{"id":3847,"date":"2025-10-17T10:15:47","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T07:15:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3847"},"modified":"2025-10-17T10:15:47","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T07:15:47","slug":"osmanlidan-cumhuriyete-isci-sinifi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2025\/10\/17\/osmanlidan-cumhuriyete-isci-sinifi\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ayhan Aydo\u011fan <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun son d\u00f6nemleri ile T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn toplumsal yap\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyar. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri hem devletin izledi\u011fi politikalar hem de k\u00fcresel sermayenin etkisiyle geli\u015fim g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra zanaat ve lonca sistemleri zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f, \u00fcretimin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imleri yeniden \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecinin merkezinde ise yeni bir toplumsal \u00f6zne olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu makalenin amac\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funu tarihsel materyalizm perspektifiyle incelemektir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019da kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin hangi yollarla benimsendi\u011fi, bu ili\u015fkilerin eme\u011fi ne \u015fekilde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, proleterle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin hangi a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve bunlar\u0131n Erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemine b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 miras, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ana konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Toplumsal yap\u0131, \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n klasik yap\u0131s\u0131, feodal \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilse de 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren, \u00f6zellikle Tanzimat reformlar\u0131yla birlikte \u00fclkede kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flar. D\u0131\u015f ticaretin geni\u015flemesi, yabanc\u0131 sermayenin \u00fclkeye giri\u015fi, devletin d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmalar\u0131, demiryolu projeleri ve sanayi tesislerinin (\u00f6zellikle tekstil ve maden sekt\u00f6rlerinde) kurulmas\u0131 bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmeler, geleneksel feodal ili\u015fkilerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Emek G\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn Metala\u015fmas\u0131 ve M\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fen K\u00f6yl\u00fcler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kapitalist sistemin ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bir meta haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131’da tersaneler, tar\u0131m i\u015fletmeleri, limanlar, maden ocaklar\u0131, in\u015faat alanlar\u0131 ve fabrikalar gibi tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki sekt\u00f6rlerde \u00fccretli emek giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde, hen\u00fcz bir dizi ge\u00e7i\u015f bi\u00e7imlerine tan\u0131k olunsa bile emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flayacak bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda satmak zorunda kalan, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bireyler olarak i\u015f\u00e7iler art\u0131k \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin ve toplumun bir ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Emek g\u00fcc\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fim nesnesine, yani metaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir\/d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece yaln\u0131zca mal ve hizmetler de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda emek g\u00fcc\u00fc de piyasada al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lan bir unsur haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin i\u015fleyebilmesi i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca \u00fcretimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi de\u011fil, \u00fcretilen nesnelerin piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131nda al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 da gerekir. Bu ba\u011flamda Osmanl\u0131 da hem i\u00e7 pazar geni\u015flemekte hem de d\u00fcnya kapitalist sistemiyle daha b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin pamuk ve t\u00fct\u00fcn gibi tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin d\u0131\u015f pazarlara y\u00f6nelmesiyle birlikte, i\u00e7 piyasa da bu ihracat taleplerine g\u00f6re yeniden \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bu geli\u015fmeler, meta \u00fcretiminin toplumda daha yayg\u0131n bir hale geldi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Ancak bu meta \u00fcretimi, genellikle d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f dinamiklerle \u015fekillenen bir kapitalistle\u015fme modeli olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu nedenle, klasik anlamda yerli bir burjuvaziden ziyade, d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 bir ticaret burjuvazisi ve ta\u015feron \u00fcretim a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda t\u0131mar d\u00fczeninin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesiyle birlikte Rumeli\u2019de merkezi idarenin etkinli\u011fini kaybetmesi, yerel g\u00fc\u00e7 odaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u2013\u00f6zellikle ayanlar ve e\u015fraf\u0131n\u2013 toprak \u00fczerinde kal\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imlerine y\u00f6nelmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cBu s\u00fcre\u00e7te Balkan topraklar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Bulgaristan, Makedonya ve S\u0131rbistan b\u00f6lgelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftlikler (\u00e7iftlik-h\u00e2ne) kurulmu\u015f, bu \u00e7iftlikler tah\u0131l, t\u00fct\u00fcn ve pamuk gibi ticari \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ihrac\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcretim yapan yar\u0131-kapitalist tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmelere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/em>.\u201d[1]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    S\u00f6z konusu \u00e7iftliklerde \u00fcretim, k\u00f6yl\u00fc eme\u011fine dayanmakla birlikte klasik feodal angarya sisteminden farkl\u0131 olarak \u00fccretli, yar\u0131-\u00fccretli ya da borca dayal\u0131 esnek emek bi\u00e7imleriyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Toprak, art\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck malik\u00e2ne sahiplerinin \u00f6zel m\u00fclk\u00fc haline gelirken, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin bu topraklara eri\u015fimi giderek k\u0131s\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Marx\u2019\u0131n Kapital<\/em>\u2019de ifade etti\u011fi bi\u00e7imiyle, \u201c\u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan kopar\u0131lan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, art\u0131k ge\u00e7imlik \u00fcretim de\u011fil, pazara y\u00f6nelik emek \u00fcreticileri haline gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

    Balkanlar\u2019da ya\u015fanan bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, Engels\u2019in \u0130ngiltere k\u0131rsal\u0131na dair g\u00f6zlemleriyle \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 paralellikler ta\u015f\u0131r. Engels, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Durumu<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde, m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fen k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin k\u0131rsal\u0131 terk ederek sanayi kentlerinde i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fti\u011fini anlat\u0131r. Benzer bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131 Balkanlar\u0131\u2019nda da g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftliklerde mevsimlik, ge\u00e7ici ya da bor\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, giderek kentlere y\u00f6nelmi\u015f; burada limanlarda, in\u015faatlarda ya da zanaat \u00fcretiminde \u00fccretli emek\u00e7i olarak istihdam edilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    K\u00f6ken olarak k\u00f6yl\u00fc, ancak \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmi\u015f gruplar, \u201cSelanik ve Manast\u0131r gibi \u015fehir merkezlerinde artan kapitalist \u00fcretim talebine ucuz ve esnek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu kentlerde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen i\u015f\u00e7i mahalleleri, ta\u015fra k\u00f6kenli, m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fmi\u015f ve etnik olarak \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015f bir i\u015f\u00e7i n\u00fcfusuna ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

    \u00c7iftlik d\u00fczeninin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca ekonomik yap\u0131y\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumsal gerilimleri ve siyasal muhalefet bi\u00e7imlerini de keskinle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Rumeli\u2019nin farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde (\u00f6rne\u011fin Bulgar isyanlar\u0131nda) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6yl\u00fc hareketleri, sadece etnik ya da dini saiklerle de\u011fil, sosyal adaletsizliklere kar\u015f\u0131 da \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n temelinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 vergilendirme, zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma uygulamalar\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin topraktan d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 gibi yap\u0131sal sorunlar yatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Her ne kadar bu direni\u015fler sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ileri gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f hareketlerine evrilmemi\u015f olsa da, Osmanl\u0131 k\u0131rsal\u0131nda geli\u015fen kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin ilk d\u0131\u015favurumlar\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n

    Balkanlar\u2019daki \u00e7iftlik modeli, Osmanl\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131nda kapitalistle\u015fmenin \u00f6nc\u00fc ve sistematik \u00f6rneklerinden birini temsil eder. Buralarda klasik k\u00f6yl\u00fc yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcrken, kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7 eden yeni bir i\u015f\u00e7i kitlesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; bu kitle, erken kapitalist d\u00f6nemin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na insan kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rumeli \u015fehirlerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, sanayiye ba\u011fl\u0131 ge\u00e7im ili\u015fkilerine dahil olan, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme s\u00fcrecindeki toplumsal kesimler, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131ndaki grev hareketlerinin ve i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerinin toplumsal temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Kapitalist Geli\u015fme ve Emek S\u00fcre\u00e7leri<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131, kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin hem i\u00e7sel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerle hem de d\u0131\u015fsal bask\u0131larla bi\u00e7imlendi\u011fi bir s\u00fcrece tan\u0131kl\u0131k eder. Bu geli\u015fmeler klasik anlamda bir \u201cburjuva devrim<\/em>\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilemese de, \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerinde ve emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fimleri beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na i\u015faret eden proleterle\u015fme olgusu da tam bu d\u00f6nemde kendini g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flar. Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi bu a\u00e7\u0131dan, \u201cba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalistle\u015fme<\/em>\u201d ya da \u201cd\u0131\u015fsal dinamiklerin etkisiyle \u015fekillenen proleterle\u015fme<\/em>\u201d gibi \u00e7er\u00e7evelerle analiz edilebilir.<\/p>\n

      1838\u2019de imzalanan Balta Liman\u0131 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisinin k\u00fcresel piyasaya yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde entegre olmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fma i\u00e7 \u00fcretim ve emek bi\u00e7imlerini de \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. \u201cAvrupa sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yerli zanaat \u00fcretimi h\u0131zla rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yitirirken, \u00fccretli eme\u011fe dayal\u0131 yeni \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda Osmanl\u0131 zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015farak emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc satmak zorunda kalan, kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin ilk evresine \u00f6zg\u00fc emek\u00e7i bir pozisyona s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015flerdir.<\/em>\u201d[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Tanzimat reformlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca merkezi y\u00f6netimin modernle\u015fmesine de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131na da katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Tersane-i Amire gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kamu i\u015fletmeleri, binlerce emek\u00e7iyi ayn\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak fabrika benzeri \u00fcretim mekanlar\u0131 haline gelmi\u015f; burada \u00fccretli emek, i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve modern \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma disiplini ilkelerine g\u00f6re \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu i\u015f\u00e7iler, s\u00fcrekli istihdam edilen sanayi proletaryas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, mevsimsel veya ge\u00e7ici stat\u00fcde istihdam edilmi\u015ftir. \u201cOsmanl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumu, s\u00fcrekli bir istihdamdan ziyade ge\u00e7ici, da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve devlet kontrol\u00fcndeki alanlara s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Emek Yo\u011fun Alanlar ve Zanaatkarlar\u0131n \u0130\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme S\u00fcre\u00e7leri<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u0130\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmenin en a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6rnekleri madenlerde, \u00f6zellikle Zonguldak ve Ere\u011fli k\u00f6m\u00fcr havzalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde \u00fcretimi te\u015fvik etmek isteyen devlet, halk\u0131 zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla \u201cm\u00fckellefiyet<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6ntemine ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, kapitalist \u00fcretimin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc emek ilkesine ters d\u00fc\u015fen bir \u201czorunlu i\u015f\u00e7ilik<\/em>\u201d bi\u00e7imini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cKapitalist emek rejimi yaln\u0131zca \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc kabul\u00fcne dayal\u0131 olarak me\u015frula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erir.<\/em>\u201d[6]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi bu ba\u011flamda, modernle\u015fme s\u00fcrecindeki devlet m\u00fcdahalesinin emek \u00fczerindeki denetim bi\u00e7imlerini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kayda de\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n

      Tersane-i Amire ve Hali\u00e7 b\u00f6lgesindeki at\u00f6lyeler de erken d\u00f6nem i\u015f\u00e7ilik \u00f6rneklerinin di\u011fer \u00f6nemli merkezleriydi. \u201cBurada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan emek\u00e7ilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Rum, Ermeni ve Yahudi cemaatlerine mensup olup; bu da i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmenin ayn\u0131 zamanda etno-dinsel bir karakter ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/em>\u201d[7]<\/a> M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfus ise bu s\u00fcrece daha ge\u00e7 ve temkinli \u015fekilde d\u00e2hil olmu\u015f, bu durum s\u0131n\u0131fsal dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n gecikmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

      Demiryolu in\u015faatlar\u0131, yabanc\u0131 sermaye deste\u011fiyle kuruldu\u011fu i\u00e7in do\u011frudan kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu sekt\u00f6rlerde i\u015f\u00e7iler a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretle ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kolektif haklardan mahrum \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda lonca sisteminin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fcretim yapan bireylerden \u00fccretli emek\u00e7ilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Marx\u2019\u0131n Grundrisse<\/em>\u2019de belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere, \u201csermayenin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, bireysel zanaatk\u00e2r\u0131 piyasada rekabet edemez hale getirerek, onu \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan kopar\u0131r ve \u00fccretli eme\u011fe zorlar.<\/em>\u201d[8]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve Selanik gibi \u00f6nemli liman kentlerinde bu de\u011fi\u015fim daha erken ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f; bu merkezlerde hem kamuya ait at\u00f6lyeler hem de \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, klasik sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin yan\u0131nda ta\u015feron \u00fcretim, ev i\u00e7i \u00fcretim ve yar\u0131-zanaat bi\u00e7imlerinin de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir karma ekonomi yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde ilerlemi\u015ftir. Bu karma yap\u0131, tam anlam\u0131yla bir sanayi proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 geciktiren etkenlerden biridir.<\/p>\n

        Zanaatk\u00e2rlar aras\u0131ndaki artan iflaslar, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden bireylerin \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fe y\u00f6nelmesini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum Engels\u2019in \u0130ngiltere\u2019de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleri hat\u0131rlat\u0131r: \u201cZanaatk\u00e2r, fabrika kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda rekabet edemez; \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6ker ve bir sabah kendini i\u015f\u00e7i olarak bulur.<\/em>\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u0130\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme Bi\u00e7imleri ve M\u00fckellefiyet Uygulamalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme s\u00fcreci, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019dakinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Sanayi devrimini do\u011frudan ya\u015famam\u0131\u015f bir toplumda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumu; madenlerde, limanlarda, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehir at\u00f6lyelerinde ve \u00f6zellikle de ula\u015ft\u0131rma gibi kamu sekt\u00f6rlerinde g\u00f6zlemlenebilir. Bu s\u00fcrecin belirleyici \u00f6zelliklerinden biri, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmenin par\u00e7al\u0131, ge\u00e7ici ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman mevsimsel karakter ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme burada tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc, kal\u0131c\u0131 ve sanayile\u015fme temelli de\u011fil; \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131, ge\u00e7i\u015fken ve sekt\u00f6rel olarak farkl\u0131la\u015fan bir bi\u00e7im alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Madencilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmenin en tipik ancak en sorunlu \u00f6rneklerinden birini olu\u015fturur. Zonguldak k\u00f6m\u00fcr havzalar\u0131nda emek talebini kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla devlet, yerel halk\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlam\u0131\u015f ve \u201cm\u00fckellefiyet<\/em>\u201d sistemiyle i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00fccretli emek ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir durumdur. \u201cM\u00fckellefiyet, kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin temelindeki serbest i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc devinimini baltalayan bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u00fccret al\u0131yor olsalar da, asl\u0131nda emeklerini serbest\u00e7e satma hakk\u0131na sahip de\u011fillerdi. Bu durum, Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki erken d\u00f6nem maden i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin ayn\u0131 zamanda bir tahakk\u00fcm ve otoriter devlet denetimi prati\u011fi oldu\u011funu ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n

        \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir ve Selanik gibi liman kentleri, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmenin daha organik ve piyasa temelli bi\u00e7imlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlard\u0131r. Limanlarda y\u00fckleme-bo\u015faltma i\u015fleri, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman ta\u015feron arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; i\u015f\u00e7iler, esnek ve d\u00fczensiz ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, genellikle yevmiyeli olarak istihdam edilmi\u015ftir. Bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 Rum, Ermeni ve Yahudi cemaatlerine mensup bireylerdi. \u201cLiman i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, yaln\u0131zca bir emek bi\u00e7imi de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda etnik ayr\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal d\u0131\u015flanman\u0131n da bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Bu yap\u0131lar, sendikal hareketlerin geli\u015fmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u00fcrekli de\u011fil, ge\u00e7ici olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, aralar\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fma a\u011f\u0131 kurulmas\u0131 engellenmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme bu anlamda bireysel bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmden \u00e7ok, kentsel i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc havuzlar\u0131n\u0131n esnek yap\u0131lar i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak tezah\u00fcr etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        \u0130stanbul ve di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerdeki at\u00f6lyeler, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmenin bir ba\u015fka y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur. Buralarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, genellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretim birimlerinde, patronun do\u011frudan g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Emek yo\u011fun bu \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi, Bat\u0131\u2019daki klasik fabrika modelinden ziyade, erken d\u00f6nem sanayi \u00f6ncesi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerinin \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

        Kad\u0131n eme\u011fi, bu at\u00f6lyelerde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle tekstil ve g\u0131da i\u015fleme gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde kad\u0131nlar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerle, g\u00fcvencesiz bi\u00e7imde istihdam edilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda modern kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin ilk \u00f6rneklerini bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        1908 Devrimi\u2019nin \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00dczerindeki Etkisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

        1908 Devrimi, II. Me\u015frutiyet\u2019in ilan\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lanan ve Osmanl\u0131 siyasi tarihinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc bir d\u00f6nemin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 aralayan bir k\u0131r\u0131lma an\u0131yd\u0131. Bu siyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, yaln\u0131zca anayasal monar\u015finin yeniden tesisiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f; ayn\u0131 zamanda emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar, \u00f6zellikle de i\u015f\u00e7iler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeni olanaklar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. En dikkat \u00e7ekici geli\u015fme, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kamusal alanda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ve taleplerini dile getirmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Devrimin ard\u0131ndan sans\u00fcr\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve toplant\u0131-dernek kurma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin tan\u0131nmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kolektif eylemlere y\u00f6nelmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. 1908\u2019in yaz aylar\u0131nda adeta bir grev furyas\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Temmuz ve Eyl\u00fcl aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce grev kayda ge\u00e7ti. Bu grevlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u0130stanbul, Selanik, \u0130zmir, Beyrut ve Adana gibi sanayile\u015fmi\u015f ya da ticaretin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu kent merkezlerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

        \u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 grev \u00f6rnekleri \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

        \u0130stanbul Liman \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Grevi (1908): Devrim sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ruhunu yans\u0131tan bu grevde i\u015f\u00e7iler, daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccret ve daha iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri talep etmi\u015flerdir. Bu eylem, yeni d\u00f6nemde i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kitlesel hareket kapasitesini g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n

        Selanik T\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Grevi (1908): Kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin de aktif bi\u00e7imde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu grevde, k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler protesto edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin kendi temsilcilerini se\u00e7meleri, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc m\u00fccadelenin geli\u015fmekte oldu\u011funun g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

        Bursa \u0130pek \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Grevi (1910): Tekstil \u00fcretiminin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu Bursa\u2019da, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maa\u015flar ve uzun mesai saatlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan bu grevde de kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00f6n saflarda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Zonguldak Maden \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Grevleri (1908-1909): K\u00f6m\u00fcr ocaklar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler, hem yetersiz \u00fccretlere hem de tehlikeli ve g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fe ge\u00e7mi\u015f, ancak devletin askeri m\u00fcdahalesiyle bu grevler bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Cemiyetleri ve Yay\u0131n Faaliyetleri<\/em><\/p>\n

        1908 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, sendika benzeri i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u201cAmeleperver Cemiyetleri\u201d gibi yap\u0131lar, i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda hem dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren hem de hak m\u00fccadelesi y\u00fcr\u00fcten platformlar haline geldi. Ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015f\u00e7iler, bildiriler, gazeteler ve dergiler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 kamuoyuna duyurmaya ve kolektif bilin\u00e7 olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Devletin M\u00fcdahalesi ve K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n

        Ancak bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ortam\u0131 uzun s\u00fcrmedi. 1909\u2019daki 31 Mart Vakas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda artan siyasal istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netimini i\u015f\u00e7i hareketlerine kar\u015f\u0131 daha temkinli ve bask\u0131c\u0131 bir pozisyona y\u00f6neltti. Bu ba\u011flamda 1909 tarihli Grev Kanunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak grev hakk\u0131 ciddi \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131; \u00f6zellikle kamu hizmetlerinde grev yapmak tamamen yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

        Sonu\u00e7 olarak, 1908 Devrimi, Osmanl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ve taleplerini dile getirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir e\u015fik noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, ayn\u0131 zamanda egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin potansiyel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc fark ederek yeni s\u0131n\u0131rlama stratejileri geli\u015ftirmesine de yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Cumhuriyet\u2019in Erken D\u00f6neminde Kapitalistle\u015fmenin Dinamiklerine bakacak olursak, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015fu, sadece siyasal de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda iktisadi bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci olarak da okunmal\u0131d\u0131r. 1923 sonras\u0131nda devlet ekonomiye do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahaleye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden devral\u0131nan kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f; bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te burjuvazinin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ticaret burjuvazisi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olu\u015fu, devletin ekonomik \u00f6zne olarak rol oynay\u0131\u015f\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Cumhuriyetin Erken D\u00f6neminde Birle\u015fik Ekonominin Tesisi ve Topra\u011f\u0131n Metala\u015fmas\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n

        Kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sermaye bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet halini almas\u0131, \u00fcretimin pazar i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn metala\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte tam anlam\u0131yla i\u015flerlik kazan\u0131r. \u201cBu ba\u011flamda, demiryolu a\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin erken d\u00f6nem kapitalistle\u015fmesinde temel bir rol \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. 1923-1940 aras\u0131nda demiryolu uzunlu\u011fu iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6zellikle i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerle liman kentleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131lar g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/em>\u201d[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Bu yat\u0131r\u0131m, yaln\u0131zca teknik bir ula\u015f\u0131m hamlesi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u00e7 pazar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmesini hedefleyen s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir m\u00fcdahaledir. Harvey\u2019e g\u00f6re, sermaye birikimi s\u00fcreci mek\u00e2nsal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015farak ilerlemek zorundad\u0131r: \u201cSermaye, \u00fcretim fazlas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek i\u00e7in zaman-mek\u00e2n s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d[14]<\/a> Bu ba\u011flamda demiryollar\u0131, sermayenin k\u0131rsal alana n\u00fcfuzunu ve geleneksel \u00fcretim tarzlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Topra\u011f\u0131n metala\u015fmas\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 irdeleyecek olursak,1925\u2019te Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan devral\u0131nan toprak d\u00fczeni uygulamalar\u0131nda a\u015far\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 1945 tarihli \u00c7ift\u00e7iyi Toprakland\u0131rma Kanunu gibi d\u00fczenlemelerle de\u011fi\u015fimler ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin bireyselle\u015ftirilmesi te\u015fvik edilmi\u015f ve toprak bir meta haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Lenin\u2019in 1899 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019daki benzer s\u00fcreci analiz ederken belirtti\u011fi gibi: \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici, piyasa ili\u015fkilerine entegre oldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ya kapitalist haline gelir ya da proletaryaya kat\u0131l\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d[15]<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6rne\u011finde bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, k\u0131rda farkl\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 ve tar\u0131m emek\u00e7ilerinin giderek m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fmesini beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Devlet; k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, m\u00fcdahaleleriyle piyasa mekanizmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 hale getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Devlet Sermayesinin Olu\u015fturulmas\u0131: S\u00fcmerbank ve Etibank \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fmesi, yaln\u0131zca emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bi\u00e7imsel olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi ya da metalar\u0131n geni\u015f pazarlarda dola\u015f\u0131ma girmesiyle de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sermaye birikimine konu olacak \u015fekilde \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet alt\u0131nda toplanmas\u0131 ve art\u0131k-de\u011fer \u00fcretiminin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hale gelmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde bu tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, sermaye birikiminin hem s\u0131n\u0131fsal hem de mek\u00e2nsal temellerinin zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle sekteye u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk giri\u015fimci s\u0131n\u0131f hen\u00fcz olu\u015fumunun ba\u015flar\u0131ndayken, sermaye birikiminin esas ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olan gayrim\u00fcslim burjuvazinin \u00f6nemli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sava\u015flar, tehcirler ve m\u00fcbadele yoluyla ekonomik alandan d\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ya da fiziksel olarak tasfiye edilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan Selanik, Manast\u0131r, \u00dcsk\u00fcp gibi Rumeli\u2019nin ticaret, sanayi ve finans merkezlerinin T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmas\u0131, bu kentlerde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bulunan iktisadi a\u011flar\u0131n ve birikim merkezlerinin kayb\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n maddi temelleri olan sermaye birikimi, s\u0131n\u0131fsal ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar ve b\u00f6lgesel merkezler d\u00fczeyinde ciddi bir k\u0131r\u0131lmaya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, Cumhuriyet rejimi iktisadi modernle\u015fme \u00e7abas\u0131na bu eksikliklerle ba\u015flamak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle devlet, bir yandan T\u00fcrk sanayi burjuvazisini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici \u00f6nlemler almaya \u00f6nem verirken, di\u011fer yandan bizzat kendisi do\u011frudan sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 yapmaya giri\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Bu s\u00fcrecin somut \u00f6rnekleri S\u00fcmerbank (1933) ve Etibank (1935) gibi kamu iktisadi te\u015febb\u00fcslerinin kurulmas\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. S\u00fcmerbank, tekstil ve kimya gibi temel sanayi dallar\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparken, ayn\u0131 zamanda kredi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve sanayi planlamas\u0131nda da merkezi bir rol \u00fcstlendi. Etibank ise enerji, maden ve altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla a\u011f\u0131r sanayinin temellerini att\u0131. \u201cBu kurumlar yaln\u0131zca \u00fcretim tesisleri in\u015fa etmekle kalmad\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi m\u00fchendislerini, teknisyenlerini ve i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de yeti\u015ftirdi. B\u00f6ylece devlet, sadece yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda planlay\u0131c\u0131, d\u00fczenleyici ve e\u011fitici bir \u00f6zne h\u00e2line geldi.<\/em>\u201d[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle devlet, kapitalist geli\u015fmenin herhangi bir evresinde de\u011filmi\u015f\u00e7esine d\u0131\u015fsal bir m\u00fcdahale arac\u0131 de\u011fil; sermaye birikiminin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamak \u00fczere tarihsel olarak farkl\u0131 yo\u011funluklarda devreye giren yap\u0131sal bir akt\u00f6rd\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6rne\u011finde de devletin ekonomik ve ideolojik belirleyicili\u011fi, ge\u00e7 kapitalistle\u015fen toplumlara \u00f6zg\u00fc yap\u0131sal \u00f6zelliklerin bir sonucu olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu durum, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi genel kapitalist geli\u015fim \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnden tamamen sapm\u0131\u015f bir istisna olarak g\u00f6rmek yerine, farkl\u0131 tarihsel e\u015fiklere sahip \u00fclkelerde devletin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fken rolleri dikkate alan daha geni\u015f bir \u00e7er\u00e7evede de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla devletin burada \u00fcstlendi\u011fi \u201ckolektif kapitalist<\/em>\u201d i\u015flev, klasik liberal modelden sapma de\u011fil, geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyine i\u00e7kin bir m\u00fcdahale bi\u00e7imi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n

        Devlet bankalar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ekonomik de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir rol \u00fcstlendi\u011fi de unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kurumlar, proletaryan\u0131n do\u011frudan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini engelleyen otoriter bir sanayile\u015fme bi\u00e7imiyle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cDevlet eliyle kurulan fabrikalar genellikle k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirilerek geleneksel ba\u011flar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir i\u015f\u00e7i profili yarat\u0131ld\u0131. Sendikala\u015fma ve grev hakk\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131rken, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 daha \u00e7ok \u2018mill\u00ee kalk\u0131nma projesinin par\u00e7as\u0131\u2019 olarak kurguland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece s\u0131n\u0131f bilincinin geli\u015fimi bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, sermaye birikimi s\u00fcreci s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7eli\u015fkileri g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131lacak \u015fekilde in\u015fa edildi<\/em>.\u201d[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, S\u00fcmerbank ve Etibank gibi kurumlar yaln\u0131zca ekonomik kalk\u0131nman\u0131n de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerinin yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ara\u00e7lar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te geli\u015ftirilen “devlet kapitalizmi<\/em>“, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir sermaye birikim rejimi in\u015fa ederken, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme s\u00fcrecini kontroll\u00fc ve ideolojik olarak y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015f bi\u00e7imde ilerletti.<\/p>\n

        Erken Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalistle\u015fmenin devlet g\u00fcd\u00fcm\u00fcnde ve yap\u0131sal m\u00fcdahalelerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. Demiryollar\u0131, toprak reformlar\u0131 ve devlet bankalar\u0131 gibi ara\u00e7lar, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7; meta dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131n metala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sermaye birikiminin merkezile\u015ftirilmesi \u00fczerinden, k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini ve proleterle\u015fmenin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00f6zg\u00fcn dinamikler bar\u0131nd\u0131rsa da, kapitalizmin evrensel e\u011filimleriyle tam bir uyum i\u00e7erisindedir.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Erken Cumhuriyet D\u00f6neminde S\u0131n\u0131f M\u00fccadelesinin Bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve S\u0131n\u0131f Ger\u00e7e\u011finin \u0130nk\u00e2r\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

        1923\u2019te kurulan T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal miras\u0131 modernle\u015ftirme hedefiyle yola \u00e7\u0131karken, bu yap\u0131y\u0131 disipline etme ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal gerilimleri kontrol alt\u0131nda tutma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de kararl\u0131 ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Erken Cumhuriyet y\u0131llar\u0131nda, bir yandan devlet destekli sanayile\u015fme ve kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini te\u015fvik ederken, \u00f6te yandan bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini ve siyasal \u00f6zne olarak geli\u015fmesini sistematik bi\u00e7imde engellemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi hem maddi ara\u00e7lar hem de ideolojik ayg\u0131tlarla bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Yeni rejim, ulus-devlet in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde \u201cs\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z, imtiyazs\u0131z bir kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f kitle<\/em>\u201d idealini merkeze yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00f6ylem, toplumsal e\u015fitsizlikleri g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131larak burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm ulusun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ym\u0131\u015f gibi sunma i\u015flevi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar yaln\u0131zca bask\u0131 yoluyla de\u011fil, r\u0131za \u00fcretimi \u00fczerinden de toplumsal hakimiyet kurar. \u201cCumhuriyet\u00e7i ideoloji de i\u015f\u00e7ileri, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck esnaf\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u2018millet\u2019 kategorisi i\u00e7inde eriterek s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

        Bu ideolojik \u00e7aban\u0131n pratik kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1930\u2019larda devletin resmi yay\u0131n organ\u0131 olan Ulus<\/em> gazetesinde g\u00f6zlemlenir. \u201cHepimiz ayn\u0131 gemideyiz<\/em>\u201d veya \u201cmillet\u00e7e kalk\u0131n\u0131yoruz<\/em>\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ifadelerle s\u0131n\u0131fsal ayr\u0131mlar silikle\u015ftirilirken, grev veya \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi i\u015f\u00e7i talepleri \u201chalk d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak yaftalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde kamu fabrikalar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ve a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015fen protesto eylemleri s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim tedbirleriyle bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201c\u00d6rne\u011fin, 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kayseri S\u00fcmerbank Bez Fabrikas\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fanan i\u015f b\u0131rakma eylemi, fabrika m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn jandarma deste\u011fiyle m\u00fcdahalesi sonucunda sona erdirilmi\u015f; eyleme kat\u0131lan baz\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015ftir.<\/em>\u201d[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn ve 1936 \u0130\u015f Kanunu<\/strong><\/p>\n

        1925\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Takrir-i S\u00fck\u00fbn Kanunu yaln\u0131zca K\u00fcrt isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda genel anlamda siyasal muhalefeti susturmak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri ve sosyalist hareketler de hedef al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye Kom\u00fcnist Partisi (TKP), 1920\u2019lerin ortas\u0131ndan itibaren yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilan edilmi\u015f; partinin \u00f6nde gelen \u00fcyeleri tutuklanm\u0131\u015f ya da s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Bu m\u00fcdahaleler, yaln\u0131zca belirli \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de\u011fil, s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n siyasal bir \u00f6zne olarak geli\u015fme imkan\u0131n\u0131 da ortadan kald\u0131rmaya d\u00f6n\u00fck yap\u0131sal ad\u0131mlard\u0131. Erken Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimi, bu s\u00fcreci ba\u015far\u0131yla y\u00f6netmi\u015f; sendikal haklar\u0131 ya do\u011frudan yasaklam\u0131\u015f ya da b\u00fcrokratik denetim alt\u0131nda i\u015flevsizle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        Cumhuriyet\u2019in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleme ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de hukuki \u00e7er\u00e7eve olmu\u015ftur. 1936 tarihli \u0130\u015f Kanunu, modern i\u015f mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak sunulmu\u015f olsa da, grev ve toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fme hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mamas\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kolektif m\u00fccadele potansiyelini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yasa, i\u015f ili\u015fkilerini bireysel temelde tan\u0131mlayarak i\u015fveren kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7iyi savunmas\u0131z b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f; devlet g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte \u201chakem<\/em>\u201d konumundayken fiilen sermayenin yan\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        Ayr\u0131ca uygulamadaki ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k da dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Zonguldak k\u00f6m\u00fcr havzas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler d\u00fczenli \u00fccret alamama ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi eksiklikleri nedeniyle taleplerini dile getirmi\u015f; ancak \u201c1938\u2019de bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin dile getirdi\u011fi talepler \u2018kamu d\u00fczenini bozma\u2019 gerek\u00e7esiyle geri \u00e7evrilmi\u015f; taleplerini ileten \u00f6nc\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7iler g\u00f6revlerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[20]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yaln\u0131zca hak aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda muhalefet potansiyelleri de t\u00f6rp\u00fclenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

        1930\u2019lardan itibaren hayata ge\u00e7irilen Birinci ve \u0130kinci Sanayi Planlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kurulan S\u00fcmerbank, Etibank, SEKA gibi kamu i\u015fletmeleri, geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu i\u015fletmelerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan emek\u00e7iler, modern i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kimli\u011finden \u00e7ok, devletin sad\u0131k ve disiplinli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 olarak \u015fekillendirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0Bu i\u015fletmelerde uygulanan y\u00f6netmelikler olduk\u00e7a kat\u0131yd\u0131. \u201c\u00d6rne\u011fin, Nazilli Basma Fabrikas\u0131\u2019nda sabah ge\u00e7 kalan i\u015f\u00e7iler hakk\u0131nda tutanak tutulur, tekrar\u0131 h\u00e2linde \u00fccret kesintisi ve k\u0131dem kayb\u0131 uygulan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/em>\u201d[21]<\/a> Devlet, \u00fcretim s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na ideolojik ve idari t\u00fcm ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin denetimi i\u00e7in seferber etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te, emek \u00fczerindeki denetim bi\u00e7imleri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011fram\u0131\u015f; ancak bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir kopu\u015fa de\u011fil, belirli bir devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir. Marx\u2019\u0131n sermaye birikimi kuram\u0131na g\u00f6re proleterle\u015fme, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn metala\u015fmas\u0131 ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan kopu\u015fla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Osmanl\u0131\u2019da bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, zanaatk\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesiyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, k\u0131rsal \u00fcretimin ticarile\u015fmesi ve kentli i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fin do\u011fu\u015fuyla h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu geli\u015fmeler, s\u0131n\u0131f bilincine sahip bir i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6znesinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de benzer bir \u00e7izgi devam etmi\u015f; kamu i\u015fletmeleri modern \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini getirmi\u015f olsa da i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00fczerindeki ideolojik ve kurumsal denetim artarak s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

        Lenin\u2019in emperyalizm teorisinin de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, T\u00fcrkiye gibi ge\u00e7 kapitalistle\u015fen \u00fclkelerde burjuvazi ile devletin i\u00e7 i\u00e7eli\u011fi, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini yap\u0131sal olarak s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cumhuriyet bu ba\u011flamda ilerici bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projesi olarak sunulmu\u015f olsa da, sermaye birikiminin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na i\u015f\u00e7ileri disipline etme i\u015flevini \u00fcstlenmeye devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong>
        \nAytekin, E. A. (2022) \u00dcretim D\u00fczenleme \u0130syan: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda Toprak Meselesi, Arazi Hukuku ve K\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck<\/em>, Dipnot Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        Boratav, K. (1988) T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Tarihi<\/em>, 1908-1985. Ger\u00e7ek Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        \u00c7etinkaya, D. (2015) Tanzimattan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Tarihi<\/em>, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        Engels, F. (2010) \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Durumu<\/em>, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        Harvey, D. (1982) The Limits to Capital<\/em>. Blackwell.<\/p>\n

        Keyder, \u00c7. (2015) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Devlet ve S\u0131n\u0131flar<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        Lenin, V. I. (1988) Rusya\u2019da Kapitalizmin Geli\u015fmesi<\/em>. Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        Marks, K. (2008) Grundrisse<\/em>, Birikim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        Marx, K. (2011) Kapital<\/em>, Cilt 1, Yordam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, H. (2010) Demiryollar\u0131 ve Modernle\u015fme: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Devletin Ekonomik Politikalar\u0131<\/em> (1923-1950), \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, K. (2025) Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        Z\u00fcrcher, E. (1998) Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sine \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

        [1]<\/a> Aytekin, A. (2022), \u00dcretim D\u00fczenleme \u0130syan<\/em>, Dipnot Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 20<\/p>\n

        [2]<\/a> Marx, K. (2011), Kapital<\/em>, cilt 1, Yordam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 58<\/p>\n

        [3]<\/a> \u00c7etinkaya, D. (2015), Tanzimattan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Tarihi<\/em>, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 58<\/p>\n

        [4]<\/a> \u00c7etinkaya, age, sf. 52.<\/p>\n

        [5]<\/a> \u00c7etinkaya, age, sf. 58.<\/p>\n

        [6]<\/a> Z\u00fcrcher E. (1998) Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sine \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 28<\/p>\n

        [7]<\/a> Z\u00fcrcher, E. (1998), Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sine \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 30<\/p>\n

        [8]<\/a> Marx, K. (2008), Grundrisse<\/em>, Birikim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 68<\/p>\n

        [9]<\/a> Engels, F. (2010), \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Durumu<\/em>, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 102<\/p>\n

        [10]<\/a> \u00c7etinkaya, age, sf. 65<\/p>\n

        [11]<\/a> Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, K. (2025) Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 112.<\/p>\n

        [12]<\/a>\u00a0 Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, age, sf. 112.<\/p>\n

        [13]<\/a> \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, H. (2010) Demiryollar\u0131 ve Modernle\u015fme: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Devletin Ekonomik Politikalar\u0131 (1923-1950)<\/em>. \u0130stanbul Bilgi \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, sf. 12.<\/p>\n

        [14]<\/a> Harvey, D. (1982) The Limits to Capital<\/em>. Blackwell, sf. 12<\/p>\n

        [15]<\/a> Lenin V. I. (1988) Rusya\u2019da Kapitalizmin Geli\u015fmesi<\/em>. Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 84<\/p>\n

        [16]<\/a> Z\u00fcrcher, E. (1998) Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sine \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler<\/em>, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 32<\/p>\n

        [17]<\/a> Boratav, K. (1988) T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Tarihi<\/em>, 1908-1985. Ger\u00e7ek Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, sf. 54<\/p>\n

        [18]<\/a> \u00c7etinkaya, age, sf. 65<\/p>\n

        [19]<\/a> Aytekin, age, sf. 88<\/p>\n

        [20]<\/a> Keyder, \u00c7. (2015) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Devlet ve S\u0131n\u0131flar, \u0130leti\u015fim, \u0130stanbul, sf. 112<\/p>\n

        [21]<\/a> Keyder, age, sf. 114.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Ayhan Aydo\u011fan \u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun son d\u00f6nemleri ile T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn toplumsal yap\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyar. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri hem devletin izledi\u011fi politikalar hem de k\u00fcresel sermayenin etkisiyle geli\u015fim g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Tar\u0131msal faaliyetlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra zanaat ve lonca sistemleri zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f, \u00fcretimin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imleri yeniden \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecinin merkezinde ise yeni bir toplumsal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3828,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[774,773,265],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3847","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-68-sayi-yaz-2025","category-turkiye-isci-sinifi","category-ayhan-aydogan"],"yoast_head":"\nOsmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2025\/10\/17\/osmanlidan-cumhuriyete-isci-sinifi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyet\u2019e \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ayhan Aydo\u011fan \u00a0 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun son d\u00f6nemleri ile T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn toplumsal yap\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkilerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyar. 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