, s\u0131n\u0131flara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeyi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla egemenlik ve kulluk ili\u015fkilerini, sonu\u00e7 olarak devleti, politikay\u0131, hukuku vb. de belirler. Ekonomik ili\u015fkiler, \u00fczerinde i\u015fledikleri co\u011frafi taban\u0131 ve daha \u00f6nceki ekonomik geli\u015fme a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131z bir gelenek veya eylemsizlik (inertia) sonucu olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcren kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve do\u011fal olarak bu toplum bi\u00e7imini ku\u015fatan d\u0131\u015f \u00e7evreyi de kapsar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Dedi\u011finiz gibi, teknik bilimin durumuna b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011fl\u0131ysa da, bilim tekni\u011fin durumuna ve gereksinimlerine daha da \u00e7ok ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Toplumun teknik bir gereksinimi varsa, bu, bilimi on \u00fcniversiteden daha \u00e7ok ilerletir. B\u00fct\u00fcn hidrostatik (Torricelli vb.) 16. ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, \u0130talya’da da\u011flardan inen akarsular\u0131 d\u00fczenleme zorunlulu\u011fundan do\u011fdu. Ancak elektri\u011fin teknik uygulan\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunduktan sonrad\u0131r ki elektrik \u00fczerine ussal bir \u015feyler biliyoruz. Ama ne yaz\u0131kt\u0131r ki Almanya’da bilimlerin tarihini o bilimler sanki g\u00f6kten zembille inmi\u015fler gibi yazmak gelenek olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131, tarihsel geli\u015fmeyi en sonunda belirleyen \u015fey say\u0131yoruz. Ama \u0131rk\u0131n kendisi de bir ekonomik etkendir. Bu ba\u011flamda iki nokta g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir:<\/li>\n
    2. a) Politik, hukuksal, felsefi, dinsel, yaz\u0131nsal, sanatsal geli\u015fme ekonomik geli\u015fmeye dayan\u0131r. Ama b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar birbirleri \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu gibi ekonomik temel \u00fczerinde de etkide bulunurlar. Bundan, ekonomik durum nedendir ve yaln\u0131zca o etkendir, oysa ba\u015fka her \u015fey ancak edilgin sonu\u00e7tur, sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Tersine, her zaman, en sonunda kendi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koyan ekonomik zorunluluk temeli \u00fczerinde bir etkile\u015fim vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin devlet, koruyucu g\u00fcmr\u00fckler, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ticaret, iyi veya k\u00f6t\u00fc mali sistem ile bir etki yapar; Almanya’n\u0131n 1648’den 1830’a kadarki sefil ekonomik durumundan kaynaklanan, kendisini ilkin pietism<\/em> ile, sonra duygusall\u0131k, prenslere ve soylulara yaltaklanarak kulluk etme ile d\u0131\u015favuran Alman darkafal\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 beceriksizli\u011fi ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bile ekonomik etki yapmaktan yoksun de\u011fildi. Bu, kalk\u0131nmaya en b\u00fcy\u00fck engellerden biriydi ve s\u00fcre\u011fen sefilli\u011fi dayan\u0131lmaz bir duruma getiren devrim ve Napolyon sava\u015flar\u0131na kadar sars\u0131lmad\u0131. Onun i\u00e7in, \u015furada burada rahat\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeye kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ekonomik durum otomatik bir etki yaratmaz; tersine, insanlar tarihlerini kendileri yaparlar, ne var ki kendilerini ko\u015fulland\u0131ran belirli bir \u00e7evrede ve \u00f6nceden var olan ger\u00e7ek ili\u015fkiler temeline dayanarak yaparlar. Bunlar aras\u0131nda anlamay\u0131 (understanding) tek ba\u015f\u0131na ba\u015flatan ana d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi bi\u00e7imlendiren ekonomik ili\u015fkiler -politik ve ideolojik \u00f6b\u00fcr ili\u015fkilerden ne kadar \u00e7ok etkilenebilir olurlarsa olsunlar- gene de eninde sonunda belirleyici olanlard\u0131r.<\/li>\n
    3. b) \u0130nsanlar tarihlerini kendileri yaparlar, ama, \u015fimdiye dek, ortak bir plana uygun ortak bir isten\u00e7le veya hatta a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f belirli bir toplumda de\u011fil. \u0130stekleri \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve i\u015fte bundan dolay\u0131d\u0131r ki b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6yle toplumlar t\u00fcmleyeni ve belirimi ilinek (accident) olan zorunluluk ile y\u00f6netilir. Burada kendi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hep ilinek arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla koyan zorunluluk gene, eninde sonunda ekonomik zorunluluktur. Bu ba\u011flamda b\u00fcy\u00fck denen adamlara de\u011finmek gerekir. \u015e\u00f6yle \u015f\u00f6yle bir adam\u0131n ve kesinlikle o adam\u0131n, belirli bir zamanda belirli bir \u00fclkede ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, do\u011fal olarak, salt rastlant\u0131d\u0131r. Ama o adam ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rsa yerini dolduracak biri gerekir ve bu adam bulunacakt\u0131r, iyi veya k\u00f6t\u00fc, ama zamanla bulunacakt\u0131r. Napolyon’un, bu kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc Korsikal\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, kendi \u00f6z sava\u015f\u0131yla t\u00fckenmi\u015f Fransa Cumhuriyeti’nin zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri diktat\u00f6r olmas\u0131 bir rastlant\u0131yd\u0131; ama Napolyon olmasayd\u0131, o yeri ba\u015fka biri doldururdu; olgularla kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki, her zaman, zorunlu olur olmaz bir adam bulunmu\u015ftur: Sezar, Augustus, Cromwell vb . Materyalist tarih kavram\u0131n\u0131 Marx ke\u015ffetmi\u015fse de, Thierry, Mignet, Guizot ve 1850’ye kadarki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7iler, o kavrama ula\u015f\u0131lmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 apa\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6steren kan\u0131tlard\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 kavram\u0131 Morgan’\u0131n ke\u015ffetmesi de tan\u0131tlar ki bunun zaman\u0131 gelmi\u015fti ve o kavram yaln\u0131zca ke\u015ffedilmek gerekiyordu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Tarihteki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6b\u00fcr olumsall\u0131klar (contingency) ve kolay anlanabilir olumsall\u0131klar da b\u00f6yledir. \u0130ncelemekte oldu\u011fumuz \u00f6zel alan ekonomik alandan ne kadar uzakla\u015f\u0131r ve salt soyut ideoloji alan\u0131na ne kadar yakla\u015f\u0131rsa geli\u015fmesinde o kadar \u00e7ok ilinek g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini, e\u011frisinin o kadar \u00e7ok zigzak \u00e7izdi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Ama e\u011frinin ortalama eksenini \u00e7izerseniz, g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulan d\u00f6nem ne kadar uzun ve s\u00f6z konusu alan ne kadar geni\u015f ise, bu eksenin ekonomik geli\u015fme eksenine paralel olmaya o kadar \u00e7ok yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulursunuz.<\/p>\n

      Almanya’da do\u011fru anlamaya en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel, yaz\u0131nda ekonomik tarihin sorumsuzca savsanmas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck yaln\u0131zca okulda \u00f6\u011fretilen tarihsel bilgilerden kurtulmak de\u011fildir, bunu ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in zorunlu gereci sunmak daha da g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Koca G. von G\u00fclich’i kim okudu? Oysa onun s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 gere\u00e7 dernesi, gene de, say\u0131s\u0131z politik olguyu ayd\u0131nlatmaya yarar ne kadar \u00e7ok \u015feyle doludur!<\/p>\n

      S\u0131ras\u0131 gelmi\u015fken s\u00f6yliyeyim ki Marx’\u0131n 18. Brumaire’de verdi\u011fi yetkin \u00f6rnek, \u00f6zellikle pratik bir \u00f6rnek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, san\u0131r\u0131m sorular\u0131n\u0131za gere\u011fi gibi yan\u0131t verecektir. Bundan ba\u015fka, Anti-D\u00fchring I, 9-11. ve II, 2-4. ve III, 1. b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde veya giri\u015fte oldu\u011fu gibi, Feuerbach’\u0131n son kesiminde de bu noktalar\u0131n pek \u00e7o\u011funa de\u011findi\u011fimi san\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n

      L\u00fctfen yukar\u0131daki her s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ince eleyip s\u0131k dokumay\u0131n\u0131z, ama genel ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutunuz; size yazd\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131 bir yay\u0131n i\u00e7inde yerine getirmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fum bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla anlatacak zaman\u0131m olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fczg\u00fcn\u00fcm…<\/p>\n

      *Londra, 14 Temmuz 1893. \u00c7eviren: \u00d6ner \u00dcnalan (Engels, Friedrich (2000) Tarihsel Materyalizm \u00dczerine Mektuplar 1890-94, Ankara: Bilim ve Sosyalizm Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, sf. 35-39)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Friedrich Engels* Aziz Beyefendi, \u0130\u015fte sorular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131: Toplum tarihinin belirleyici ana etkeni sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ekonomik ili\u015fkilerden, belli bir toplumdaki insanlar\u0131n kendi ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretme ve (i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn var oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde) \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de\u011fi\u015fme tarz\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc o ili\u015fkiler b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretim ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma tekni\u011fini kapsar. Bizim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re bu teknik, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de\u011fi\u015fim ve, ayr\u0131ca, b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm tarz\u0131n\u0131, bu nedenle, soysal (gentile) toplumun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinden sonra, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":546,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[486,368,313],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-17-sayi-nisan-2018","category-ceviri","category-friedrich-engels"],"yoast_head":"\nBreslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Friedrich Engels* Aziz Beyefendi, \u0130\u015fte sorular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131: Toplum tarihinin belirleyici ana etkeni sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ekonomik ili\u015fkilerden, belli bir toplumdaki insanlar\u0131n kendi ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretme ve (i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn var oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde) \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de\u011fi\u015fme tarz\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc o ili\u015fkiler b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretim ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma tekni\u011fini kapsar. Bizim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re bu teknik, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de\u011fi\u015fim ve, ayr\u0131ca, b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm tarz\u0131n\u0131, bu nedenle, soysal (gentile) toplumun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinden sonra, […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Teori ve Eylem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-04-09T09:26:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-18T11:23:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/66.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"596\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"330\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@teoriveeylem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@teoriveeylem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e9bd173f3b1d0175ee175b4b0114d308\"},\"headline\":\"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-04-09T09:26:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-01-18T11:23:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1138,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/66.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"17. Say\u0131 \\\/ Nisan 2018\",\"\u00c7eviri\",\"Friedrich Engels\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/\",\"name\":\"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/66.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-04-09T09:26:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-01-18T11:23:45+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/66.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/66.jpg\",\"width\":596,\"height\":330},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2018\\\/04\\\/09\\\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Teori ve Eylem\",\"description\":\"\u00dc\u00e7 Ayl\u0131k Sosyalist Teori ve Politika Dergisi\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Teori ve Eylem\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/400x400-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/400x400-1.jpg\",\"width\":400,\"height\":400,\"caption\":\"Teori ve Eylem\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/teoriveeylem\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/teoriveeylem\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/teoriveeylem\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e9bd173f3b1d0175ee175b4b0114d308\",\"name\":\"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/author\\\/cagdas\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"[:tr]Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a[:] - Teori ve Eylem","og_description":"Friedrich Engels* Aziz Beyefendi, \u0130\u015fte sorular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yan\u0131t\u0131: Toplum tarihinin belirleyici ana etkeni sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ekonomik ili\u015fkilerden, belli bir toplumdaki insanlar\u0131n kendi ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretme ve (i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn var oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde) \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de\u011fi\u015fme tarz\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc o ili\u015fkiler b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretim ve ula\u015ft\u0131rma tekni\u011fini kapsar. Bizim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re bu teknik, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de\u011fi\u015fim ve, ayr\u0131ca, b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm tarz\u0131n\u0131, bu nedenle, soysal (gentile) toplumun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinden sonra, […]","og_url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/","og_site_name":"Teori ve Eylem","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/","article_published_time":"2018-04-09T09:26:13+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-01-18T11:23:45+00:00","og_image":[{"width":596,"height":330,"url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/66.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@teoriveeylem","twitter_site":"@teoriveeylem","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":false,"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"5 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/"},"author":{"name":"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/e9bd173f3b1d0175ee175b4b0114d308"},"headline":"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a","datePublished":"2018-04-09T09:26:13+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-18T11:23:45+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/"},"wordCount":1138,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/66.jpg","articleSection":["17. Say\u0131 \/ Nisan 2018","\u00c7eviri","Friedrich Engels"],"inLanguage":"tr-TR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/","name":"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/66.jpg","datePublished":"2018-04-09T09:26:13+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-18T11:23:45+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr-TR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr-TR","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/66.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/66.jpg","width":596,"height":330},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/04\/09\/breslaudaki-w-borgiusa\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Breslau\u2019daki W. Borgius\u2019a"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/","name":"Teori ve Eylem","description":"\u00dc\u00e7 Ayl\u0131k Sosyalist Teori ve Politika Dergisi","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr-TR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#organization","name":"Teori ve Eylem","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr-TR","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/400x400-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/400x400-1.jpg","width":400,"height":400,"caption":"Teori ve Eylem"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/","https:\/\/x.com\/teoriveeylem","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/teoriveeylem\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/e9bd173f3b1d0175ee175b4b0114d308","name":"\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u00c7avu\u015fo\u011flu","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/author\/cagdas\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/545","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=545"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/545\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3184,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/545\/revisions\/3184"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/546"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=545"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=545"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=545"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}