{"id":3891,"date":"2026-01-22T13:28:40","date_gmt":"2026-01-22T10:28:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3891"},"modified":"2026-01-22T13:28:40","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T10:28:40","slug":"sucasuruklenen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2026\/01\/22\/sucasuruklenen\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Su\u00e7a S\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00c7ocu\u011fun\u2019 Politik Anatomisi ve Hukuk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Seda Ak\u00e7o<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da, \u201csu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 merkeze alarak, \u00e7ocukluk, su\u00e7 ve adalet ili\u015fkisini tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yorum. \u00d6ncelikle kavram\u0131n hukuk terminolojisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yanl\u0131\u015f bir kavram oldu\u011funu tespit etmek gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir su\u00e7 i\u015fledi\u011fi \u015f\u00fcphesi ile hakk\u0131nda i\u015flem ba\u015flat\u0131lan \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015f demek, masumiyet karinesini ihlal etmek demektir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan \u201csu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk\u201d ifadesi, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta cezaland\u0131rmadan \u00e7ok korumay\u0131 \u00f6nceleyen bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Ne var ki T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve d\u00fcnyada \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u201csu\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme\u201d olgusu, genellikle bireysel sapma, ahlaki zaaf ya da ebeveyn yetersizli\u011fi \u00fczerinden a\u00e7\u0131klanmakta; bu olguyu \u00fcreten yap\u0131sal ko\u015fullar\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 sistematik bi\u00e7imde ertelenmektedir. B\u00f6ylelikle, \u00e7ocukla devlet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin siyasal niteli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131l\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u201cSu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk\u201d kavram\u0131, liberal hukuk d\u00fczeninin kendi i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi T\u00fcrk hukuk sisteminin \u00e7ocukluk kavram\u0131 ile ilgili kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da yans\u0131t\u0131r. Bu ifade 2005 tarihli 5395 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu<\/em> ile mevzuata girmi\u015ftir. Ama\u00e7, \u00e7ocu\u011fu su\u00e7lu olarak de\u011fil, koruma ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir \u00f6zne olarak tan\u0131mlamakt\u0131r. Kanun haz\u0131rlan\u0131rken, o tarihe kadar kullan\u0131lan \u201csu\u00e7lu \u00e7ocuk\u201d kavram\u0131ndan etiketleyici \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeniyle ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmak istenmi\u015f, uluslararas\u0131 hukukta yer alan \u201ckanunla ihtilaf halindeki \u00e7ocuk\u201d (child in conflict with the law) kavram\u0131 ithal bulunarak tercih edilmemi\u015f, yerine etiketleyici olmayan ancak bize \u00f6zg\u00fc olan bir kavram \u00fcretmek istenilmesi sonucunda ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak as\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan\u0131n kavram de\u011fil, tan\u0131nan hukuki g\u00fcvenceler oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir. Bu kavramsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn hemen ard\u0131ndan, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n yarg\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 pratiklerin s\u00fcrmesine neden olacak bi\u00e7imde yasal d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, cezaya alternatiflere, yarg\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yollara ba\u015fvurma olanaklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu suretle \u201csu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk kavram\u0131\u201d i\u00e7i bo\u015f bir ideali yans\u0131tan arabesk bir kavram olmaktan \u00f6teye ge\u00e7ememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi olgusunu yaln\u0131zca hukuk politikalar\u0131 veya yarg\u0131sal uygulamalar \u00fczerinden anlamaya ve anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak son derece eksik, yanl\u0131\u015f ve yetersiz bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n tezah\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Toplumlar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal ortam, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fu hem g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famda hem de ideolojik d\u00fczeyde bi\u00e7imlendirir. Kapitalist sistemde \u00e7ocuk, bir yandan sermayenin yeniden \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli eme\u011fin gelecekteki ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r; di\u011fer yandan t\u00fcketim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hedefi ve ma\u011fdurudur. E\u011fitim, aile, medya ve sosyal politika mekanizmalar\u0131, \u00e7ocu\u011fu bu ikili i\u015flev aras\u0131nda konumland\u0131r\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7ocuk su\u00e7lulu\u011fu ya da \u201csu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenme\u201d, sadece bireysel bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n, ihmal ya da istismar\u0131n sonucu de\u011fil; toplumsal d\u00fczenin bir \u00fcretimidir.<\/p>\n

Bu yaz\u0131, \u201csu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n ideolojik i\u015flevini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131, hukukun bu alandaki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 ve ideal bir \u00e7ocuk adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temel ilkelerini \u00f6nermeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Genelinde \u00c7ocuklarda Su\u00e7 Davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00dcreten Sosyo-Politik \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cSu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk\u201d olgusunu yaln\u0131zca bireysel bir mesele gibi g\u00f6ren ve \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in cezalar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep eden yakla\u015f\u0131m ne kadar yanl\u0131\u015f ise bu olguyu ailevi ya da hukuki bir mesele olarak ele almak da o kadar yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Konunun s\u0131n\u0131fsal zeminini ve toplumun \u00e7ocuk alg\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkileri g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z aile tarih\u00e7isi Philippe Ari\u00e8s, modern \u00e7ocukluk kavram\u0131n\u0131n 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131 Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda burjuva aile yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fiyle birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer.[1]<\/a> Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ocuk, hem korunmas\u0131 gereken masum bir varl\u0131k hem de gelecekteki \u00fcretken i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla modern \u00e7ocukluk, burjuva toplumunun yeniden \u00fcretim mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ocukluk, insana dair her \u015feyi kapsayan biyopsikososyal bir geli\u015fim evresi de\u011fil, idealize edilmi\u015f insan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir varl\u0131k olarak tarif edilmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak da, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fa burjuva bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ile bakanlara g\u00f6re su\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u00e7ocuk art\u0131k masumiyetini yitirmi\u015f bir birey olarak yeti\u015fkin gibi muamele edilmesini hak etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Neoliberal d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ocuklara ili\u015fkin cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 e\u011filim, sosyal devletin gerilemesiyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Sosyal refah devletinin tasfiyesi, yaln\u0131zca ekonomik g\u00fcvence mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez; ayn\u0131 zamanda, su\u00e7un toplumsal nedenlerinin derinle\u015fmesine de yol a\u00e7ar. D\u00fcnya genelinde yap\u0131lan ampirik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, sosyal hizmetlerin b\u00fct\u00e7esindeki azalmalar ile \u00e7ocuk su\u00e7lulu\u011fundaki art\u0131\u015f aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir korelasyon bulundu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 kamu politikalar\u0131 uzman\u0131 Maximilian Rudolph ile siyaset ve kamu y\u00f6netimi profes\u00f6r\u00fc Peter Starke\u2019\u0131n OECD \u00fclkelerindeki sosyal harcamalar ile su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi inceleyen kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, refah devletinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu toplumlarda su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131n\u0131n belirgin bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyretti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu etki, do\u011frudan ekonomik fakt\u00f6rlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir; aile i\u00e7i istikrar, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m hizmetlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplumsal dayan\u0131\u015fma a\u011flar\u0131 da su\u00e7u \u00f6nleyici etkenler olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rmektedir. Sosyal refah harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ise, \u00f6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli ailelerde ekonomik stresin artmas\u0131na, ebeveyn-\u00e7ocuk ili\u015fkilerinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n riskli davran\u0131\u015flara y\u00f6nelmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Deshpande ve Mueller-Smith\u2019in Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bu ili\u015fkinin yaln\u0131zca istatistiksel bir korelasyon olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, nedensel bir ba\u011f ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, sosyal yard\u0131m programlar\u0131ndan, \u00f6zellikle Ek G\u00fcvenlik Geliri (Supplemental Security Income) deste\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan gen\u00e7lerin, izleyen y\u0131llarda su\u00e7 i\u015fleme ve ceza adaleti sistemiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n anlaml\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00fckseldi\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.[3]<\/a> Bu bulgu, sosyal refah deste\u011finin yaln\u0131zca ekonomik de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda sosyal b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da kritik bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu sonu\u00e7lar, sosyal hizmetlerin yaln\u0131zca \u201cyard\u0131m\u201d de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nleyici adalet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve oradaki bo\u015flu\u011fun \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde riske a\u00e7\u0131k hale getirdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan \u00e7\u0131kan ortak sonu\u00e7, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u201csu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesinin\u201d, bireysel ahlaki bir sapma olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, refah devletinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinin do\u011frudan toplumsal sonucu oldu\u011fudur. Bu \u00e7eli\u015fki toplumdaki risk alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da cezaland\u0131rma talebini, bu talep de sosyal adaleti sa\u011flama kapasitesini yitiren devletlerin cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ayg\u0131tlara y\u00f6nelme e\u011filimini artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklu\u011fu geli\u015fimin bir evresi olarak tarif etti\u011fimizde, hatan\u0131n onu yeti\u015fkinle\u015ftirmedi\u011fi, tam tersine yeti\u015fkinden fark\u0131na ve ihtiyac\u0131na dair bir g\u00f6sterge olarak kabul edildi\u011fi bir toplumsal yakla\u015f\u0131m geli\u015ftirilir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re, \u00e7ocu\u011fun kanunla ihtilaf halinde olmas\u0131 istenmiyorsa, kanunlar\u0131n bu d\u00f6nemin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re ve bu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131r bi\u00e7imde d\u00fczenlenmesi gerekir. Hal b\u00f6yle iken, Frans\u0131z sosyolog Lo\u00efc Wacquant\u2019\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi, neoliberal d\u00f6nemde cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 devlet politikalar\u0131, refah devletinin gerilemesiyle e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak geni\u015flemi\u015ftir ve \u201csosyal politika<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n yerini \u201cceza politikas\u0131<\/em>\u201d alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[4]<\/a> Bu da \u00e7ocukluk kavram\u0131n\u0131n kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131narak \u00e7ocuk adalet sisteminin buna uygun d\u00fczenlenmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde yeniden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Karl Marx, \u00e7ocuk eme\u011fini kapitalist \u00fcretimin bir sonucu olarak de\u011ferlendirir: \u201cSermaye, \u00e7ocuk eme\u011fini bile s\u00f6m\u00fcrmekten \u00e7ekinmez; insan\u0131n geli\u015fiminin en verimli \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 k\u00e2r\u0131n arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/em>\u201d[5]<\/a> Bu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte olan bir tespittir. \u00c7ocuk i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi bug\u00fcn bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftirerek s\u00fcrmektedir: Sokakta, tar\u0131mda, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck at\u00f6lyelerde ya da ev i\u00e7i hizmetlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7ocuklar; ya da erken ya\u015fta e\u011fitimden kopan, g\u00fcvencesiz i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gen\u00e7ler bu s\u00fcreklili\u011fin g\u00fcncel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleridir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fitim sistemi, kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin yeniden \u00fcretiminde merkezi bir i\u015fleve sahiptir. Okul, yaln\u0131zca bilgi aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda disiplinin ve itaatin \u00f6\u011frenildi\u011fi bir kurumdur. Pierre Bourdieu\u2019n\u00fcn ifadesiyle, e\u011fitim alan\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel sermayenin s\u0131n\u0131fsal aktar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n arac\u0131d\u0131r.[6]<\/a> Bu ba\u011flamda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli ailelerden gelen \u00e7ocuklar sistematik olarak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa mahk\u00fbm edilir; b\u00f6ylece \u201csu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenme\u201d riskini art\u0131ran yap\u0131sal ko\u015fullar yeniden \u00fcretilir. Bu ailelere mensup \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n hepsinin su\u00e7a itilmemesi bu durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirmez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ocu\u011fun su\u00e7la ili\u015fkilenmesine neden olacak olgular\u0131n ne zaman kimin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 bu ko\u015fullarda \u00e7ok da kontrol edilemez. Yoksullu\u011fun sadece maddi yoksunluk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, Galleano\u2019nun deyimi ile \u201cmermi atmadan uygulanan \u015fiddet\u201d[7]<\/a> oldu\u011funa dikkat etmek gerekir. \u00d6te yandan bir kimsenin ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca yasalarla ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n belaya girmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 su\u00e7 say\u0131lacak bir davran\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedi\u011fi anlam\u0131na da gelmez. Ancak \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7la ili\u015fkilenmesinin tek nedeni de ailenin gelir d\u00fczeyi de\u011fildir.\u00c7ocu\u011fa bak\u0131m veren kimselerin ebeveynlik becerileri bazen gelir d\u00fczeyleri ile de ili\u015fkili olsa da, gelir d\u00fczeyinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir de\u011fi\u015fken olarak \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flara y\u00f6nelmelerinde \u00f6nemli etkenlerden birini olu\u015fturur. \u00c7ocu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 ihmal ve istismar say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar \u00fczerindeki etkilerinden biri de su\u00e7a y\u00f6nelmedir. Bu ili\u015fki, g\u00f6rerek \u00f6\u011frenme, duygular\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde zorlanma vb. de\u011fi\u015fik nedenlerle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Nedeni ne olursa olsun, sonucu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ocu\u011fun ailesi yan\u0131nda ihmal ve istismara u\u011framas\u0131n\u0131n etkisini dikkate almak gerekir. Bu da bize Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler taraf\u0131ndan 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konan \u00c7ocuk Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin (\u00c7HS) 19. maddesi ile devletlere verilen \u00e7ocu\u011fun kendi ailesinin yan\u0131nda iken ihmal veya istismardan korunmas\u0131 g\u00f6revini hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bu meselenin sadece bak\u0131m verenin kapasitesi sorunu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, devletin de bu soruna m\u00fcdahale etme konusunda yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz toplumunda \u00e7ocuk, ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcketim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de ana hedefidir. Reklamlar, dijital oyunlar ve sosyal medya, \u00e7ocuklu\u011fu ticarile\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir kimli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. \u00c7ocu\u011fa y\u00f6nelik e\u011fitim gibi temel hizmetlerin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi bu kimli\u011fi \u00e7ok yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde destekler.<\/p>\n

Bu ko\u015fullarda \u201csu\u00e7\u201d, yaln\u0131zca yasal bir ihlal sonucu koruma ve adalet sisteminin m\u00fcdahalesinin gerek\u00e7esi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumsal d\u0131\u015flanman\u0131n<\/em> da gerek\u00e7esi haline gelir ve s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da derinle\u015ftirir. Yoksul mahallelerde ya\u015fayan, e\u011fitimden kopmu\u015f \u00e7ocuklar art\u0131k korunmas\u0131 gereken de\u011fil, denetlenmesi gereken varl\u0131klar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n

Medya da bu s\u00fcrecin ideolojik aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok yerinde \u00e7ocuklar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar sansasyonel ba\u015fl\u0131klarla sunulmakta; kamuoyunda cezalar\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir \u201cadalet talebi\u201d yarat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, medyan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u201cyans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131\u201d de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda in\u015fa edici<\/em><\/strong> bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. \u0130ngiliz sosyolog ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar uzman\u0131 Stuart Hall ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi, su\u00e7 haberleri modern toplumda \u201cahlaki panik<\/em>\u201d \u00fcreterek belirli toplumsal kesimleri tehdit unsuru olarak kodlaman\u0131n arac\u0131 haline gelmektedir.[8]<\/a> Haberlerin verili\u015f bi\u00e7imi nedeniyle toplumda olu\u015fan bu \u201cpanik\u201d, toplumsal \u00f6fkeyi devletin \u00f6nleme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sorgulamaya de\u011fil; cezaland\u0131rma erkini yeterli bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131p kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamaya ve bireyleri lin\u00e7 etmeye y\u00f6neltmektedir.<\/p>\n

Yarg\u0131 prati\u011fi de bu ayr\u0131m\u0131 yeniden \u00fcretir. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilirken \u201ctekrar su\u00e7 i\u015fleme ihtimali\u201d gerek\u00e7esi s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Oysa bu gerek\u00e7e, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yoksulluk, e\u011fitimsizlik ve sosyal destek eksikli\u011fini cezaland\u0131rmak anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7ocuk adalet sisteminin merkezinde yer almas\u0131 gereken onar\u0131c\u0131 adalet<\/em> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, yerini \u00f6nleyici cezaland\u0131rma<\/em> mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na b\u0131rakmaya zorlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk adalet sisteminin bu yap\u0131sal zaaf\u0131, liberal hukuk d\u00fczeninin genel karakteriyle uyumludur. Hukuk, \u00e7ocu\u011fu koruma iddias\u0131yla devreye girerken, esasen toplumsal disiplinin arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Michel Foucault\u2019nun belirtti\u011fi gibi, \u201cmodern ceza sistemi su\u00e7luyu \u0131slah etme bahanesiyle onu s\u00fcrekli g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131na al\u0131r ve kontrol eder.<\/em>\u201d[9]<\/a> \u00c7ocuk adalet sistemi de benzer bi\u00e7imde, su\u00e7u \u00f6nlemek yerine \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 toplumdan soyutlayarak m\u00fccadele etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu perspektiften bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u201c\u00e7ocu\u011fu su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen kimdir?\u201d sorusunun yan\u0131tlarken, ceza hukuku bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ile do\u011frudan bir su\u00e7a azmettiren ki\u015fiyi tarif etmek yetmez, \u00e7ocu\u011fu risklere kar\u015f\u0131 korumas\u0131z b\u0131rakan b\u00fct\u00fcn sistemi dikkate almak gerekir. Toplum, kaynaklar\u0131n e\u015fit ve adil bi\u00e7imde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bireylerin kurumlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sosyal ve ekonomik d\u00fczenden ne derece uzakla\u015f\u0131rsa, hem su\u00e7u hem su\u00e7luyu \u00fcretme potansiyeli o derece artar. \u00c7ocuk bu sistemin en savunmas\u0131z halkas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Su\u00e7a S\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00c7ocuk Kavram\u0131n\u0131n Tarihsel ve Hukuki Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7ocuklara \u00f6zg\u00fc adalet sistemi aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir d\u00f6neme uzan\u0131r. Hukuk profes\u00f6r\u00fc Naci \u015eensoy\u2019un 1949 tarihli \u00c7ocuk Su\u00e7lulu\u011fu \u2013K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckl\u00fck- \u00c7ocuk Mahkemeleri ve \u0130nfaz M\u00fcesseseleri<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, bu alandaki ilk sistematik giri\u015fimlerden biridir. Ancak, \u00e7ocu\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fc yarg\u0131lama sistemini kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131ran ilk yasal d\u00fczenleme, 1979 tarihli 2253 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ocuk Mahkemelerinin Kurulu\u015f, G\u00f6rev ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun<\/em> olmu\u015ftur. Bu Kanun\u2019la \u00e7ocuk mahkemelerinin temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, fakat fiilen i\u015fler hale gelmesi 1989 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bu tarihsel s\u00fcrecin en \u00f6nemli a\u015famas\u0131, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 5395 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu\u2019dur. \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu, kabul edildi\u011fi 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7ocuk adalet sisteminde yeni bir d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak sunulmu\u015ftu. Kanunun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda yer alan komisyon, \u00e7ocuk mahkemelerinin yaln\u0131zca yarg\u0131sal bir mekanizma olarak de\u011fil, koruma ve destek sistemleriyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f bir yap\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 hedeflemi\u015fti. Kanunun ama\u00e7 maddesi ve \u00c7HS\u2019nin temel ilkelerini yorum ilkesi olarak kabul eden 4. maddesi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131, bu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan ko\u015fullar\u0131 anlamay\u0131 ve \u00e7ocu\u011fu su\u00e7 ve di\u011fer sosyal risklerden korumay\u0131 hedefledi\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kanunun birinci maddesi, amac\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ortaya koyar: \u201cBu Kanunun amac\u0131, korunma ihtiyac\u0131 olan veya su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na, haklar\u0131n\u0131n ve esenliklerinin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin us\u00fbl ve esaslar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemektir.<\/em>\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu \u201csu\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuk\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r: \u201cKanunlarda su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanan bir fiili i\u015fledi\u011fi iddias\u0131 ile hakk\u0131nda soru\u015fturma veya kovu\u015fturma yap\u0131lan ya da i\u015fledi\u011fi fiilden dolay\u0131 hakk\u0131nda g\u00fcvenlik tedbirine karar verilen \u00e7ocuk<\/em>\u201d (md.3)<\/p>\n

Kanunun temel vaadi, korunma ihtiyac\u0131 olan ya da su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n ve esenliklerinin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/em> idi. Ne var ki, bu ama\u00e7, uygulamada iki temel \u00e7eli\u015fki nedeniyle i\u015flevsizle\u015fti. Birincisi, kanunun su\u00e7 i\u015fledi\u011fi iddia olunan \u00e7ocuklarla ilgili esaslar\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019na (TCK) havale etmesi; ikincisi ise, koruyucu ve destekleyici tedbirlerin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren kurumsal kapasitenin hi\u00e7bir zaman olu\u015fturulmamas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen \u00e7ocuklara uygulanacak esas\u0131n, \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu ile de\u011fil, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 31. maddesiyle d\u00fczenlenmesi, Kanunun amac\u0131n\u0131 tamamen i\u015flevsiz hale getirmektedir. TCK\u2019ye g\u00f6re, 12 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmam\u0131\u015f \u00e7ocuklar hakk\u0131nda kovu\u015fturma yap\u0131lamaz, ancak g\u00fcvenlik tedbiri uygulanabilir. 12 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmu\u015f ancak 15 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmam\u0131\u015f \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ceza sorumlulu\u011fu yoksa g\u00fcvenlik tedbiri uygulan\u0131r, ceza sorumlulu\u011fu varsa ve su\u00e7u i\u015fledi\u011fi ispat olunmu\u015fsa cezaya h\u00fckmedilir. 15 ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 doldurmu\u015f olanlar\u0131n ise ceza sorumlulu\u011fu bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ceza sorumlulu\u011fu olan 12\u201318 ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan cezan\u0131n yerine ge\u00e7ebilecek ger\u00e7ek anlamda alternatif tedbirler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle, \u201ckoruma\u201d iddias\u0131ndaki hukuk, asl\u0131nda ceza hukukunun g\u00f6lgesinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunun esasl\u0131 sebeplerinden biri, ad\u0131 \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu olan kanunun koruma ile ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu\u2019nun haz\u0131rlanma s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131lan komisyon \u00fcyeleri, amac\u0131n sadece usul h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek de\u011fil, cezaland\u0131rma yerine onar\u0131c\u0131 ve koruyucu bir sistem in\u015fa etmek olarak belirlemi\u015flerdi. Kanunun ilk haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmas\u0131 hedeflenmi\u015f, ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn korumaya, ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00e7ocuk adaletine, son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn de infaz hukukuna ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak yasa teklifi haline getirilirken koruma ve infaz k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 tekliften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7ocuk adaleti k\u0131sm\u0131nda yer alan baz\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler e\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak TBMM\u2019ne sunulan T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu ve Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmek \u00fczere tekliften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu \u00fczerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ise yasa yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n temel kayg\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in ceza hukukuna alternatif ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u201cyetersiz\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiydi. Bu nedenle cezaland\u0131rma, \u00e7ocuk adalet sisteminin merkezinde kalmaya devam etti. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7ocuk adalet sistemi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7la ili\u015fkilenmesi meselesine kavramsal d\u00fczeyde \u00e7ocu\u011fu su\u00e7un faili olmaktan \u00e7ok, devletin koruma nesnesi olarak tan\u0131mlama e\u011filimi ile yakla\u015f\u0131rken; verilecek tepkiyi belirlerken cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 partriyarkal yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimser. Kavramsal duyarl\u0131l\u0131k, \u201ctoplum yarar\u0131\u201d ad\u0131na \u015fekillenen korumac\u0131 devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ilerlerken; davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ele almaya ili\u015fkin esaslar tamamen cezaland\u0131rma d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yol g\u00f6sterme, y\u00f6nlendirme kabiliyeti olmayan patriyarka sertli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle, ceza sorumlulu\u011fu olmayan \u00e7ocu\u011fun su\u00e7 say\u0131lan bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi halinde devreye girmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen g\u00fcvenlik tedbirleri, hem usul hem de esas bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersizdir. G\u00fcvenlik tedbirleri yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fc bulunmamakta ve bu nedenle etkili g\u00fcvenlik tedbirleri de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclememektedir. Etkili bir m\u00fcdahalede bulunman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda hi\u00e7 ceza adalet sisteminin ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmamak \u00e7o\u011fu zaman pedagojik a\u00e7\u0131dan yanl\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011frenmeye sebep olmamak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Bu durum; 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00c7ocuk Ceza Adaleti Sisteminin Uygulanmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Asgari Standart Kurallar ya da k\u0131sa ad\u0131yla Pekin Kurallar\u0131\u2019nda \u015f\u00f6yle ifade edilmektedir: \u201c…\u00e7o\u011fu durumda m\u00fcdahale etmemek en iyi tepki olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle de su\u00e7 ciddi bir nitelikte de\u011filse ve aile, okul veya di\u011fer gayr\u0131 resmi sosyal kontrol kurumlar\u0131 uygun ve yap\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tepki vermi\u015f veya tepki verme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksekse.<\/em>\u201d[11]<\/a> \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanununun en \u00f6nemli problemlerinden biri bu noktada ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Ceza sorumlulu\u011fu olmayan \u00e7ocuklar da kolluk kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan yakalanmakta, ifade i\u00e7in Cumhuriyet Savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilmekte ancak sonras\u0131nda ceza sorumlulu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in sal\u0131verilmektedirler. Haklar\u0131nda g\u00fcvenlik tedbiri uygulanmas\u0131na karar verildi\u011finde ise bu tedbir koruyucu ve destekleyici tedbirlerden biri olmakta, uygulanmamas\u0131n\u0131n bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 bulunmamakta, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman bu karar \u00e7ocu\u011fa ula\u015fmamakta veya \u00e7ok ge\u00e7 ula\u015fmakta, pedagojik olarak anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan iki y\u00f6netmelik –\u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanununa G\u00f6re Verilen Koruyucu ve Destekleyici Tedbirlerin Uygulanmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Y\u00f6netmelik<\/em> ve \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanununun Uygulanmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Y\u00f6netmelik<\/em>– kanunun koruyucu boyutunu daha da zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle bak\u0131m tedbirine ili\u015fkin 14. madde, \u00e7ocu\u011fun acil korumaya al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fartlara ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylece tedbir kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, Kanunun koruma amac\u0131n\u0131 bi\u00e7imsel bir ilkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011fu su\u00e7a iten nedenlerin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2kimin hukuk bilgisi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremeyece\u011fi bir bilirki\u015filik faaliyetidir. Bunun i\u00e7in mahkemelere rapor sunacak yeterli uzmanl\u0131\u011fa sahip sosyal hizmet uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rev yapmas\u0131 gerekirken, bu durum \u00f6nce \u00fcniversitelerin yeterli kapasiteye sahip olmamas\u0131 daha sonras\u0131nda da istihdam politikalar\u0131nda uzmanl\u0131k ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesi sebebiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahkemeye rapor yazacak uzmanlar\u0131n mahkeme nezdinde g\u00f6revlendirilmesi, sosyal incelemeler i\u00e7in kaynak ayr\u0131lmamas\u0131, alan\u0131n uzman\u0131 olmayan ki\u015filerin istihdam edilmesi, sosyal incelemelerin denetimini sa\u011flayacak bir mekanizman\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 gibi sebeplerle, bu raporlar da mahkemelere yol g\u00f6sterme vasf\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu\u2019nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen koruyucu ve destekleyici tedbirler, uygulamada yetersiz kaynak nedeniyle hayata ge\u00e7irilememi\u015f, bu tedbirler i\u00e7in gerekli hizmetler yeterli nitelik ve niceli\u011fe sahip bi\u00e7imde sunulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda Kanun, koruyucu ve destekleyici tedbirlerin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek ve \u201cKararla ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen amac\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitim, aile, kurum, i\u015f ve sosyal \u00e7evreye uyumunu sa\u011flamak \u00fczere onu desteklemek, yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak, gerekti\u011finde \u00f6nerilerde bulunmak<\/em>\u201d \u00fczere denetim g\u00f6revlisi tayin edilmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Bu tedbirlerin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n temel g\u00fcvencesi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu y\u00f6ndeki kararlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndan sorumlu bir te\u015fkilat kurulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle de mahkemelerce denetim karar\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7 verilmemektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenmelerini sa\u011flayacak etkili mekanizmalar olarak kurgulanabilecek olan kamu davas\u0131n\u0131n ertelenmesi, h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uzla\u015fma kurumlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ocuklar yeti\u015fkinlerle ayn\u0131 prosed\u00fcrlere tabi k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklar\u0131n ceza sistemi i\u00e7erisine girmesinin son \u00e7are olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak usuller yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmedi\u011fi gibi cezalar\u0131n infaz\u0131nda da \u00e7ocu\u011fun g\u00fcvenli bi\u00e7imde topluma geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 uygulamalar da geli\u015ftirilip yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fun e\u011fitimine devam etmesini ve davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ge\u00e7erlilik ve g\u00fcvenilirlik testleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f psikososyal programlar haz\u0131rlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mevcut programlar\u0131n kendilerinin ge\u00e7erlilik ve g\u00fcvenilirlik testleri bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bu programlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ile elde edilen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesini sa\u011flayacak ge\u00e7erli ve g\u00fcvenilir oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f ara\u00e7lar da geli\u015ftirilememi\u015ftir. Bunun sonucu olarak, infaz kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (\u0130HAS) 5. Maddesi ve \u00c7HS 37. Maddesinde yer alan ilkelere uygun bi\u00e7imde \u00e7ocu\u011fun en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede topluma geri d\u00f6nmesine elveri\u015fli alt yap\u0131ya sahip oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda bilimsel bir verimiz bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan bu durum ko\u015fullu sal\u0131verme m\u00fcessesesinin de s\u00fcrenin dolmas\u0131yla, otomatik olarak uygulanmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Bu sonucun en \u00f6nemli etkisi de yine \u00e7ocuklar \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Su\u00e7 i\u015fledi\u011fi iddia olunan ki\u015filerin otomatik uygulanan indirimler nedeniyle topluma g\u00f6re k\u0131sa s\u00fcrelerde sal\u0131verilmeleri kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezalar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve cezas\u0131zl\u0131k gibi yorumlanmakta ve cezalar\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 talebinin y\u00fckselmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu da olmas\u0131 gerekenin tersi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir kamuoyu bask\u0131s\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, 2005 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u201c\u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00fcst\u00fcn yarar\u0131\u201d ilkesinin, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131zca retorik d\u00fczeyde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. \u00c7ocuk mahkemelerinin kurulu\u015fu, devletin sosyal hizmet kapasitesiyle desteklenmemi\u015f; \u00e7ocuk koruma sistemi, sosyal hizmet yerine g\u00fcvenlik mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden i\u015fletilmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, \u00e7ocu\u011fun su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesini \u00f6nlemek yerine, su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fi iddias\u0131yla daha erken ya\u015fta cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya su\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flara seyirci kal\u0131nmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furan bir prati\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn gelinen noktada, \u201c\u00e7ocu\u011fun su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi\u201d olgusu, hem yasal sistemin i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinin hem de sosyal e\u015fitsizliklerin ve \u00e7ocu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 toplumsal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ihmal etme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kesi\u015fiminde durmaktad\u0131r. Bu kavram, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde koruyucu bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 temsil etmeye niyetlense de, ne kanunun ne de uygulaman\u0131n bu niyete uygun bi\u00e7imlendirilmesini sa\u011flayabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u00c7ocuk Koruma Kanunu, iyi niyetli bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, koruyucu sistemle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015femedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u201c\u00e7ocu\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fc adalet sistemi\u201d hedefini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirememi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn gelinen noktada, kanun ne \u00e7ocu\u011fu koruma ne de su\u00e7un y\u00f6netimi i\u015flevini yerine getirebilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vaatlerini Yerine Getirmeyen Bir Kanun ile M\u00fccadele <\/strong><\/p>\n

Gerek Kanun haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve savunusunda gerekse su\u00e7 i\u015fledi\u011fi iddia olunan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n savunulmas\u0131nda barolar ve avukatlar \u00f6nemli roller \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir. 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren zorunlu m\u00fcdafilik sistemiyle birlikte \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n savunma hakk\u0131 teorik olarak g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak uygulamada, adli yard\u0131m sistemi, nitelikli ve \u00e7ocuk dostu bir hukuki destek sunma kapasitesine ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada hem atanan avukat\u0131n etkin savunma yapma hem de atayan baronun etkin savunmay\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alma sorumlulu\u011fundan s\u00f6z etmek gerekir. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, \u2018G\u00fcve\u00e7-T\u00fcrkiye\u2019 karar\u0131nda bu durumu \u015f\u00f6yle vurgulamaktad\u0131r, \u201csadece \u00e7ocu\u011fa bir vekil tayin edilmesi etkin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flamaz; devlet, atanan avukat\u0131n etkili savunma yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda m\u00fcdahale etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/em>\u201d[13]<\/a> Bu vurgu, \u00e7ocuk adalet sisteminde \u00e7ocuklar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan meselenin ne kadar \u00e7ok boyutlu ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ortaya koymas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

Avukatl\u0131k hizmetinin \u00fccretlendirme ve atama sistemi, adli yard\u0131m\u0131n piyasa mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum, \u00e7ocuklara sunulan hukuki deste\u011fi bi\u00e7imsel bir temsil d\u00fczeyine indirger. Oysa \u00e7ocuk dostu hukuki yard\u0131m<\/em> anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, yaln\u0131zca yasal temsili de\u011fil, \u00e7ocu\u011fun s\u00fcre\u00e7te etkin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, anla\u015f\u0131labilir bilgiye eri\u015fimini ve psikososyal destek mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Konseyi\u2019nin \u00c7ocuk Dostu Adalete \u0130li\u015fkin Rehber \u0130lkeler<\/em> belgesi ve UNICEF taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan \u00c7ocuk Dostu Hukuki Yard\u0131m \u0130lkeleri<\/em>, \u00e7ocu\u011fun yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine etkin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, anlayabilece\u011fi dilde bilgiye eri\u015fimini ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131ktan korunmas\u0131n\u0131 temel al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu ilkeler, s\u0131n\u0131fsal ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kolayl\u0131kla bi\u00e7imsel bir etik s\u00f6yleme indirgenebilir. Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de avukatlar, barolar ve adli yard\u0131m sistemleri bu ilkeleri k\u0131smen benimsemi\u015f olsa da, pratikte \u201c\u00e7ocuk dostu\u201d bir hukuki yard\u0131m mekanizmas\u0131 kurulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Avukatlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklarla kurduklar\u0131 ili\u015fkinin niteli\u011fi, sistemin adalet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da yans\u0131t\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fun yaln\u0131zca bir \u201cdosya konusu\u201d olarak de\u011fil, yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinin \u00f6znesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekir. Ancak mevcut uygulamalarda, avukat\u0131n rol\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu zaman teknik savunmayla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fun dinlenmesi, s\u00fcre\u00e7 hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirilmesi ve karar alma s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 yeterince sa\u011flanmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu durum, adalet sisteminin \u00e7ocukla kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fkinin \u00f6z\u00fcnde disiplinci bir karakter ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Michel Foucault\u2019nun tan\u0131m\u0131yla, modern devlet, bireyleri g\u00f6zetim, de\u011ferlendirme ve d\u00fczeltme mekanizmalar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00f6netir.[14]<\/a> \u00c7ocuk adalet sistemi, bu mekanizmalar\u0131n en g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun \u00fcst\u00fcn yarar\u0131 ilkesinin i\u00e7i, \u201c\u00e7ocu\u011fu do\u011fru yola y\u00f6nlendirme\u201d misyonu ile doldurulmakta; b\u00f6ylece \u00e7ocuk, devletin ahlaki d\u00fczenine uygun hale getirilmesi gereken bir nesneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu disiplinci anlay\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131fsald\u0131r. Orta ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 \u201crehabilite edilmesi gereken gen\u00e7ler\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 \u201ctoplum g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in izlenmesi gereken riskli bireyler\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece \u201c\u00e7ocuk dostu hukuk\u201d s\u00f6ylemi, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde evrensel bir koruma ilkesini savunurken, ger\u00e7ekte s\u0131n\u0131fsal hiyerar\u015fiyi yeniden \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, \u00e7ocuk adalet sistemi reformlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek anlamda \u00e7ocuk dostu hale gelebilmesi, yaln\u0131zca yarg\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin de\u011fil, toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc gerektirir. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesini engellemek, onlar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rma tehdidinden kurtarmaktan \u00e7ok, yoksullu\u011fu, e\u011fitimsizli\u011fi ve sosyal d\u0131\u015flanmay\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Sunulacak hukuki yard\u0131m\u0131n da bu sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi hedefleyen bir yakla\u015f\u0131ma sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ceza hukuku alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir avukat\u0131n rol\u00fcnden tamamen farkl\u0131 bir rold\u00fcr \u00e7ocuk adalet sistemi i\u00e7erisinde bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun m\u00fcdafili\u011fini \u00fcstlenmek. Onun adil yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n, su\u00e7u i\u015flememi\u015fse beraat etmesini, i\u015flemi\u015f ise orant\u0131l\u0131 bir yapt\u0131r\u0131ma maruz kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00e7ocu\u011fun savunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenen m\u00fcdafiin rol\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeterli de\u011fildir. \u00c7ocu\u011fu su\u00e7a iten sebeplerin, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ki\u015filik \u00f6zelliklerinin ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini, bu sebeplerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu tedbirlerin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yeni Bir \u00c7ocuk Adaleti Perspektifi <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk adaletinin temel esaslar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen Pekin Kurallar\u0131 ve BM \u00c7HK 24 No gibi ulusal \u00fcst\u00fc hukuk belgeleri, su\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u00e7ocu\u011fu cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00e7ocu\u011fun su\u00e7 i\u015flemesini \u00f6nleyecek toplumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc merkeze al\u0131r. \u00c7ocu\u011fun su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesini bireysel sapma olarak de\u011fil, toplumsal e\u015fitsizliklerin bir sonucu<\/em> olarak kavrar. Burada her ne kadar \u00e7ocu\u011fun korunma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ediliyorsa da, bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel, \u00e7ocu\u011fu yaln\u0131zca korunmas\u0131 gereken bir birey olarak de\u011fil, toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n aktif bir \u00f6znesi olarak g\u00f6ren bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7ocuk adaletinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil, toplumun kolektif sorumlulu\u011funa dayal\u0131<\/em> bir alan olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Bunun en \u00f6nemli yans\u0131mas\u0131, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ilk riskli davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, en basit davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 en ciddi ve \u00f6zenli bi\u00e7imde ele almakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m, \u00e7ocuk hapis cezas\u0131 gerektiren bir su\u00e7 i\u015fleyinceye kadar konunun \u00fczerinde ciddiyet ve \u00f6zenle durmaz, genellikle bu durumlar\u0131 basit tepkiler ve yak\u0131nmalarla ge\u00e7i\u015ftirir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m bir yandan \u00e7ocu\u011fu su\u00e7a iten ko\u015fullarda korumas\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan da su\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunman\u0131n sonucunda, \u00e7ocuk oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi yanl\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011frenmeye neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuk su\u00e7lulu\u011fu \u00f6nlenmek isteniyorsa cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n i\u015flevsel olamayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7 say\u0131lan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00e7ocukluk \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gere\u011fi olan hareketlerin yasalarca dikkate al\u0131nmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumlar hi\u00e7bir bi\u00e7imde adalet sisteminin i\u00e7erisine d\u00e2hil edilmemelidirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu yeti\u015fkinden \u00e7ocu\u011fa y\u00f6nelik cinsel davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 su\u00e7 olarak d\u00fczenlerken akranlar ve onlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 onay ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate almamaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenleme \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n geli\u015fimlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan davran\u0131\u015flarla ilgili cezaland\u0131rma riski ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu riski \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu gibi cinsel su\u00e7lar kapsam\u0131nda akranlar\u0131n ayr\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme ile ele al\u0131nmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir di\u011fer kategori, huzuru bozmak gibi, uyu\u015fturucu kullanmak gibi ergenlerin ya\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fi olarak riskli hareket ettikleri hallerdir. Bu gibi durumlar da yarg\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yollar ile ele al\u0131nmal\u0131, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu almalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak programlara dahil edilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

As\u0131l olarak da h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, yaralama gibi su\u00e7 say\u0131lan eylemler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00e7ocu\u011fu bu davran\u0131\u015fa iten nedenleri ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen bir strateji benimsenmelidir. Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ilk riskli davran\u0131\u015f\u0131nda konu b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleri ile incelenmeli ve etkili tedbirler uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ve d\u00fcnyada \u00e7ocuk adalet sistemleri, neoliberal politikalar\u0131n etkisi alt\u0131nda i\u015flevlerini yitirmektedir. Bu e\u011filime kar\u015f\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n su\u00e7a itilmelerini \u00f6nleyici politikalar kapsam\u0131nda da kolektif bak\u0131m, kamusal e\u011fitim ve e\u015fit ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131<\/em> temelinde bir \u00e7ocuk politikas\u0131 \u00f6nerilmelidir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011fun su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesini \u00f6nlemek, onu su\u00e7 sonras\u0131 \u201ckurtarmak\u201d veya cezaland\u0131rarak cayd\u0131rmakla de\u011fil, onu su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Su\u00e7lar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r cezalar ile \u00f6nlenebilece\u011fi varsay\u0131m\u0131, toplumsal e\u015fitsizlikleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131lar; su\u00e7u bireyselle\u015ftirirken, su\u00e7u \u00fcreten yap\u0131sal nedenleri gizler.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek bir \u00e7ocuk adalet sistemi, ceza hukukunun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde de\u011fil, sosyal adalet<\/em> perspektifinde kurulabilir. \u00c7ocu\u011fun \u00fcst\u00fcn yarar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmek, bar\u0131nma, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve bak\u0131m alanlar\u0131nda e\u015fit f\u0131rsatlar yaratmay\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocu\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fc adalet sisteminin talepleri, yaln\u0131zca bir hukuk reformu talebi ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olamaz, \u00e7ocu\u011fa \u00f6zg\u00fc adalet sisteminin geli\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik m\u00fccadele toplumsal e\u015fitlik m\u00fccadelesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ek anlamda \u00e7ocuk dostu bir toplum, su\u00e7u bireyin de\u011fil, toplumsal d\u00fczenin sorunu olarak g\u00f6ren; cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 de\u011fil, dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 esas alan bir toplumdur.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, \u00e7ocuk adaletinin gelece\u011fi, \u00e7ocu\u011fun su\u00e7a s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesini \u00f6nleyecek yasalar\u0131n de\u011fil, \u00e7ocu\u011fun \u00f6zg\u00fcrce geli\u015febilece\u011fi bir toplumun in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Ari\u00e8s, P. (1962) Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life<\/em>, A Vintage Giant, New York.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Rudolph, M.; P. Starke (2020) \u201cHow Does the Welfare State Reduce Crime? The Effect of Program Characteristics and Decommodification Across 18 OECD-Countries\u201d, Journal of Criminal Justice<\/em>, 68, 101684.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Deshpande, M.; M. Mueller-Smith (2022) \u201cDoes Welfare Prevent Crime? The Criminal Justice Outcomes of Youth Removed From SSI\u201d, Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/em>, 136(4), 2193\u20132243<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Wacquant, L. (2009) Punishing the\u00a0Poor: The Neoliberal Government of\u00a0Social\u00a0Insecurity<\/em>, Duke University Press, Durham.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Marx, K. [1867] (2000) Kapital: Birinci Cilt<\/em>, \u00e7ev. A. Bilgi, 6. Bask\u0131, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 376.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Bourdieu, P. (1986) \u201cThe Forms of Capital\u201d, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education<\/em> i\u00e7inde, J. Richardson (ed.), Greenwood Press, New York, 241\u2013258.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Galeano, E. (2020) A\u015fk\u0131n ve Sava\u015f\u0131n G\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve Geceleri<\/em>, \u00e7ev. S. Do\u011fru, 3. Bask\u0131, Sel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 103.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Hall, S.; C. Critcher; T. Jefferson; J. Clarke; B. Roberts (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order<\/em>, Macmillan Press, Londra.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Foucault, M. (1992) Hapishanenin Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/em>, \u00e7ev. M. A. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7bay, \u0130mge Kitabevi, Ankara, sf. 245 vd.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5395&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> United Nations (1985) UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (\u201cBeijing Rules\u201d)<\/em>, A\/RES\/40\/33, 29 Kas\u0131m 1985 tarihinde kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Ulu\u011ftekin, S. (2004) \u00c7ocuk Mahkemeleri ve Sosyal \u0130nceleme Raporlar\u0131<\/em>, TBB Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, G\u00fcve\u00e7 v. T\u00fcrkiye<\/em>, Ba\u015fvuru No. 70337\/01, Karar Tarihi: 20.01.2009<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Foucault, age, sf. 213 vd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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