{"id":462,"date":"2018-01-02T15:23:07","date_gmt":"2018-01-02T12:23:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=462"},"modified":"2023-01-18T14:48:51","modified_gmt":"2023-01-18T11:48:51","slug":"ekim-devrimi-ve-edebiyat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/01\/02\/ekim-devrimi-ve-edebiyat\/","title":{"rendered":"Ekim devrimi ve edebiyat"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tahir \u015eilkan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c…Edebiyat, proletaryan\u0131n genel davas\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, bireysel bir giri\u015fim olamaz. Edebiyat genel proletarya davas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Marksist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat ve edebiyat \u00fczerine bilimsel ve felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ortaya koyarak, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sanatsal olarak \u00f6z\u00fcmleni\u015finin, sanatsal k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn toplumsal ya\u015famda, toplumsal geli\u015fmede ve toplumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u00f6nemi anlamaya, yorumlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marx ve Engels’in sanat \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131, kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle tam bir uyumluluk g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Marx’a g\u00f6re sanat ve edebiyat toplumu yaln\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131klamamal\u0131, toplumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi m\u00fccadelesinde yer almal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6nemli olan, insan\u0131n sanatsal geli\u015fmesi ile estetik e\u011fitiminin yeni bir toplumsal sistemin kurulmas\u0131 ile uyumlu ve tutarl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Marx ve Engels’e g\u00f6re sanat, somut ger\u00e7eklikten ve insan\u0131n toplumsal varolu\u015fundan ayr\u0131lamaz. Sanat\u0131, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ile \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131, karma\u015f\u0131k ili\u015fkinin belirleyicili\u011finde, toplumun bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleni\u015finde aramak gerekir.<\/p>\n

Sanat, bir toplumsal bilin\u00e7 bi\u00e7imidir ve bu bilincin kaynaklar\u0131 insan\u0131n toplumsal varolu\u015funda aranmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zihinsel bir \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi olan sanat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n eme\u011finin pay\u0131 vard\u0131r; insan\u0131n sanatsal yarat\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc ve estetik duygular\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi insan\u0131n eme\u011fi ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her \u015feyi yaratan insan eme\u011fidir; insan\u0131n alet yapma becerisi geli\u015ftik\u00e7e, bilinci ve estetik duygusu geli\u015fmi\u015f, insan nesneleri yeniden bi\u00e7imlendirme yetene\u011fini kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sanatsal yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve sanat\u0131n geli\u015fmesi, toplumsal geli\u015fmeyle ve toplumun sosyo-ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Marx ve Engels kapitalizm s\u00fcrecinde, sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, ya\u015famdaki ger\u00e7ek \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ideolojik bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 oldu\u011funu tespit ederler. Bu tespit sanat\u0131n, ideolojik m\u00fccadelede \u00f6nemli bir silah oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Sanat ve edebiyat, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na hizmet ederek gerici bir nitelik kazanabilece\u011fi gibi ezilenlerin, emek\u00e7ilerin yan\u0131nda yer alarak ilerici bir nitelik kazanabilir. Sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ezilenlerin, emek\u00e7ilerin saf\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 sanatta yanl\u0131l\u0131k ilkesini do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131na \u201cVe Durgun Akard\u0131 Don<\/em>\u201d, \u201cUyand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Toprak<\/em>\u201d, \u201cDon K\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Hasat<\/em>\u201d gibi unutulmaz romanlar\u0131 kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f Sovyet yazar\u0131 Mihail \u015eolohov’un bu konuda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit somut ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cSanat insanlar\u0131n zihin ve y\u00fcreklerini etkileme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahiptir<\/em>\u201d diyen \u015eolohov s\u00f6zlerini \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u201cBence \u2018sanat\u00e7\u0131\u2019 olarak nitelenme hakk\u0131, bu etkiyi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yarar\u0131na ve insanlar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131nda bir g\u00fczellik d\u00fcnyas\u0131 yaratmak i\u00e7in kullanan yazarlara aittir.<\/em>\u201d[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Marx ve Engels, sanatsal yetinin belli bireylerde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve geni\u015f kitlelerde bu yetinin bask\u0131da tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. Toplumun kom\u00fcnist bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde \u00f6rg\u00fctleni\u015fiyle birlikte, bireyin kendisini sadece bir ressam, bir heykelt\u0131ra\u015f vb. haline getiren, belirli bir sanata ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n da ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sanat\u00e7\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131n onun mesleki geli\u015fmesinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterece\u011fini s\u00f6yledikten sonra s\u00f6zlerini \u015f\u00f6yle tamamlarlar: \u201cKom\u00fcnist bir d\u00fczende ressamlar yoktur, ba\u015fka etkinliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra resimle de u\u011fra\u015fan insanlar vard\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Marx ve Engels’in ortaya koydu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri benimseyen Rus Devriminin \u00f6nderi Lenin, Marksist teoriyi geli\u015ftirip g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. Lenin Alman \u0130deolojisi’nden Marx ve Engels’in yukar\u0131da al\u0131nt\u0131lanan c\u00fcmlesine benzer bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi, \u201cParti Edebiyat\u0131 ve Parti \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde ifade eder: \u201c…Edebiyat, proletaryan\u0131n genel davas\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131, Partinin \u2018k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7ark\u0131 ve vidas\u0131\u2019 olmal\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fcz taraf\u0131ndan, ayr\u0131ms\u0131z her yere, ya\u015fayan proletarya davas\u0131n\u0131n hayat dolu ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir. B\u00f6ylece, \u2018yazar\u0131n i\u015fi yazmak, okuyucununki de okumak\u2019 diyen o yar\u0131 Oblomovcu, yar\u0131 bezirgan, eski Rus ilkesinin ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 yerden kesmelidir.<\/em>\u201d[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Lenin, sanat deyince \u00f6nce kitlelerin sanatsal ve estetik e\u011fitimini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar, sanat\u0131n toplumu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ve herkesin sanatsal yarat\u0131mlarda bulunabilme olana\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131ndaki e\u011fitsel i\u015flevi de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurur, halk\u0131n sanatsal geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyi ile sanat\u0131n geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin e\u015fzamanl\u0131 bir ili\u015fki haline getirilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler. \u201cAncak bu zemin i\u00e7inde, ger\u00e7ek, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sanat y\u00fckselecektir.Sanat ve edebiyat ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi bilmenin, kavraman\u0131n yollar\u0131ndan biri oldu\u011fu kadar ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yans\u0131tman\u0131n yollar\u0131ndan biridir. Ancak bu da yetmez. \u0130nsan bilinci ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yaln\u0131zca bilip yans\u0131tmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda onu yarat\u0131r. Sanat ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin yaln\u0131z edilgen bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda etkin bir bi\u00e7imde yarat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Esas olan da ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yans\u0131tmak de\u011fil yeniden yaratabilmektir<\/em>\u201d[5]<\/a> de\u011ferlendirmesini yapan Lenin, t\u00fcm halk\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ileri, emek\u00e7ileri edebiyat\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yararlanmak i\u00e7in, \u201ckendi d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 daha yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131mam\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenece\u011fi<\/em>\u201d Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 okumaya, \u201ckendi kurtulu\u015f davalar\u0131n\u0131 sonuna kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcrmelerine engel olan, o kendi g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fcklerinin nerede yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya<\/em>\u201d \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Lenin, \u201cileriye gitmek i\u00e7in bunu anlamalar\u0131 gerekir<\/em>\u201d tespitini yapacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Y\u00dcZYIL RUS EDEB\u0130YATI<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Lenin, \u201cRus Devriminin Aynas\u0131 Olarak Leo Tolstoy<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131, Proletary’nin Eyl\u00fcl 1908 tarihli 35. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan makalesinde; Tolstoy’un \u201c\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019na duyulan kini, daha iyi gelecek i\u00e7in olu\u015fan \u00f6zlemi, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften kurtulma iste\u011fini hem de geli\u015fmemi\u015f d\u00fc\u015fleri, siyasal deneysizli\u011fi ve devrim kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki gev\u015fekli\u011fi yans\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/em>\u201d diyecektir. Rus Edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n iyi ve dikkatli bir okuyucusu olan Lenin, Tolstoy’un yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan edebi faaliyeti s\u00fcresince yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir dizi b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131tta, 1860 sonras\u0131nda bile yar\u0131 k\u00f6le durumunda olan o eski, devrim \u00f6ncesi Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131, toprak a\u011fas\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131rsal Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ustal\u0131kla anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyecektir.<\/p>\n

    Lenin, Tolstoy’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine, Sosyal Demokrat’\u0131n Kas\u0131m 1910 tarihli 18. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan L. N. Tolstoy ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde \u015funlar\u0131 yazacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u201c…Tolstoy Rusya tarihinin devrim \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemini anlat\u0131rken, \u00f6ylesine bir\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunu ortaya atmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve bunda \u00f6ylesine y\u00fcksek bir ba\u015far\u0131yla sanatsal g\u00fcce eri\u015fmi\u015ftir ki, yap\u0131tlar\u0131 d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00f6le sahiplerinin \u00e7izmeleri alt\u0131nda ezilen bir \u00fclkenin kendini devrime haz\u0131rlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, Tolstoy’un ayd\u0131nlat\u0131\u015f\u0131 sayesinde, t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sanatsal geli\u015fmesinde ileriye do\u011fru at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ad\u0131m olmu\u015ftur.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

    Lenin, Tolstoy’un yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n Rus k\u00f6yl\u00fc hareketinin hem g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hem de g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz yanlar\u0131n\u0131, hem kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc hem de s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti\u011fini dile getirdikten sonra s\u00f6zlerini \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr:<\/p>\n

    \u201cTolstoy’un, devlete ve polisle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan resmi kiliseye k\u0131zg\u0131n, tutkulu, \u00e7o\u011fu kez amans\u0131zca sert kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu toprak k\u00f6leli\u011finin, devlet eliyle zorbal\u0131k ve soygunun, kilise d\u00fczenbazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve hilebazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 da\u011f boyu \u00f6fke ve nefreti i\u00e7inde biriktirmi\u015f, ilkel k\u00f6yl\u00fc demokratik kitlelerin duygular\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

    Ger\u00e7ekten de Tolstoy, devrim \u00f6ncesi Rusya’da, ilkel sermaye birikiminin sonucu olarak ya\u015fanan yoksulluk, a\u00e7l\u0131k, vah\u015fet, fuhu\u015f vb. afetlerle gelen kapitalizm kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn duydu\u011fu deh\u015feti \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ustal\u0131kla anlatmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u201cAncak<\/em>\u201d der Lenin, \u201cTolstoy’un d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131na yap\u0131tlar\u0131 ile birinci s\u0131n\u0131f katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sanat\u00e7\u0131 deha olmas\u0131, onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerindeki \u00e7eli\u015fkileri g\u00f6rmemizi engelleyemez. Bir yanda, toplumda d\u00fczmecili\u011fe ve ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe dikkate de\u011fer \u015fekilde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, dosdo\u011fru ve i\u00e7ten bir kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, \u00f6te yanda \u2018ben g\u00fcnahkar, ben k\u00f6t\u00fc insan\u0131n biriyim, ahlaken m\u00fckemmel olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum\u2019 diye s\u0131z\u0131ldanan \u0130sa’ya tutkun bir toprak a\u011fas\u0131. Bir yanda, kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ac\u0131mas\u0131zca ele\u015ftirili\u015fi, h\u00fck\u00fcmet rezaletlerinin, g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 haldeki mahkeme ve devlet y\u00f6netiminin sergileni\u015fi; servet art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesi ile emek\u00e7i kitleler aras\u0131nda yoksulluk, d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fck ve sefaletin artmas\u0131, \u00f6te yanda, boyun e\u011fmeyi, \u2018k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 koymamay\u0131\u2019 vaaz eden \u00e7atlak bir ses. Bir yanda en akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik, b\u00fct\u00fcn her t\u00fcrl\u00fc maskenin y\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131p at\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00f6te yanda, d\u00fcnyada en ters \u015feylerden birinin, yani dinin vaaz edili\u015fi, resmen atanan papazlar\u0131n yerine g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc hizmet edecek papazlar\u0131n getirilmesi i\u00e7in, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle en ince, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla en i\u011fren\u00e7 bi\u00e7imiyle dinin ve din kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n toplum hayat\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kesimlerindeki yerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, dini iktidar i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterme…<\/em>\u201d[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Tolstoy’un, bu \u00e7eli\u015fkileri nedeniyle \u201cne i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketi ile bu hareketin sosyalizm m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7indeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc ne de Rus devrimini anlayabilmesine imkan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6yleyen Lenin, Tolstoy’un do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilmesini, ancak bu \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin ilk kez d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlendi\u011fi bir s\u0131rada, devrimin kap\u0131ya dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir anda, oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasal rolle ve m\u00fccadelesiyle, halk\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kitlelerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden kurtulu\u015fu m\u00fccadelesine \u00f6nderlik edebilece\u011fini ispatlam\u0131\u015f Sosyal-Demokrat proletaryan\u0131n yapabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

    Egemen s\u0131n\u0131flara g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve i\u00e7tenlikle su\u00e7lamada bulunmu\u015f Tolstoy’un, rejimin ayakta durmas\u0131na yard\u0131m eden kilise, mahkemeler, militarizm, \u2018yasal\u2019 nikah, burjuva bilimi gibi b\u00fct\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015findeki sahteli\u011fi apa\u00e7\u0131k ortaya serdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyen Lenin, \u201cLeo Tolstoy’un edebi yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 okumakla Rus i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, kendi d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 daha yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131may\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenecektir; ancak b\u00fct\u00fcn Rus halk\u0131 da Tolstoy’un \u00f6\u011fretisini inceleyerek, kendi kurtulu\u015f davalar\u0131n\u0131 sonuna kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcrmelerine engel olan o kendi g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fcklerinin nerede yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak zorundad\u0131r. \u0130leriye gitmek i\u00e7in bunu anlamalar\u0131 gerekir.<\/em>\u201d[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

    ***<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ezilen, insan say\u0131lmayan, toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda \u00fcrettiklerinin hasad\u0131n\u0131 kendileri yaparak beylerinin ambar\u0131na dolduran ve sat\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in pazara giden \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fckleri, kokmu\u015flar\u0131, ambarlarda unutulmu\u015flar\u0131yla yetinmek zorunda kalan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla anlat\u0131rlar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Pu\u015fkin, Gogol, \u00c7ehov, Dostoyevski, Turgenyev, Gon\u00e7arov, Lermontov, Tolstoy, \u00c7erni\u015fevski, Dobrolyubov, Herzen, \u015e\u00e7edrin ve devrimden sonra da yazmaya devam eden Gorki gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck ustalar\u0131yla 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Rus edebiyat\u0131, Rus insan\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zulm\u00fc, yoksullu\u011fu, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc, t\u00fcm toplumu ku\u015fatan ba\u011fnazl\u0131k ve cahilli\u011fi ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bi\u00e7imde sunmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cSiyasal \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden yoksun bir toplumun \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 duyabilece\u011fi tek k\u00fcrs\u00fc edebiyat k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr<\/em>\u201d diyen Herzen’in s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn gere\u011fini en iyi bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n toplumsal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini romanlar\u0131nda yans\u0131tan Balzac, Stendhal ve Flaubert’den haberli olan 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Rus edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i edebiyat\u0131n en se\u00e7kin eserlerini vermi\u015flerdir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Klasik Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fyap\u0131tlar\u0131ndan say\u0131lan “Su\u00e7lu Kim<\/em>” roman\u0131nda Aleksandr Herzen, Rus ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 toplumsal ve psikolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan ele alarak, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019ndaki toprak sahiplerinin asalak ve baya\u011f\u0131 ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131, toprak sahibinin kam\u00e7\u0131 ile d\u00f6vmesi sonucu ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitiren arabac\u0131y\u0131, rejimin kat\u0131ks\u0131z savunucusu e\u011fitim sistemini te\u015fhir etti\u011fi i\u00e7in sans\u00fcr\u00fcn h\u0131\u015fm\u0131na u\u011frayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Salt\u0131kov \u015e\u00e7edrin, Lenin’in 320 kez al\u0131nt\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yazar olarak, Rusya’da devrim \u00f6ncesi ya\u015fanan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc, emek\u00e7ilerin yoksulluk ve sefaletini b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sergileyen eserler vermi\u015ftir. \u00a0 \u015e\u00e7edrin’in \u201cGolovlev Ailesi<\/em>\u201d roman\u0131n\u0131n temel karakteri \u0130yidu\u015fka’dan hareketle \u201cs\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczeni var olduk\u00e7a ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc, geveze, hain \u0130yidu\u015fkalar hep olacakt\u0131r; belki bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftireceklerdir ama varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcreceklerdir<\/em>\u201d diyen Lenin, \u015e\u00e7edrin’in Ekim Devrimi’ne kadar ya\u015fay\u0131p halk d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irdikleri de\u011fi\u015fiklik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendiremeyi\u015fine ve Golovlev Ailesi’ne yeni b\u00f6l\u00fcmler ekleyemeyi\u015fine \u00e7ok hay\u0131flanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u015e\u00e7edrin, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, e\u015fitlik, insan\u0131n y\u00fcceli\u011fi u\u011fruna toplumsal k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklere kar\u015f\u0131 amans\u0131z m\u00fccadele etmi\u015f, gerek kendi d\u00f6neminde gerekse de daha sonra toplumsal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck hareketlerine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftur.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Turgenyev ve \u00c7erni\u015fevski 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan itibaren \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi, \u201cBabalar ve O\u011fullar<\/em>\u201d ile \u201cNas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?<\/em>\u201d romanlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r. Karl Marx, \u00c7erni\u015fevski’yi daha iyi anlayabilmek ve onunla tart\u0131\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in Rus\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fini yazar. \u201cNas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?<\/em>\u201d bir\u00e7ok ilerici ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n yeti\u015fmesinde, yetkinle\u015fmesinde \u00e7ok etkili olmu\u015f bir eserdir.<\/p>\n

        Plehanov ve Lenin \u201cNas\u0131l Yapmal\u0131?<\/em>\u201d roman\u0131n\u0131 defalarca okuduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyeceklerdir. Lenin’in e\u015fi Krupskaya \u015f\u00f6yle yazar: \u201cLenin <\/em>\u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkatle okuyordu ki bu roman\u0131, sat\u0131r aralar\u0131ndan \u00f6yle incelikler bulup \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu ki \u015fa\u015f\u0131p kal\u0131yordum.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

        Lenin, a\u011fabeyinin bu kitaba vurgun oldu\u011funu, a\u011fabeyinin idam\u0131ndan sonra kendisinin roman\u0131 yeniden okudu\u011funu, bu okuman\u0131n birka\u00e7 hafta s\u00fcren ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir okuma oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek, ancak o zaman derinli\u011fini anlayabildi\u011fini ifade edecektir.<\/p>\n

        Yazd\u0131klar\u0131yla Rus halk\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkileyen, heyecan ve co\u015fku i\u00e7erisinde b\u0131rakan Dostoyevski, Pu\u015fkin \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada, Rus halk\u0131na duydu\u011fu sevgiyi ve umudu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer. Pu\u015fkin \u00fczerine konu\u015fmas\u0131nda uzun \u015fiiri Yevgeni Onegin i\u00e7in: \u201c… Ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir g\u00f6zle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, aya\u011f\u0131 yere sapasa\u011flam basan bir eserdir. Bu \u015fiirin, ger\u00e7ek Rus hayat\u0131n\u0131 dile getiren yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcne, eserin sanat m\u00fckemmelli\u011fine Pu\u015fkin’den \u00f6nce kimse ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/em>\u201d de\u011ferlendirmesini yapan Dostoyevski \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder: \u201c… Pu\u015fkin’in b\u00fct\u00fcn eserleri; Rus benli\u011fine, Rus benli\u011finin manevi g\u00fcc\u00fcne inanc\u0131 ile dolup ta\u015far. \u0130nanc\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerde umut vard\u0131r. Rus insan\u0131n\u0131n gelece\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duyulan b\u00fcy\u00fck umut…<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6zlerini edecektir.<\/p>\n

        ***<\/p>\n

        \u00c7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc eserlerle \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini yans\u0131tan yazarlar\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, Ekim Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131z g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yazarlardan, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i yazarlardan olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez. \u015eair ve yazarlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da burjuva d\u00fczeninin savunucusu ve koruyucusu bir edebiyat\u0131 Rus halk\u0131na sunuyorlard\u0131. En ba\u015fta Dostoyevski’nin ortaya koydu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler kapitalizmin her alanda destekledi\u011fi ve hakl\u0131 buldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerdi.<\/p>\n

        Bask\u0131c\u0131 \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden, Belinski gibi devrimci, ilerici yazarlara hakaret eden, k\u00f6le edinmenin kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 savunan, Rusya’n\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 bir politika izlemesini talep eden Dostoyevski, toprak sahiplerini savunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ortaya koyuyordu. Dostoyevski \u00f6zellikle Pu\u015fkin \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fma sonras\u0131nda, b\u00fct\u00fcn Rus gen\u00e7li\u011fini derinden etkileyen bir yazar olarak \u00e7ok seviliyor, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine de\u011fer veriliyordu. \u00c7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir anlat\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden etkilenen gen\u00e7 yazarlar\u0131, Rusya’da sermeye birikimi ile geli\u015fen kapitalizmin savunucusu yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

        Emek\u00e7ilerin yazar\u0131 Maksim Gorki, Sovyet Edebiyat\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, Dostoyevski’nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin etkisini de\u011ferlendirmeden Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 ve ayd\u0131n kesiminin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun 1905-1906 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan sonra radikal ve demokrat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerden, burjuva d\u00fczeninin korunmas\u0131 ve savunulmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine sapmas\u0131n\u0131 anlaman\u0131n imkans\u0131z oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. B\u00f6yle bir edebiyat\u0131n savunucular\u0131ndan Pyotr Struve, toprak ve m\u00fclk sahiplerinin taleplerini savunurken, 1905 Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen devrimciler i\u00e7in \u015fu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yordu: \u201cBizi halk\u0131n gazab\u0131ndan korurken s\u00fcng\u00fc kulland\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in yetkililere \u015f\u00fckran bor\u00e7luyuz.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

        Burjuva d\u00fczenin savunucusu yazarlar bu s\u00f6zleri iktidar\u0131n her g\u00fcn onlarca i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc, devrimciyi ast\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ekim Devrimi \u00f6ncesi s\u00fcre\u00e7te (1907-1917), Rusya’da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ayd\u0131n grubu \u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminin savunucusu gerici fikirleri, muhafazak\u00e2r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri savunuyor, devrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f a\u00e7\u0131yordu. Maksim Gorki ayn\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda bu d\u00f6nemi \u015f\u00f6yle niteliyordu:<\/p>\n

        \u201c…1907-1917 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nem, Rus ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 tarihinde en utan\u00e7 verici on y\u0131l diye an\u0131lmaya hak kazanm\u0131\u015f bir d\u00f6nemdir.<\/em>\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Gorki, devrimin arifesindeki uzla\u015fmac\u0131 edebiyat\u0131 irdelerken 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Rus ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yler: \u201cEski edebiyat t\u00fcm Rus demokrasisinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, duygular\u0131n\u0131, ruh halini \u00f6zg\u00fcrce yans\u0131t\u0131rd\u0131, \u2018\u00e7a\u011fda\u015f edebiyat\u2019 ise umut ve cesaretlerini ta derinden kaybetmi\u015f, ellerinin alt\u0131nda ne bulurlarsa bunlara delicesine sald\u0131ran k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva gruplar\u0131n\u0131n telkinlerine yumu\u015fak ba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kla boyun e\u011fiyor…<\/em>\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Lenin 13 Aral\u0131k 1909’da Novy Dyen’de yay\u0131nlanan “Vekhi \u00dczerine<\/em>” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, N. Bardayev, S. Bulgakov, P. Struve ve di\u011fer kar\u015f\u0131devrimci liberal burjuvazi temsilcilerinin, Belinski ve \u00c7erni\u015fevski’nin de i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu Rus halk\u0131n\u0131n en iyi temsilcilerine y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na verdi\u011fi yan\u0131tta \u015funlar\u0131 yazacakt\u0131r: \u201c…Rusya’da liberal burjuvazinin korktu\u011fu ve nefret etti\u011fi as\u0131l \u015fey, Rusya’da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n demokratik hareketinden \u00e7ok, i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin birlikte hareketidir. Onlar, Narodnizm ile Marksizm’de ortak olan \u015feyden, kitlelere seslenerek demokrasiyi savunmalar\u0131ndan korkmakta ve ondan nefret etmektedir. \u0130\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z d\u00f6nemin belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi, Rusya’da liberalizmin demokrasiye b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckle s\u0131rt \u00e7evirmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r…<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

        Gorki de, “\u00fclkesinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n, tarihin kendisine d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yeniden kurma, b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar\u0131n mutlulu\u011funu sa\u011flama g\u00f6revini verdi\u011fi proletaryaya kat\u0131l\u0131p g\u00fc\u00e7lenmek yerine, yozla\u015fma ve zihinsel yoksulla\u015fma i\u00e7erisine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcklerini…<\/em>\u201d ifade eder.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

        ***<\/p>\n

        Lenin 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, ya\u015fan\u0131lan d\u00f6nemi iki devrim dalgas\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fan\u0131lan bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi olarak niteler. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenin, kitleler aras\u0131nda yeni, proleter bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu ifade eder. Proleter biliminin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve proleterler aras\u0131nda hakiki yolda\u015f\u00e7a ili\u015fkilerin kurulmas\u0131yla, sanata proleter \u00f6zlem ve deneyler do\u011frultusunda y\u00f6n verilmesi gerekti\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek, proleter sanat ve edebiyat alan\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek bir otorite olan Maksim Gorki’nin partiye \u00fcye olmas\u0131ndan onur duyacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.<\/p>\n

        Kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci liberal burjuvazinin temsilcilerinin toprak ve m\u00fclk sahiplerinin iktidar\u0131n\u0131 savunmas\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i, k\u00f6yl\u00fc birli\u011finden korkusunu yans\u0131tan utan\u00e7 dolu eserlerine en anlaml\u0131 yan\u0131t\u0131 Maksim Gorki verecektir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i yap\u0131tlara, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde milyonlarca genci ilerici, devrimci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere y\u00f6nelten Ana <\/em>roman\u0131n\u0131 ekleyen Maksim Gorki o zaman, Ekim Devrimi\u2019ni ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek partinin saflar\u0131na kat\u0131lmakta teredd\u00fct etmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

        \u015eimdi art\u0131k yeni bir d\u00fcnya kurman\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar\u0131n mutlulu\u011funu sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan proletaryan\u0131n zaman\u0131d\u0131r. Lenin’in Parti Edebiyat\u0131 ve Parti \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc <\/em>makalesinde s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi, emek\u00e7ilerden yana, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin emek\u00e7ilerin zengin d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan beslenen, s\u00fcrekli kendini yenileyerek geli\u015fecek \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir edebiyat yaratman\u0131n zaman\u0131d\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte burjuvaziye ba\u011fl\u0131 iki y\u00fczl\u00fc \u201c\u00f6zg\u00fcr<\/em>\u201d edebiyat\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan yana \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir edebiyat \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n zaman\u0131d\u0131r. “Bu edebiyat \u00f6zg\u00fcr olacakt\u0131r<\/em>” der Lenin ve devam eder: \u201c\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu edebiyatta; h\u0131rs ve kariyerizm de\u011fil, sosyalizm d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ve emek\u00e7ilere duyulan yak\u0131nl\u0131k esas olacakt\u0131r. Bu edebiyat \u00f6zg\u00fcr olacakt\u0131r; Sahte s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131, bireysel kapris ve i\u00e7 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yerine y\u00fcz milyonlarca emek\u00e7iye hizmet edecektir.<\/em>\u201d[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

        EK\u0130M DEVR\u0130M\u0130\u2019N\u0130N EDEB\u0130YATI<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00c7arl\u0131k Rejimini y\u0131karak, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve zulm\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir devlet kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan proletarya art\u0131k kendi edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 yaratacakt\u0131r, yaratmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eimdi emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n ba\u011fr\u0131ndan gelen Ekim Devrimi’nin yarat\u0131c\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131d\u0131r. Onlardan halk\u0131n beklentisi y\u00fcksektir. Devrimin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131, ger\u00e7ek anlamda yeni bir edebiyata gereksinim vard\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimi anlatacak yeni kitaplar yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Mihail \u0130vanovi\u00e7 Kalinin’in Mihail \u015eolohov’a s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u00f6zlerle ifade etmek gerekirse; \u201cBiz okurlar\u0131n siz yazarlardan bekledi\u011fi yaln\u0131zca kitaplar de\u011fil, bize hayat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc resmini veren iyi kitaplar istiyoruz, biz ger\u00e7ek kitaplar okumak istiyoruz, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse onlarca y\u0131l ya\u015fayacak kitaplar.<\/em>\u201d[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Maksim Gorki, \u201cSovyet Edebiyat\u0131<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 Sovyet Yazarlar Birli\u011fi’nin 1934 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Birinci Kongre\u2019sine sundu\u011fu tebli\u011fde, \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bilgilerinin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan eme\u011fin, kitlelerin eme\u011finin, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rg\u00fctleyicisi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn fikirlerin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu iyice anlamam\u0131z gerekir<\/em>\u201d dedikten sonra s\u00f6zlerini \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr: \u201c…Eme\u011fi kitaplar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015fki\u015fisi yapmal\u0131y\u0131z. Yani emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7inde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen insan\u0131, \u00fclkemizde \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f teknolojinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanaklarla donanm\u0131\u015f ve eme\u011fi, daha kolay ve \u00fcretken yaparak onu bir sanat d\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131karmakta olan \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc insanlar\u0131 anlatmal\u0131y\u0131z kitaplar\u0131m\u0131zda. Eme\u011fi bir yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k olarak g\u00f6rmeyi \u00f6\u011frenmeliyiz…<\/em>\u201d[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

        \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimi, ancak, edebiyat genel proletarya davas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirilerek ba\u015far\u0131labilecektir.<\/p>\n

        Ekim Devriminin \u00f6nderi Lenin’in \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, devrimden \u00f6nce s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da insan\u0131n okuma olana\u011f\u0131 buldu\u011fu, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Rus edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i, g\u00f6rkemli yazar ve eserleri y\u00fcz binlerce bas\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Okuma yazma seferberli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Sovyet halklar\u0131n\u0131n dillerinde bas\u0131lan Bat\u0131 edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz ak\u0131 edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n eserleri \u00e7evrilerek yay\u0131nland\u0131. Balzac, Dickens, Stendhal, Flaubert, Heine, Schiller, Shakespeare ve di\u011ferlerinin kitaplar\u0131 y\u00fcz binlerce bas\u0131larak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Ekim Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde de yazan Maksim Gorki ile \u015eolohov, Aleksi Tolstoy, Gladkov, Mayakovski, Leonov, Fedin, Fadeyev, Serafimovi\u00e7, Furmanov gibi yazarlar Ekim Devriminden sonra yazd\u0131klar\u0131 eserlerle yeni d\u00f6nemin temsilcileri oldular. Rus dilinde yaz\u0131lan \u00f6nemli eserler Sovyet halklar\u0131n\u0131n dillerine \u00e7evrildi ve en uzak yerle\u015fim yerlerine bile ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak okunmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

        ***<\/p>\n

        \u015eolohov \u201cVe Durgun Akard\u0131 Don<\/em>\u201d roman\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, Leningrad metal i\u015f\u00e7ileri ile \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ili\u015fkide oldu\u011funu, onlar\u0131n ele\u015ftirilerinin kendisinin ilk kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 yazarken yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131 anlamas\u0131na ve d\u00fczeltmesine \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i okurlarla Sovyetler Birli\u011fi yazarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurulacak ba\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin edebiyat\u0131 y\u00fcceltece\u011fini tespit eden \u015eolohov, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fckselmesinin \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekecektir. Gen\u00e7 yazarlar\u0131n fabrikalardan ve kolektif \u00e7iftliklerden \u00e7\u0131karak ustala\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flaman\u0131n Sovyet Yazarlar Birli\u011fi ve parti \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn en temel g\u00f6revlerinden biri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen \u015eolohov, \u201cOnlar bizim yard\u0131m ve deste\u011fimizle yerimizi alacaklar ve ancak bunu sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaman Sovyet edebiyat\u0131 daha iyi kitaplar yaratacakt\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

        Sovyet edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n konusunun ne olmas\u0131 konusunda Maksim Gorki’nin \u201cSovyet Edebiyat\u0131<\/em>\u201d tebli\u011finde ortaya koydu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler \u00f6nemli ve anlaml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        -Eski ya\u015fam bi\u00e7iminin k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fi ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren g\u00fcc\u00fcn asl\u0131nda kendisi oldu\u011funu anlamaya ba\u015flayan insanda olu\u015fan onur duygusunu, yeni Sovyet yurtta\u015f\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimi, geli\u015fimi, halk\u0131n kendisine olan sayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini anlatan bir edebiyat.<\/p>\n

        – \u00c7ocuklar\u0131 g\u00f6rmeyen bir edebiyat yerine, yeni insan niteliklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n en iyi bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6zlemlenece\u011fi \u00e7ocuklar \u00fczerine yazmaya ba\u015flayan bir edebiyat.<\/p>\n

        -Tarihin, d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kad\u0131nlara olan eskiden kalma ve utan\u00e7 verici borcu, d\u00fcnyadaki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki erkeklere \u00f6rnek olmak \u00fczere \u00f6nce bizim \u00fclkemizin erkekleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denmelidir. Sovyet kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bi\u00e7imde betimleyen, onlara fazlas\u0131yla hak ettikleri konumu veren bir edebiyat.<\/p>\n

        -Sovyet edebiyat\u0131 yaln\u0131z Rus dilinin edebiyat\u0131 de\u011fil birli\u011fin edebiyat\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rus\u00e7a yazanlar \u00e7ok diye di\u011fer halklar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini yok saymayan, sanat\u0131n de\u011ferini nicelikle de\u011fil, nitelikle \u00f6l\u00e7en bir edebiyat. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fimizde dev bir Pu\u015fkin var demek, Ermeniler, Arnavutlar, Tatarlar, Ukraynal\u0131lar ve \u00f6teki uluslar, edebiyat, m\u00fczik, resim ve mimarl\u0131k alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ustalar \u00e7\u0131karma yetene\u011finden yoksun demek de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

        -Eme\u011fi, i\u015f\u00e7ileri, temel alan bir edebiyat. Temel karakterlerini emek\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7en, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ele\u015ftirisinden korkmayan; ele\u015ftiriden \u00f6\u011frenen ve yararlanan, \u00f6zele\u015ftiri yapmaktan \u00e7ekinmeyen, sonsuz bi\u00e7imde yararlanan bir edebiyat.<\/p>\n

        -Ya\u015fam\u0131n bir yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k oldu\u011funu ortaya koyan, insan\u0131n do\u011fasal g\u00fc\u00e7leri yenmesine, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve uzun bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmesine, s\u00fcrekli geli\u015fen ve de\u011fi\u015fen taleplerine uygun olarak, tek bir aile halinde bir araya getirilmi\u015f olan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli bir yuvaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek istedi\u011fi d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayanlara b\u00fcy\u00fck mutluluklar vermeyi ama\u00e7layan, insanlar\u0131n bireysel yeteneklerini geli\u015ftiren bir edebiyat.<\/p>\n

        \u201cEdebiyat\u0131n, yazar\u0131n g\u00f6revi okuruna kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fcr\u00fcst olmak, insanlara ger\u00e7e\u011fi s\u00f6ylemektir, insanlar\u0131n y\u00fcreklerinde gelece\u011fe ve bu gelece\u011fi kurmak i\u00e7in yeteneklerine olan inanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektir<\/em>\u201d diyor \u015eolohov.<\/p>\n

        Ekim Devrimi ve onun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 edebiyat g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de, b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011fa yol g\u00f6stermeye devam ediyor. Edebiyat\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcne, onun insanlar\u0131n zihinlerini ve y\u00fcreklerini etkileme g\u00fcc\u00fcne olan gereksinmemiz artarak s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Sanat ve edebiyat\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yarar\u0131na ve insanlar\u0131n ruhlar\u0131nda g\u00fczellik d\u00fcnyas\u0131 yaratmak i\u00e7in kullanan yazarlar\u0131 her d\u00f6nemden daha fazla ar\u0131yoruz. Edebiyat insanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sevgiyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeli, ruhunu temizlemelidir. Onlara k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele g\u00fcc\u00fc vermelidir. Edebiyat ya\u015fam\u0131n ger\u00e7e\u011fini savunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc savunan, iyili\u011fi, g\u00fczelli\u011fi y\u00fccelten, onuru ve gelece\u011fi kurma yolunda insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fi olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \u0130nsanlar\u0131n y\u00fcrek ve zihinlerini yakalayan, onlar\u0131n enerjisini k\u00f6r\u00fckleyen, iradesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren ve di\u011fer insanlar i\u00e7in, insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve karde\u015fli\u011fin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, emperyalist-kapitalist barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran, co\u015fku ve umut veren bir edebiyat. Ekim Devrimi bu edebiyat\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu edebiyat, bug\u00fcn de t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gereksinmesi olan edebiyatt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        [1]<\/a> Lenin, Parti \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ve Parti Edebiyat\u0131, Toplu Yap\u0131tlar, aktaran Aziz \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, Sanat ve Edebiyat, Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n, 1. Bas\u0131m, Eyl\u00fcl 1996<\/p>\n

        [2]<\/a> Yazar\u0131n Sorumlulu\u011fu, \u015eolohov, De Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Aral\u0131k 1983, sf. 117<\/p>\n

        [3]<\/a> Karl Marx-F. Engels’in Alman \u0130deolojisi\u2019nden aktaran Aziz \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, Sanat Ve Edebiyat, sf. 108<\/p>\n

        [4]<\/a> Karl Marx-F. Engels’in Alman \u0130deolojisi\u2019nden aktaran Aziz \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, Sanat Ve Edebiyat, sf. 108<\/p>\n

        [5]<\/a> Lenin, Sanat ve Edebiyat, An\u0131lar A \u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan makalesinde; kt. Aziz \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar Sanat ve Edebiyat , \u00d6ns\u00f6z. \u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan makalesinde;<\/p>\n

        [6]<\/a>Lenin, Rus Devriminin Aynas\u0131 Olarak Leo Tolstoy, akt. Aziz \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, age, sayfa 189, \u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan makalesinde; 190<\/p>\n

        [7]<\/a> Lenin, Tolstoy ve Proletaryan\u0131n M\u00fccadelesi Makalesinden Aktaran Aziz \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, age, sf. 210, 211<\/p>\n

        [8]<\/a> Mazlum Beyhan, Golovlev Ailesi, \u00d6ns\u00f6z, Kor Yay\u0131n, 1. Bas\u0131m<\/p>\n

        [9]<\/a> Maksim Gorki, Edebiyat Ya\u015fam\u0131m, \u00e7ev. \u015eemsa Ye\u011fin, Payel Yay. sf. 251, 252<\/p>\n

        [10]<\/a> Maksim Gorki, Aktaran: K. Zelinski, Sovyet Edebiyat\u0131, \u00c7eviren: Funda Sava\u015f, Konuk Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1978, \u0130stanbul, sf. 36<\/p>\n

        [11]<\/a> Maksim Gorki, age, sf. 252<\/p>\n

        [12]<\/a> Lenin, Toplu Yap\u0131tlar, Akt. Aziz \u00c7al\u0131\u015flar, Sanat ve Edebiyat, sf. 187<\/p>\n

        [13]<\/a> Mihail \u015eolohov, Yazar\u0131n Sorumlulu\u011fu, sf. 45<\/p>\n

        [14]<\/a> Maksim Gorki, Edebiyat Ya\u015fam\u0131m, sf. 256, 257<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Tahir \u015eilkan \u201c…Edebiyat, proletaryan\u0131n genel davas\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, bireysel bir giri\u015fim olamaz. Edebiyat genel proletarya davas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d[1] Marksist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat ve edebiyat \u00fczerine bilimsel ve felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ortaya koyarak, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sanatsal olarak \u00f6z\u00fcmleni\u015finin, sanatsal k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn toplumsal ya\u015famda, toplumsal geli\u015fmede ve toplumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u00f6nemi anlamaya, yorumlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marx ve Engels’in sanat \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131, kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle tam bir uyumluluk g\u00f6sterir. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":463,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[483,421,354],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-462","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-14-sayi-ocak-2018","category-devrimler-tarihi","category-tahir-silkan"],"yoast_head":"\nEkim devrimi ve edebiyat<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2018\/01\/02\/ekim-devrimi-ve-edebiyat\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ekim devrimi ve edebiyat\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Tahir \u015eilkan \u201c…Edebiyat, proletaryan\u0131n genel davas\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, bireysel bir giri\u015fim olamaz. Edebiyat genel proletarya davas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d[1] Marksist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat ve edebiyat \u00fczerine bilimsel ve felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini ortaya koyarak, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sanatsal olarak \u00f6z\u00fcmleni\u015finin, sanatsal k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn toplumsal ya\u015famda, toplumsal geli\u015fmede ve toplumun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek \u00f6nemi anlamaya, yorumlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marx ve Engels’in sanat \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131, kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle tam bir uyumluluk g\u00f6sterir. 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