{"id":3837,"date":"2025-10-17T10:00:36","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T07:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3837"},"modified":"2025-10-17T10:00:36","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T07:00:36","slug":"bolgede-sanayilesme-ve-ucretli-emegin-donusumu-tekstilde-ucretli-emegin-durumu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2025\/10\/17\/bolgede-sanayilesme-ve-ucretli-emegin-donusumu-tekstilde-ucretli-emegin-durumu\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00f6lgede Sanayile\u015fme ve \u00dccretli Eme\u011fin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc: Tekstilde \u00dccretli Eme\u011fin Durumu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Serdar Acun<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de son yirmi y\u0131lda uygulanan b\u00f6lgesel yat\u0131r\u0131m te\u015fvik politikalar\u0131, sanayi tesislerinin \u00fclke geneline yaymay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Son d\u00f6nemlerde bu politikalardan en fazla etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, tarihsel olarak sanayile\u015fme oran\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re daha az olan Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu[1]<\/a> gelmektedir. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde te\u015fviklerle birlikte sanayi altyap\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, buna paralel olarak da \u00fccretli eme\u011fin toplam istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u200b. Ancak \u00fccretli eme\u011fin bu y\u00fckseli\u015fi, daha kaliteli istihdam olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmemi\u015ftir. Aksine, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli, g\u00fcvencesiz ve kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0Ayn\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te b\u00f6lgede orta ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletme say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6lgede \u201cyeni K\u00fcrt burjuvazisi\u201d olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lge uzun y\u0131llar boyunca tar\u0131m\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu bir ekonomik yap\u0131ya sahip olmu\u015ftur. Ancak 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarla birlikte tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, neoliberal politikalar\u0131n etkisiyle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IMF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 destekli reformlarla birlikte, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici desteklenmek yerine piyasa mekanizmalar\u0131na terk edilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin \u00fcretimden \u00e7ekilmesine ve m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tar\u0131mda ya\u015fanan bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme, k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusun kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan 50 y\u0131la yak\u0131nd\u0131r b\u00f6lge illerinde ya\u015fanan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7, k\u00f6ylerin zorla bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 milyon insan\u0131n yerlerinden s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi de kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn di\u011fer bir nedenidir.\u00a0 G\u00f6\u00e7 eden n\u00fcfus, \u00e7o\u011funlukla vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak sanayi ve hizmet sekt\u00f6rlerinde istihdam edilirken \u00fccretli eme\u011fin toplam istihdamdaki pay\u0131 ciddi oranda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00dc\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re, 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda B\u00f6lge\u2019de \u00fccretli eme\u011fin istihdamdaki oran\u0131 %46 iken, 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran %67\u2019ye y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir\u200b.<\/p>\n

Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, Kas\u0131m 2012 ile Kas\u0131m 2024 aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen te\u015fvik belgelerinin %12,4\u2019\u00fc 6. b\u00f6lge olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lan bu b\u00f6lgelere verilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle 2020 sonras\u0131 te\u015fviklerde belirgin bir y\u00fckseli\u015f g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir.[3]<\/a> Bu te\u015fviklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlere, \u00f6zellikle tekstil ve g\u0131da sanayine y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir\u200b.<\/p>\n

Emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlerin tercih edilmesi, niteliksiz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne olan talebi art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; ancak bu durum, b\u00f6lge istihdam\u0131n\u0131 hem \u00fccret hem de i\u015f g\u00fcvencesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u0131r\u0131lgan hale getirmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca bu sekt\u00f6rlerde sendikala\u015fma oranlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin pazarl\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u00f6lge\u2019de kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 istihdam, T\u00fcrkiye ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a \u00fczerindedir. 2023 itibar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye genelinde \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7inde kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131 %12,5 civar\u0131ndayken, bu oran b\u00f6lgede %24,4\u2019t\u00fcr\u200b. Kay\u0131td\u0131\u015f\u0131 istihdam\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlerin ve g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fin ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenidir. \u00d6zellikle kad\u0131nlar ve gen\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda kay\u0131td\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n daha yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m oran\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye genelinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckken, bu oran B\u00f6lge\u2019de \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. Kad\u0131nlar daha \u00e7ok ev i\u015fleri, bak\u0131m sorumluluklar\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel normlar nedeniyle \u00fccretli i\u015flere eri\u015fememekte; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsalar bile \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00fcvencesiz, esnek ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli i\u015flerde istihdam edilmektedir.[5]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re, b\u00f6lgede her d\u00f6rt \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fandan yaln\u0131zca biri kad\u0131nd\u0131r\u200b.<\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7ler ise erken ya\u015fta i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na d\u00e2hil olmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumun nedeni, b\u00f6lgedeki do\u011furganl\u0131k oranlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ve e\u011fitim olanaklar\u0131na eri\u015fimin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.[6]<\/a> Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda gen\u00e7ler, niteliksiz i\u015flerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya raz\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lgede ortalama \u00fccretler giderek asgari \u00fccret d\u00fczeyine yak\u0131nsamaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye genelinde 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortalama \u00fccret, asgari \u00fccretin 1,67 kat\u0131 iken bu oran 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1,35\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6lge \u00f6zelinde ise bu oran 2015\u2019te 1,44 iken 2023\u2019te 1,22\u2019ye gerilemi\u015ftir. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6re bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu oran 0,84 seviyesindedir\u200b. Bu tablo, y\u00fcksek enflasyon, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck verimlilik ve kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 istihdamla birlikte b\u00f6lgedeki \u00fccretlerin neden bu kadar bask\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmelerin azl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne olan talebin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyelerde kalmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada b\u00f6lgede imalat sanayinin neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015fen tekstil (haz\u0131r giyim, dokuma, deri vb.) sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00f6lgedeki durumu T\u00fcrkiye geneliyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Tekstil Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tekstil, deri, haz\u0131r giyim ve dokuma sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcreciyle birlikte ilk hamle yap\u0131lan sekt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. Tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc hem istihdam yaratma hem de ihracat gelirleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan stratejik \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tekstil \u00fcretimi tarihsel olarak Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemine kadar uzanmakta, \u00f6zellikle Bursa, Edirne ve \u0130stanbul gibi kentlerde ipek ve pamuklu dokuma \u00fcretimiyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.[8]<\/a> Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde ise 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan S\u00fcmerbank, devlet eliyle tekstil sanayisinin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi 1980 sonras\u0131nda uygulanan d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131k ekonomi politikalar\u0131 ile ihracat odakl\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, iplik, dokuma, \u00f6rme, terbiye, boya ve bask\u0131 gibi alt kollarla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f bir yap\u0131dad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Bursa ev tekstilinde, Gaziantep hal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta, Denizli havlu \u00fcretiminde, \u0130stanbul moda ve tasar\u0131m odakl\u0131 \u00fcretimde merkez konumundad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen h\u0131zl\u0131 moda tedarik\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda yer almakta, ba\u015fta Zara, H&M ve Mango gibi markalara \u00fcretim sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r<\/p>\n

Deri ve deri \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de geleneksel zanaatk\u00e2rl\u0131ktan modern sanayiye evrilen nadir alanlardan biridir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki deri i\u015fletmelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, U\u015fak ve Manisa\u2019da yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, 2024 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla tekstil alan\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihracat\u0131n yars\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerine yapmaktad\u0131r.[9]<\/a> Co\u011frafi yak\u0131nl\u0131k, kaliteli \u00fcretim, esnek tedarik kabiliyeti ve de\u011fersiz T\u00fcrk liras\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin rekabet avantaj\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan temel unsurlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak, \u00c7in, Banglade\u015f, Vietnam ve M\u0131s\u0131r gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetine sahip \u00fclkelerle rekabetin artmas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye tekstil \u00fcretimini olumsuz etkilemektedir.<\/p>\n

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B\u00f6lge\u2019de Tekstil Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00f6lge genellikle tar\u0131m egemen oldu\u011fu, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imi olarak ise daha \u00e7ok esnaf ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bask\u0131n oldu\u011fu bir aland\u0131. Ancak 1980\u2019lerde ba\u015flayan neoliberal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle birlikte 2000 Kas\u0131m ve 2001 \u015eubat krizleri t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi b\u00f6lgede de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale getirdi. AKP iktidar\u0131yla beraber 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda daha net bir \u015fekilde dillendirilen b\u00f6lgesel asgari \u00fccret tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7inde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00c7inler, yani yeni ucuz emek merkezleri yaratma hedefini ortaya koymaktayd\u0131. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik haz\u0131rlanan Tekstil, Haz\u0131r Giyim ve Deri Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc Stratejik Eylem Plan\u0131 ile firmalar\u0131n B\u00f6lge \u00a0illerine ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 halinde te\u015fvik verilmesi g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015fti. B\u00f6lgeyi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00c7in\u2019i yapma\u201d Burada asl\u0131nda sanayi kentlerinin daha katma de\u011ferli \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fcretmesi te\u015fvik edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131rken di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde ise daha \u00e7ok emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlerin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131-k\u00fcmelenmesi ama\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle b\u00f6lge n\u00fcfusunun genele g\u00f6re gen\u00e7 olmas\u0131, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na dahil olmas\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ve gen\u00e7lerin istihdam\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fviki gibi durumlar b\u00f6lge illerinde emek arz\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fckseli\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131layacak emek talebinin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da b\u00f6lgede \u00fccretleri di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck hale getirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc gibi daha \u00e7ok emek yo\u011fun olan sekt\u00f6rlerde T\u00fcrkiye sanayisinin yeniden konumlanmas\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 etraf\u0131nda eme\u011fin daha ucuz oldu\u011fu illere y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.[10]<\/a> Sadece eme\u011fin daha ucuz olmas\u0131 de\u011fil, devlet ba\u015fta yer tahsisi, SGK prim te\u015fviki, KDV istisnas\u0131, faiz indirimi, yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n belli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gibi te\u015fvikler uygulayarak bu y\u00f6neli\u015fi h\u0131zland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fak\u015fehir\u2019de yer alan Ayd\u0131nl\u0131 Tekstilin Elaz\u0131\u011f\u2019a yeni bir fabrika a\u00e7mas\u0131, FLO\u2019nun \u015eanl\u0131urfa\u2019da fabrika a\u00e7mas\u0131, Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da Tekstil \u0130htisas OSB\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131, Van\u2019da benzer \u015fekilde Tekstil \u0130htisas OSB \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 bu y\u00f6neli\u015fin \u00f6rneklerindendir. Diyarbak\u0131r\u2019da tekstil ihtisas OSB\u2019de 64 firmaya yer tahsis edilmi\u015f, 21 firma da yer tahsisi i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. Yine Van\u2019da 10 tekstil firmas\u0131 \u00fcretim yaparken, kurulmas\u0131 planlanan yeni ihtisas OSB\u2019de yer tahsisi i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuruda bulanan 25 firma bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca di\u011fer illerde de tekstil firmalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131nda y\u00fckseli\u015fler mevcuttur. \u00d6rne\u011fin Urfa OSB\u2019de irili ufakl\u0131 50 firma, Mardin OSB\u2019de 16 firma ve Batman Tekstil Sanayicileri Derne\u011fine kay\u0131tl\u0131 28 tekstil firmas\u0131 faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye gelmesiyle birlikte bu firmalara i\u015f yapan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck firmalar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u015eanl\u0131urfa\u2019ya FLO fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ile ayakkab\u0131 par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u00fcreten firmalar Urfa OSB\u2019de faaliyet g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaten b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir dokuma merkezi olan Gaziantep\u2019in varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcnce b\u00f6lgede tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011funla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00dccretli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n B\u00f6lge Tekstil Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tekstil imalat\u0131 hem T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hem de d\u00fcnyada sanayinin geli\u015fimini olumlu y\u00f6nde etkilemektedir. Hem emek yo\u011fun \u00fcretim yap\u0131lmas\u0131 hem de teknolojik yat\u0131r\u0131mlara \u00e7ok fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmamas\u0131 tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u0131da, metal, petro-kimya gibi sekt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re belirli bir b\u00f6lgeye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1980 sonras\u0131 uygulanan ihracata dayal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme modeli \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde tekstil hep \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u00c7a\u011flayan, Ba\u011fc\u0131lar, Okmeydan\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece gibi il\u00e7eler irili ufakl\u0131 binlerce at\u00f6lye ve fabrikan\u0131n faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi alanlar olmu\u015ftur. Tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn imalattaki di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlerden g\u00f6rece daha az olmas\u0131 hem istihdam\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f hem de bu sekt\u00f6rde eme\u011fin dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grafik 1<\/strong>. T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00dccretli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar \u0130\u00e7erisinde Tekstil Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00dccretli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n Oran\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, Ankara gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehirlerde emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rler yerine y\u00fcksek teknoloji ve katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin imalat\u0131 desteklenmi\u015ftir. Bu durumda tekstil gibi emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rleri bu b\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehirlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Di\u011fer yandan in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn desteklenmesi \u0130stanbul gibi \u015fehirlerde \u015fehir i\u00e7inde kalan sanayi tesislerinin \u015fehir d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131narak yerine konut yap\u0131m\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Ya\u015fanan bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerle birlikte tekstil gibi emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlerin istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 azalmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Grafik 1\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bu oran 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda %11,8 iken 2023 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibariyle %7\u2019ye gerilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00f6lgede yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte b\u00f6lge imalat sanayinde \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %50\u2019sini bu sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Tekstil istihdam\u0131n aslan pay\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 tekstil i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc daha detayl\u0131 analiz etmeyi daha da \u00f6nemli hale getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grafik 2. <\/strong>B\u00f6lgede Tekstilde \u00dccretli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye Geneli Tekstilde \u00dccretli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar \u0130\u00e7indeki Pay\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Merkezden b\u00f6lge gibi daha \u00e7ok emek yo\u011fun \u00fcretim i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen yerlere fabrikalar\u0131n kaymas\u0131 bu yerlerde tekstil istihdam\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. T\u00dc\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye genelinde \u00fccretli tekstil istihdam\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 azal\u0131rken, b\u00f6lgede ise bu oran artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tekstil \u00fcretimin az\u0131msanmayacak derecede b\u00f6lgeye kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Grafik 2 g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0 B\u00f6lge\u2019de tekstil alan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00fccretlilerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tekstilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara oran\u0131 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren d\u00f6nemsel dalgalanmalarla birlikte s\u00fcrekli y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgedeki \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda %17,2\u2019ye y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00fckseli\u015f b\u00f6lgeye kayan tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc daha net g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu y\u00fckseli\u015fte b\u00f6lgede tekstil ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere emek yo\u011fun sanayinin artmas\u0131, bat\u0131da \u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul ve Marmara b\u00f6lgesinde teknoloji yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rler ile hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn desteklenmesi sonucu emek yo\u011fun tekstil sanayinin b\u00f6lge gibi emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlere y\u00fcksek miktarda te\u015fvik veren yerlere kaymas\u0131 bu durumu a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grafik 3. <\/strong>Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n Tekstilde \u00dccretli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar \u0130\u00e7indeki Pay\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kad\u0131nlar sanayi devrimiyle birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kendilerine daha fazla yer bulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n pay\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilemeyecek kadar \u00f6nemlidir. Ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olmalar\u0131, esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyumlu olmalar\u0131 ve evde par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmeleri, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde di\u011fer imalat sanayi sekt\u00f6rlerine g\u00f6re daha fazla i\u015f bulabilmesine olanak sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 20 y\u0131lda B\u00f6lge\u2019de tekstilde \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n pay\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli dalgalanmalarla %7 civar\u0131ndan %32\u2019ye y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye genelinde de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n pay\u0131nda bir y\u00fckseli\u015f meydana gelmi\u015ftir, ancak bu y\u00fckseli\u015f b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6re daha azd\u0131r. B\u00f6lge\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha fazla tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye kayan tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn pay\u0131 \u00e7ok fazlad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca son yirmi y\u0131lda tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn egemen oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede tar\u0131mda ya\u015fanan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ile k\u00f6ylerden kentlere g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn artmas\u0131 da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n pay\u0131ndaki y\u00fckseli\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Kente g\u00f6\u00e7en kad\u0131nlar \u00e7ok fazla nitelik gerektirmeyen tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde i\u015f bulma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla olmas\u0131 nedeniyle bu alana y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. E\u011fitim seviyesinde ya\u015fanan y\u00fckseli\u015fta kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha fazla i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015f ve b\u00f6lgede artan tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc bu y\u00fckseli\u015fa cevap vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kentle\u015fmeyle beraber ev ekonomisine katk\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lma istekleri artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak b\u00f6lgedeki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun nitelikli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olmamas\u0131 onlar\u0131 tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, ev temizli\u011fi ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131 gibi hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde i\u015f aramaya itmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grafik 4. <\/strong>\u00dcniversite Mezunlar\u0131n\u0131n Tekstil \u0130stihdam\u0131nda \u00dccretli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar \u0130\u00e7indeki Pay\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da yer alan Grafik 4\u2019te \u00fcniversite mezunlar\u0131n\u0131n tekstil istihdam\u0131 i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n hem T\u00fcrkiye hem de b\u00f6lgede artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de hem zorunlu e\u011fitimim 12 y\u0131la \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 hem de her ile \u00fcniversite kurulmas\u0131 gibi etkenler i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u011fitim ortalamas\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fckseli\u015f bu nedenle istihdam\u0131n e\u011fitime g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye genelinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde lise alt\u0131 e\u011fitim seviyesine sahip olanlar\u0131n pay\u0131 azal\u0131rken, lise ve \u00fcst\u00fc e\u011fitime sahip olanlar\u0131n pay\u0131 ise y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Her ile \u00fcniversite slogan\u0131yla kurulan \u00fcniversiteler bir ihtiyac\u0131n sonucu olarak de\u011fil AKP\u2019nin in\u015faata dayal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme modelinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak ilk ba\u015fta \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Kamp\u00fcslerin, yurtlar\u0131n ve lojmanlar\u0131n kurulumu illerde in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde hareketlenmeye neden olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca binlerce \u00fcniversitelinin b\u00f6lge illerinde e\u011fitim almas\u0131 AKP\u2019nin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 esnaf, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli sanayicilere \u00f6nemli bir kaynak olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Di\u011fer aynadan mezunlar\u0131n i\u015f bulma olanaklar\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla \u00e7e\u015fitlenmemi\u015ftir. Mezunlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kasiyer, niteliksiz i\u015fler veya daha az nitelik gerektiren i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kalmaktad\u0131rlar. Ya\u015fanan bu durumda B\u00f6lge\u2019de ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde \u00fcniversitelilerin artmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan 28 Nisan 2025 g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lan kabine toplant\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra n\u00fcfus sorunun beka meselesi oldu\u011funu iddia etti. Bu s\u00f6ylemin nedenlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de do\u011fum oranlar\u0131 giderek yava\u015flarken n\u00fcfusta ya\u015flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumun emek piyasas\u0131nda etkileri g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yer alan Grafik 5\u2019te net bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir ki tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n ortalama ya\u015f\u0131 hem genelde hem de b\u00f6lgede y\u00fckselmektedir. Di\u011fer bir etken ise e\u011fitimin daha ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmas\u0131 e\u011fitime kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olumlu etkilemi\u015f ve ki\u015filerin emek piyasas\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6telemi\u015ftir. Temelde ya\u015fanan bu iki durum ortalama ya\u015f\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grafik 5. <\/strong>Tekstil \u0130stihdam\u0131nda \u00dccretli \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n Ortalama Ya\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda 29 iken 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda 36\u2019ya y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgede ise ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 27\u2019den 31 civar\u0131na y\u00fckseldi\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. B\u00f6lge n\u00fcfusunun T\u00fcrkiye geneline g\u00f6re daha gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfus olu\u015fu fark\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan nedenlerdendir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Grafik 6.<\/strong> Nitelik Gerektirmeyen \u0130\u015flerin \u00dccretli Tekstil \u0130stihdam\u0131ndaki Pay\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da da bahsetti\u011fimiz \u00fczere tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 di\u011fer imalat sekt\u00f6rlerine g\u00f6re daha azd\u0131r. Hem i\u015f sirk\u00fclasyonunun fazla olmas\u0131 hem de merdiven alt\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu tekstilde niteliksiz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc talebini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Herhangi bir nitelik gerektirmeyen i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar nitelikli i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccrete \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in tekstil alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok\u00e7a tercih edilmektedirler. Yukar\u0131da yer alan Grafik 6\u2019da tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7inde nitelik gerektirmeyen i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n pay\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle hem T\u00fcrkiye genelinde hem de b\u00f6lgede nitelik gerektirmeyen i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n pay\u0131 giderek artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye genelinde artmas\u0131n\u0131 merkezden \u00e7evreye yay\u0131lan tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde niteliksiz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc arz\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve bunu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn talep etmesiyle bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz. B\u00f6lgede ise hem e\u011fitim seviyesi hem de k\u00f6yden kentte g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn niteliksizli\u011fi ve emek talebinin de daha fazla kar i\u00e7in niteliksiz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc talep etmesiyle durumun bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Grafik 7. <\/strong>B\u00f6lgede Tekstil Ortalama \u00dccretinin Asgari \u00dccrete Oran\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00f6lgede tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00fccretler \u00fclke ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda seyretmektedir. Tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki ortalama \u00fccretlerin asgari \u00fccrete oran\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6steren Grafik 7\u2019ye g\u00f6re b\u00f6lgede ortalama \u00fccretler asgari \u00fccretin alt\u0131nda seyretmektedir. \u00dclke genelinde tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki ortalama \u00fccretler ise asgari \u00fccretin biraz \u00fcst\u00fcnde seyretmektedir. B\u00f6lgede \u00fccretlerin asgari \u00fccretin alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden biri b\u00f6lgedeki gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusun \u00fclke geneline g\u00f6re g\u00f6rece fazla olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfus fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 emek arz\u0131n\u0131n da fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakta, buna kar\u015f\u0131 ise emek talebinin k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u00fccretleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6nl\u00fc bask\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka neden ise Grafik 6\u2019da yer alan niteliksiz eme\u011fin fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6lgedeki \u00fccretli tekstil istihdam\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te biri niteliksiz i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Niteliksiz i\u015flerdeki \u00fccretlerin di\u011fer mesleklere g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olaca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fikard\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da giderek artmas\u0131 kad\u0131n eme\u011fi arz\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 i\u015fi yapmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fccretlerin erkeklere g\u00f6re daha az oldu\u011funu ifade eden onlarca akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bir de son d\u00f6nemlerde kay\u0131td\u0131\u015f\u0131 istihdam azalmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu azal\u0131\u015fta kay\u0131tl\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenceli i\u015flerin giderek esnek ve g\u00fcvencesiz hale geldi\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Bu durumda \u00fccretleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6nl\u00fc bask\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de \u00fccretleri bask\u0131layan di\u011fer bir nedendir. \u0130\u015fverenlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yan\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tek ba\u015f\u0131na kal\u0131yor olmas\u0131 verilen zamlar\u0131 kabul etmelerine neden olmaktad\u0131r. Gaziantep\u2019te son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u015fubat ay\u0131nda ba\u015flayan \u00fccret eylemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fverenlerin ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tutuma kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin birli\u011finin geri ad\u0131m art\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak son g\u00fcnlerde Gaziantep b\u00f6lgesinde binlerce i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve baz\u0131 fabrikalar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Bu ad\u0131m\u0131n nedenlerinden birinin \u00fccret eylemlerindeki i\u015f\u00e7i birli\u011fini da\u011f\u0131tmaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu a\u015fikard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 Yerine<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de son d\u00f6nemlerde sanayinin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar\u0131 \u00fclke geneline yayma politikas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6zellikle baz\u0131 emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlerin merkez sanayi b\u00f6lgelerinden \u00fclkenin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na yay\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmektedir. Hem Marmara b\u00f6lgesinin deprem riski hem de bu b\u00f6lgenin teknoloji yo\u011fun \u00fcretim ve hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezi yap\u0131lmak istenmesi tekstil gibi sekt\u00f6rlerin ta\u015fraya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Ta\u015frada verilen te\u015fviklerle emek yo\u011fun \u00fcretim yapan tesisler in\u015fa edilmektedir. Hem eme\u011fin ucuz olmas\u0131 hem de te\u015fvikler firmalar\u0131n karl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. (T\u00fcm verilen te\u015fviklere ve \u00fccretlerin asgari \u00fccret alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen b\u00f6lgedeki baz\u0131 tekstil fabrikalar\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha da ucuz oldu\u011fu M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131n\u0131n konusu olarak ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmelidir). Her ne kadar son d\u00f6nemde fabrikalar\u0131n binlerce i\u015f\u00e7iyi \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kapanmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilse de b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli oranda tekstil \u00fcretimi yo\u011funla\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lgede tekstil \u00fcretiminin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 eme\u011fin profilinde de\u011fi\u015fimlere neden olmaktad\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hem kente g\u00f6\u00e7 hem de e\u011fitim seviyesindeki y\u00fckseli\u015f ile birlikte daha fazla i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Bu y\u00fckseli\u015f da tekstil istihdam\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcnde kad\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n giderek art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kentle\u015fmeyle birlikte kad\u0131n\u0131n ev ekonomisine katk\u0131 yapmak zorunda olmas\u0131 g\u00f6rece esnek olan tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne y\u00f6nelmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Artan \u00fcniversite say\u0131s\u0131 ile hem T\u00fcrkiye genelinde hem de b\u00f6lgede \u00fcniversite mezunu emek arz\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir y\u00fckseli\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00fckseli\u015f bu nedenle tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne de yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lge n\u00fcfusunun di\u011fer yerlere g\u00f6re g\u00f6rece gen\u00e7 olmas\u0131 tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki gen\u00e7 istihdam\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerindendir.<\/p>\n

Son 15 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde uygulanan te\u015fvik ve yat\u0131r\u0131m destekleriyle devlet i\u015fverenlere \u00f6nemli destekler vermi\u015ftir. Fabrika yeri, faiz indirimi, yat\u0131r\u0131m miktar\u0131n\u0131n belli oranda devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131, i\u015fveren sigorta primlerinin devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denmesi, KDV istisnas\u0131, g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi istisnas\u0131, i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 e\u011fitim yapanlar\u0131n \u00fccretlerinin devlet taraf\u0131ndan verilmesi gibi te\u015fvikler asl\u0131nda fabrikay\u0131 kurup anahtar\u0131 i\u015fverene\u00a0\u00a0 teslim etmektir. Bu kadar te\u015fvi\u011fe ra\u011fmen tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde hem \u00fccretler asgari \u00fccretin alt\u0131nda hem de i\u015f ne kadar kay\u0131tl\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fckse de esnek ve g\u00fcvencesiz haldedir. Her ne kadar b\u00f6lgede Gaziantep gibi tekstil (Dokuma) sekt\u00f6r\u00fc yo\u011fun olsa da b\u00f6lgenin geri kalan\u0131nda bu sekt\u00f6r yeni yeni geli\u015fmektedir. B\u00f6lgede geli\u015fen bu sekt\u00f6r ile i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme artmakta ve b\u00f6lge geneline yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lge genelinde yay\u0131lan tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, son y\u0131llarda Antep, Batman, Urfa, Malatya, Ad\u0131yaman gibi illerde irili ufakl\u0131 onlarca eylemin ya\u015fanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hem i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ekonomik haklar\u0131 hem de \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme haklar\u0131 ile ilgili yapt\u0131klar\u0131 eylemler b\u00f6lge i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 tarihinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck notlar olarak yer almaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede sadece de\u011fi\u015fen veya artan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 de\u011fil artan fabrika say\u0131s\u0131 ve yeni sekt\u00f6rlerle beraber patron \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de artmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yeni durumda \u00f6\u011frenirken, patron \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de b\u00f6lgedeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n daha da yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli oranda deneyim biriktirmektedir. B\u00f6lgede \u00f6zellikle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 s\u00fcrecin sonlanmas\u0131yla birlikte i\u015f\u00e7iler g\u00f6z\u00fcnde emek-sermaye \u00e7eli\u015fkisi daha da g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale gelece\u011fi a\u015fikard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Bundan sonra Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu yerine K\u00fcrt n\u00fcfusunun fazla ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu alana b\u00f6lge denilecektir.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Din\u00e7er, A., & Ayd\u0131n, B. (2024) \u201cAB’ye \u00fcyelik m\u00fczakerelerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticili\u011fin tasfiyesi\u201d, Politik Ekonomik Kuram<\/em>, 8(1), 126\u2013148; Keyder, \u00c7., & Yenal, Z. (2014) \u201cBildi\u011fimiz tar\u0131m\u0131n sonu: K\u00fcresel iktidar ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck\u201d, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (STB) (2025) \u201cYat\u0131r\u0131m ve te\u015fvik yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u201d, https:\/\/www.sanayi.gov.tr<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> D\u0130SK-AR (2019) \u201cSendikala\u015fma ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u201d, https:\/\/disk.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/Sendikalasma-Arastirmasi.pdf<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>\u00a0 Tansel, A. (2021) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de gen\u00e7 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n istihdam durumu ve e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyine etkileri\u201d, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32(4), 98\u2013120; Dedeo\u011flu, S. (2000) \u201cToplumsal cinsiyet rolleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de aile ve kad\u0131n eme\u011fi\u201d, Toplum ve Bilim, <\/em>86(3), 139-170.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> MEB (2025) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de e\u011fitim istatistikleri raporu\u201d, https:\/\/www.meb.gov.tr\/egitim-istatistikleri<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Acun, S. (2021) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00fccretlilerin kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen fakt\u00f6rlerin analizi\u201d, Journal of Social Policy Conferences<\/em>, 80, 423\u2013450.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Pamuk, \u015e. (2000) Osmanl\u0131 Ekonomisinde Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ve B\u00fcy\u00fcme (1820\u20131913)<\/em>, Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u0130HK\u0130B (2025) \u201cHaz\u0131r Giyim Sekt\u00f6r Raporu\u201d, \u0130stanbul Haz\u0131r Giyim ve Konfeksiyon \u0130hracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Evrensel (2020) \u201cTekstilde \u00c7inlile\u015ftirme ba\u015flad\u0131, te\u015fvik sona erince kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k artacak\u201d, https:\/\/www.evrensel.net\/haber\/421299\/tekstilde-cinlilestirme-basladi-tesvik-sona-erince-kayit-disilik-artacak<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Serdar Acun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de son yirmi y\u0131lda uygulanan b\u00f6lgesel yat\u0131r\u0131m te\u015fvik politikalar\u0131, sanayi tesislerinin \u00fclke geneline yaymay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Son d\u00f6nemlerde bu politikalardan en fazla etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, tarihsel olarak sanayile\u015fme oran\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re daha az olan Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu[1] gelmektedir. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde te\u015fviklerle birlikte sanayi altyap\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, buna paralel olarak da \u00fccretli eme\u011fin toplam istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u200b. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3798,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[781,774,773],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-serdar-acun","category-68-sayi-yaz-2025","category-turkiye-isci-sinifi"],"yoast_head":"\nB\u00f6lgede Sanayile\u015fme ve \u00dccretli Eme\u011fin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc: Tekstilde \u00dccretli Eme\u011fin Durumu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2025\/10\/17\/bolgede-sanayilesme-ve-ucretli-emegin-donusumu-tekstilde-ucretli-emegin-durumu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"B\u00f6lgede Sanayile\u015fme ve \u00dccretli Eme\u011fin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc: Tekstilde \u00dccretli Eme\u011fin Durumu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Serdar Acun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de son yirmi y\u0131lda uygulanan b\u00f6lgesel yat\u0131r\u0131m te\u015fvik politikalar\u0131, sanayi tesislerinin \u00fclke geneline yaymay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015ftir. Son d\u00f6nemlerde bu politikalardan en fazla etkilenen b\u00f6lgelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, tarihsel olarak sanayile\u015fme oran\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re daha az olan Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu[1] gelmektedir. Bu b\u00f6lgelerde te\u015fviklerle birlikte sanayi altyap\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, buna paralel olarak da \u00fccretli eme\u011fin toplam istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u200b. 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