{"id":3831,"date":"2025-10-17T09:44:42","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T06:44:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3831"},"modified":"2025-10-17T09:44:42","modified_gmt":"2025-10-17T06:44:42","slug":"turkiye-isci-sinifinda-kadinlar-nicel-veriler-nitel-sonuclar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2025\/10\/17\/turkiye-isci-sinifinda-kadinlar-nicel-veriler-nitel-sonuclar\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda Kad\u0131nlar: Nicel Veriler, Nitel Sonu\u00e7lar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fulya Aliko\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcndelik dilde \u201ckad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler\u201d ile \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u201d dendi\u011finde belirgin bir fark g\u00f6zetilmiyor olabilir; her ikisinde de h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kastediliyor olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 en geni\u015f ekonomi-politik anlam\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclebilir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u00fctlesi olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kapsam biraz farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Aktif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i n\u00fcfusunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; do\u011fal n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yetinmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan kapitalist birikimin zorunlu olarak yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6reli a\u015f\u0131r\u0131\/art\u0131k n\u00fcfus da, yani hem faal hem de yedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusundaki i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fsiz, yar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i yar\u0131-i\u015fsiz t\u00fcm bile\u015fenler de hesaba kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, \u00f6zellikle ezilen cinsiyet olarak kad\u0131nlar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ge\u00e7erlidir. Biraz daha a\u00e7\u0131lacak olursa, \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u201d; emek arz\u0131nda bulunan ve \u015fu veya bu \u015fekilde istihdam edilen i\u015f\u00e7iler, emek arz\u0131nda bulunan ama istihdam edilmeyen i\u015fsizler, \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerle h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda emek arz\u0131nda bulun(a)mayan ama ba\u015fkaca ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan da yoksun olan potansiyel i\u015f\u00e7iler, emek g\u00fcc\u00fc sunma kapasitesini yitirmi\u015f i\u015f\u00e7iler gibi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tipik b\u00f6l\u00fcklerindeki kad\u0131nlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Genel olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fiminde bu tipik b\u00f6l\u00fckler aras\u0131ndaki nispi oran; daralma, geni\u015fleme ve durgunluk d\u00f6nemlerinde de\u011fi\u015fir. Kapitalist birikimin bu \u00e7evrimleri, g\u00f6reli a\u015f\u0131r\u0131\/art\u0131k n\u00fcfus ya da yedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusu \u00fczerinde, ay\u0131n yerk\u00fcredeki okyanuslara yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir medcezir etkisi yarat\u0131r, onu kitleler halinde i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne \u00e7eker ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcnden iter.[1]<\/a> Ancak yine kad\u0131nlar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, kapitalist birikimin bu genel yasas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zel ve belirleyici bir di\u011fer fakt\u00f6r daha devreye girer: ataerki.<\/p>\n

Kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u00fcretim sistemi te\u015fkil etmeyen<\/em> ve sermaye birikiminin bir u\u011fra\u011f\u0131 olan emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretimi, \u00f6zellikle de -erkek ya da kad\u0131n- i\u015f\u00e7inin do\u011fumu, g\u00fcndelik bak\u0131m\u0131 ve nesilsel \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 gibi asli u\u011fraklar\u0131, kapitalizmin \u00f6nceki toplum bi\u00e7imlerinden ataerkil karakterini muhafaza ederek devral\u0131p kendi ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde modifiye etti\u011fi ailede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.[2]<\/a> Yani i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar, sadece s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcklerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer almakla kalmazlar, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu b\u00f6l\u00fcklerin do\u011furucusu ve bak\u0131m angaryas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcklenicisidirler. Bir yandan ev i\u00e7i angarya, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 bazen \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu at\u0131l i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcnde tutar bazen de kapitalizmin d\u00f6nemsel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kesintili ve istikrars\u0131z bir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelmesini ko\u015fullar. Di\u011fer yandan, \u00e7o\u011funlukla ailedeki erkek i\u015f\u00e7iye \u00f6denen \u00fccret, kad\u0131n\u0131n bu at\u0131l ve\/ya istikrars\u0131z emek g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak yeniden \u00fcretiminin ko\u015fulu haline gelir. Kad\u0131n\u0131n aile i\u00e7inde erke\u011fe ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da, erke\u011fe \u00f6denen \u00fccretin asli gelir, kad\u0131na \u00f6denen \u00fccretin \u201ctali katk\u0131\u201d olarak ola\u011fanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da alt\u0131nda yatan maddi ko\u015ful budur. Bu, ayn\u0131 zamanda aile i\u00e7inde kad\u0131n ile erkek aras\u0131ndaki gerilimi yaratan zemindir. Ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n hanesinde yoksulla\u015fma, tekelci burjuvazinin en gerici kesimleri taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lan erkeklerin failli\u011finde bu denli kad\u0131na \u015fiddete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmez. Kad\u0131nlar t\u00fcm engelleri a\u015f\u0131p i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131labildiklerinde, istihdam edilen b\u00f6l\u00fcklerinde mi i\u015fsiz b\u00f6l\u00fcklerinde mi yer alacaklar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde yine \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinden t\u00fcreyen erkek egemen tahakk\u00fcm devrededir; kad\u0131nlar en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli i\u015flerde istihdam edilir, kad\u0131n i\u015fsizli\u011fi daha uzun s\u00fcrer, i\u015fyerinde ya da i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, taciz ve mobbing kapitalizmde vakay\u0131 adiyedendir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n konumu belirlenirken t\u00fcm bu de\u011fi\u015fkenlerle birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek bir zorunluluktur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcnde Olamayan Kad\u0131nlar: Ev \u0130\u00e7i Angaryan\u0131n Y\u00fcklenicileri<\/h6>\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yukar\u0131da \u00e7er\u00e7evesi \u00e7izilen en geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki konumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00f6zel olarak da g\u00f6reli art\u0131 n\u00fcfus i\u00e7erisinde tuttu\u011fu yeri anlamak ve buradaki ataerkil etkiyi g\u00f6rebilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m d\u00fczeyine bakmak yerinde olur. Mevcut durumu irdelemeden \u00f6nce AKP\u2019nin ilk iktidara geldi\u011fi y\u0131llarda, \u00f6rne\u011fin 2006\u2019da y\u00fczde 25 olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lma oran\u0131n\u0131n, y\u00fczde 30-35 band\u0131na \u00e7ekildi\u011fini, ancak 2020\u2019de pandeminin de etkisiyle yine y\u00fczde 30,3\u2019e geriledi\u011fini, 2022 itibariyle y\u00fczde 35\u2019in \u00fczerine tekrar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtelim.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nTOPLAM<\/strong><\/td>\nERKEK<\/strong><\/td>\nKADIN<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Say\u0131 (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\nSay\u0131 (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\nOran (%)<\/strong><\/td>\nSay\u0131 (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\nOran (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15+ ya\u015f n\u00fcfus<\/strong><\/td>\n65.926<\/td>\n32.624<\/td>\n49,5<\/td>\n33.302<\/td>\n50,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lanlar<\/strong><\/td>\n35.733<\/td>\n23.478<\/td>\n67,5<\/td>\n12.255<\/td>\n34,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmayanlar<\/strong><\/td>\n30.193<\/td>\n9.146<\/td>\n30,3<\/td>\n21.047<\/td>\n69,7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\nGENEL<\/strong><\/td>\nERKEK<\/strong><\/td>\nKADIN<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lma oran\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n54,2<\/td>\n72<\/td>\n36,8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 1.<\/strong> 15+ Ya\u015f N\u00fcfusta \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne Kat\u0131lan ve Kat\u0131lmayanlar\u0131n Cinsiyete G\u00f6re Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> 2024 T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistikleri\u2019nden derlenerek haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2024 y\u0131l\u0131na ait T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistiklerinden derlenerek olu\u015fturulan Tablo 1\u2019de, 15 ya\u015f \u00fczerindeki kurumsal n\u00fcfusun yar\u0131s\u0131ndan biraz fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 36,8\u2019inin emek arz\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu, yani i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131labildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.[3]<\/a> Tersinden s\u00f6yleyecek olursak, \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle emek arz\u0131nda bulunmayan, bulunamayan ya da bulunmak \u201cistemeyen\u201d 30 milyon 193 bin ki\u015finin 21 milyon 47 bini (y\u00fczde 69,7\u2019si) kad\u0131n. Emek arz\u0131nda bulunmama nedenlerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda cinsiyet\u00e7i i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc daha da belirginle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015eG\u00dcC\u00dcNE KATILMAMA NEDEN\u0130<\/strong><\/td>\n

GENEL<\/strong><\/td>\nERKEK<\/strong><\/td>\nKADIN<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
SAYI (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\nORAN (%)*<\/strong><\/td>\nSAYI (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\nORAN (%)**<\/strong><\/td>\nSAYI (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\nORAN (%)***<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ev i\u015fleriyle me\u015fgul olanlar<\/td>\n7.376<\/td>\n24,4<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n7.376<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015famaz halde (engelli)<\/td>\n6.326<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n1.930<\/td>\n21,1<\/td>\n4.396<\/td>\n20,9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Emekli<\/td>\n4.352<\/td>\n14,4<\/td>\n3.235<\/td>\n35,4<\/td>\n1.118<\/td>\n5,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
E\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretimde olanlar<\/td>\n4.070<\/td>\n13,5<\/td>\n1.743<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n2.327<\/td>\n11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Di\u011fer<\/td>\n3.846<\/td>\n12,7<\/td>\n641<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n3.205<\/td>\n15,2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015f bulma \u00fcmidi olmayanlar<\/td>\n2.171<\/td>\n7,2<\/td>\n970<\/td>\n10,6<\/td>\n1.201<\/td>\n5,7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapabilecek olup i\u015f aramayanlar<\/td>\n1.897<\/td>\n6,3<\/td>\n560<\/td>\n6,1<\/td>\n1.338<\/td>\n6,4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015f aray\u0131p i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapamayacak olanlar<\/td>\n153<\/td>\n0,5<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n0,7<\/td>\n86<\/td>\n0,4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TOPLAM<\/strong><\/td>\n30.193<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n9.146<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n21.047<\/strong><\/td>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
*T\u00fcm i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmayanlar, ** i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmayan erkekler, *** i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmayan kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki oran\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 2. <\/strong>\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne Kat\u0131l(a)mayanlar ve Nedenleri<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> 2024 T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistikleri\u2019nden derlenerek olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 1\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere; i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmama nedenleri cinsiyete g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6steriyor. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz durumda (engelli) olan, i\u015f bulma \u00fcmidi olmayan, i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapabilecek olup i\u015f aramayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n erkeklerden \u00e7ok daha fazla oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Yine bir zamanlar istihdamda yer alm\u0131\u015f erkeklerin kad\u0131nlara oranla emeklilik haklar\u0131ndan daha fazla yararlanarak emek arz\u0131nda bulunmak zorunda kalmamas\u0131 bir ba\u015fka veri olarak okunabilir. Ancak \u015f\u00fcphesiz, en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7 ev i\u015fleriyle me\u015fgul oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmayanlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olan 21 milyon 47 bin kad\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 35\u2019inin emek arz\u0131nda bulunmama nedeni ev i\u00e7i angarya.[4]<\/a> \u00dcstelik bu nedenle i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lamayan 7 ila 7,5 milyon kad\u0131n ne dar tan\u0131ml\u0131 ne de geni\u015f tan\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fsizlik (at\u0131l i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc) verilerinde yer bulabiliyor ne de potansiyel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak de\u011ferlendiriliyor. \u00d6rneklem biraz daralt\u0131l\u0131p i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmama nedenleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz halde (engelli) olma, emekli olma ve e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretimde olmay\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki geri kalan 13 milyon 206 bin kad\u0131nda bu oran yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 56\u2019ya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00d6l\u00e7ek geni\u015fletilip 15 ya\u015f \u00fczeri kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir durumda olan (emekli, engelli ve \u00f6\u011frenci olmayan 25 milyon 461 bin kad\u0131nda) ortalama her 10 kad\u0131ndan 3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn aile i\u00e7inde sunduklar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z emek y\u00fcz\u00fcnden i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Hanehalk\u0131 tiplerine g\u00f6re fertlerin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc durumuna bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan veriler de bu durumu do\u011fruluyor. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lma oran\u0131 \u201c\u00e7ekirdek aile bulunmayan ve birden fazla ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan\u201d hanelerde y\u00fczde 50,9 iken \u201ctek \u00e7ekirdek aileden olu\u015fan\u201d hanelerde y\u00fczde 38,2\u2019ye ve \u201cen az bir \u00e7ekirdek aile ve di\u011fer ki\u015filerden olu\u015fan\u201d hanelerde (geni\u015f aile) y\u00fczde 33,5\u2019e kadar geriliyor.[5]<\/a> Aile n\u00fcfusu artt\u0131k\u00e7a kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lma oran\u0131nda belirgin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Hanedeki i\u015flerin kim taraf\u0131ndan halledildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Aile Yap\u0131s\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131\u201d kad\u0131nlara y\u00fcklenen angaryan\u0131n nicel b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ortaya koyar nitelikte. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada tan\u0131ml\u0131 hane i\u00e7i on d\u00f6rt g\u00f6revin onu (yemek, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r, \u00fct\u00fc, bula\u015f\u0131k, basit diki\u015f, \u00e7ay servisi, sofra kurma kald\u0131rma, evin g\u00fcnl\u00fck toplanmas\u0131 ile haftal\u0131k\/ayl\u0131k temizli\u011fi ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131) ortalama y\u00fczde 85 oran\u0131nda hanehalk\u0131 ferdi olan kad\u0131nlara y\u00fcklenmi\u015f durumda; y\u00fczde 10,4\u2019\u00fc hanedeki erkekler taraf\u0131ndan, y\u00fczde 2,5\u2019i hane d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan birinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla, 0,9\u2019u bir kurumun yard\u0131m\u0131yla, 1,2\u2019si \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. Geri kalan i\u015fler ya k\u0131smen hane d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00fccretle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen badana\/boya ve tamir\/onar\u0131m ya da fatura \u00f6deme ve al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yapma gibi hane gelirinin y\u00f6netiminden olu\u015fuyor.[6]<\/a> \u00d6zetle s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse aile i\u00e7inde geleneksel olarak erkeklere \u00f6zg\u00fclenmi\u015f i\u015flerde k\u0131smen \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hane d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan hizmet sat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131rken geri kalan t\u00fcm i\u015fler ataerkil tahakk\u00fcm ili\u015fkileriyle kad\u0131nlara \u00f6zg\u00fclenerek para harcanmadan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiveriyor. Kapitalizmin emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kad\u0131nlara y\u00fckledi\u011fi bu angaryada \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131 esas\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. Ayn\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6revi y\u00fczde 94,4 oran\u0131nda hanehalk\u0131 ferdi kad\u0131nlara y\u00fcklenirken y\u00fczde 2,3 oran\u0131nda hanedeki erkekler taraf\u0131ndan yerine getiriliyor, y\u00fczde 2,1 oran\u0131nda hane d\u0131\u015f\u0131 -kuvvetle muhtemel yine kad\u0131n- bir tan\u0131d\u0131k ya da akraba yard\u0131m ediyor, y\u00fczde 1,2 oran\u0131nda \u00fccretsiz bir kurumda, y\u00fczde 0,7 oran\u0131nda \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (evde \u00fccretli bak\u0131c\u0131lar ya da \u00f6zel kurumlar) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

Hane i\u00e7i i\u015flerde ve \u00f6zellikle \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131ndaki bu cinsiyet\u00e7i da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 burjuva devletin ataerkil karakteriyle, T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6zelinde tekelci sermayenin \u00fclke tarihindeki en gerici siyasal iktidar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden AKP-Erdo\u011fan y\u00f6netiminin politikalar\u0131yla birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekiyor. 2024 verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki 6 ya\u015f alt\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 6,3 milyon \u00e7ocuk bulunuyor.[7]<\/a> MEB verilerindeyse resmi ve \u00f6zel kre\u015f, g\u00fcnd\u00fcz bak\u0131mevi, anaokulu ve anas\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda olan toplam \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 1,95 milyon oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.[8]<\/a> Bu yaz\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda; 0-2 ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devletin i\u015fletti\u011fi \u00fccretsiz-resmi kre\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yaln\u0131zca Aile Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zel kre\u015fler a\u00e7\u0131labildi\u011fini, i\u015f kanununa g\u00f6re 150 ve \u00fczeri kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fletmelerdeki \u00f6zel kre\u015f say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 12 (351 \u00e7ocuk) oldu\u011funu, 3-6 ya\u015f aral\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki okul \u00f6ncesi e\u011fitimde \u00f6zel kurumlar\u0131n \u00fccretsiz-resmi anaokullar\u0131na oran\u0131n\u0131n istikrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00fckseldi\u011fini, \u00fccretsiz kurumlar i\u00e7erisinde de kamu kurumlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan memurlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kre\u015flerin say\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131rken Diyanet \u0130\u015fleri ile dernek ad\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki cemaat kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n MEB\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 resmi anaokullar\u0131na oran\u0131n\u0131n katbekat artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 not d\u00fc\u015fmekle yetinelim. T\u00fcm bu kurumlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan 4-4,5 milyon \u00e7ocu\u011fun bak\u0131m\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zetle, T\u00fcrkiye kapitalizminin Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke bekas\u0131 kad\u0131n\u0131n katmerlenen ev k\u00f6leli\u011fi demek. 2025 \u201cAile Y\u0131l\u0131\u201d vesilesiyle de tekraren 3-5 \u00e7ocuk do\u011furmas\u0131 sal\u0131k verilen, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir ya\u015fta ve durumda olan on milyonlarca kad\u0131na sunulan se\u00e7enek, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn ve gelece\u011fin proletaryas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furup bakarken \u00e7o\u011fu durumda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmay\u0131p ailedeki erke\u011fe ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ya\u015famak, hanedeki yoksulla\u015fman\u0131n itti\u011fi oranda ama ataerkil prangan\u0131n izin verdi\u011fi menzilde emek g\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na en k\u0131r\u0131lgan ve g\u00fcvencesiz \u015fekilde girip \u00e7\u0131kmak. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n faal ya da yedek b\u00f6l\u00fcklerinde bulunma bi\u00e7im ve d\u00fczeylerini, t\u00fcm ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapitalizmin bu \u00e7eli\u015fkili denklemi belirliyor.<\/p>\n

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Yedek \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc Ordusunda Kad\u0131nlar<\/h5>\n

Kad\u0131nlara ba\u011flanan bu ev i\u00e7i angarya prangas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusunun ana g\u00f6vdesini olu\u015fturan i\u015fsiz b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde de etkisini hissettiriyor. Bilindi\u011fi gibi T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in i\u015fsizlik say\u0131 ve oranlar\u0131 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde referans haftas\u0131nda -1 saatlik bile olsa- istihdamda olmay\u0131p son 4 hafta i\u00e7erisinde aktif i\u015f arama kanallar\u0131ndan birini kullanan ve 2 hafta i\u00e7erisinde i\u015fba\u015f\u0131 yapabilecek olanlar gibi son derece dar bir kesimi g\u00f6steriyor. Ger\u00e7ek i\u015fsizlik tablosunu ortaya koymaktan son derece uzak olsa da bu say\u0131 ve oran\u0131n g\u00f6reli art\u0131k n\u00fcfusun en ak\u0131\u015fkan kesimini, yani faal i\u015f\u00e7i b\u00f6l\u00fcklerine g\u00f6rece daha h\u0131zl\u0131 girip \u00e7\u0131kan kesimini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u201cdar tan\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fsizlik\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilen bu verilere g\u00f6re 2024 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015fsiz say\u0131s\u0131 3 milyon 113 bin; bunun 1 milyon 444 bini kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fuyor. Genel i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 ise y\u00fczde 8,7 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor; erkeklerde bu oran y\u00fczde 7,1 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131rken kad\u0131nlarda y\u00fczde 11,8. Biraz daha detayland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015fsiz erkek ve kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda, 1 y\u0131l ve daha uzun s\u00fcreli i\u015fsizlerin oran\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla y\u00fczde 15,2 (253 bin) ve y\u00fczde 24,4 (353 bin). Yani dar tan\u0131m\u0131yla bile, emek arz\u0131nda bulunan kad\u0131nlar erkeklerden \u00e7ok daha uzun s\u00fcre i\u015fsiz kal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

D\u0130SK-AR taraf\u0131ndan \u201cgeni\u015f tan\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fsizlik\u201d olarak sunulan, T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in i\u015fsizler, zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 eksik istihdam edilenler (k\u0131smi s\u00fcreli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar) ve potansiyel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olanlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik say\u0131 ve oranlar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden at\u0131l i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hem dar ve geni\u015f tan\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fsizlik aras\u0131ndaki hem de erkek ve kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki makas\u0131n daha da a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit ediliyor. 2024\u2019te at\u0131l i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc\/geni\u015f tan\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 toplamda y\u00fczde 26,7 (yakla\u015f\u0131k 10,7 milyon); erkeklerde y\u00fczde 21,6 ve kad\u0131nlarda y\u00fczde 35,3 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Pandemi sonras\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f trendinde olan dar tan\u0131ml\u0131 ve y\u00fckseli\u015f trendinde olan geni\u015f tan\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fsizlik aras\u0131ndaki makas\u0131n s\u00fcrekli a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 defaatle vurgulayan D\u0130SK-AR\u2019\u0131n T\u00dc\u0130K Mart 2025 raporundan derledi\u011fi eldeki en g\u00fcncel verilere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, toplam geni\u015f tan\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fsiz say\u0131s\u0131 11 milyon 730 bine, oran\u0131ysa y\u00fczde 28,8\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r durumda. Ayn\u0131 oran erkeklerde y\u00fczde 23,1 iken kad\u0131nlarda y\u00fczde 38,2.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kabaca bir ortalama vermek gerekirse, 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda geni\u015f tan\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fsizli\u011fin kad\u0131nlarda y\u00fczde 35-40, erkeklerdeyse y\u00fczde 20-25 band\u0131nda seyretti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. Kad\u0131nlarda bu oran\u0131 art\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli etkenin halihaz\u0131rda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne dahil olmayanlar aras\u0131ndaki \u00fcmitsizler ile i\u015f aray\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya haz\u0131r olmayanlar ve i\u015f aramay\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya haz\u0131r olanlar\u0131n toplam\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden potansiyel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn erkeklere oranla \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 ki burada yine ataerkil aile y\u00fckleri belirleyici.[10]<\/a> \u0130kinci bir etken ise kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 eksik istihdam\u0131n yani k\u0131smi s\u00fcreli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131. T\u00dc\u0130K 2024 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc verilerine g\u00f6re, istihdam edilen erkeklerde haftal\u0131k ortalama fiili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresinin 45 saat iken kad\u0131nlarda 39,7 saat olmas\u0131, \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131ndaysa kad\u0131nlarda yar\u0131 zamanl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 9,8 (erkeklerde y\u00fczde 5,5) olmas\u0131 bu tespiti destekliyor.<\/p>\n

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Tar\u0131m D\u0131\u015f\u0131 Proletaryada Kad\u0131nlar<\/h5>\n

T\u00fcrkiye i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n faal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc konumuna gelindi\u011finde, sermaye birikim rejimindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak istihdam\u0131n genel yap\u0131s\u0131nda ve \u00f6zelde kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131nda son birka\u00e7 on y\u0131ld\u0131r ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fimlerle birlikte d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekte fayda var. Ge\u00e7 kapitalistle\u015fen pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede benzer d\u00f6nemlerde oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de uluslararas\u0131 sermayeye entegrasyon 1980 darbesiyle birlikte yeni bir boyut kazand\u0131. Pek \u00e7ok ba\u015fka yerde defaatle vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00e7eyrek y\u00fczy\u0131la varan AKP\u2019li y\u0131llar \u201cneoliberal\u201d olarak da an\u0131lan bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn ivmelenmesiyle karakterizedir. Konumuz kapsam\u0131nda bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131na y\u00f6n veren en \u00f6nemli boyutlar\u0131; 1980 sonras\u0131 ba\u015flayan ama AKP d\u00f6neminde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131z kazanan tar\u0131msal k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticili\u011fin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ve muazzam bir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u00fctlesinin serbest kalmas\u0131, s\u0131nai \u00fcretimde kamu i\u015fletmelerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ihracata y\u00f6nelik \u00fcretimin pay\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve buradaki rekabetin gerektirdi\u011fi ucuz, esnek, g\u00fcvencesiz ve k\u0131smen kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 emek talebinin artmas\u0131 ve son olarak hem finansalla\u015fma hem de ba\u015fta e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k olmak \u00fczere kamu hizmetlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn muazzam b\u00fcy\u00fcmesidir.[11]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn nicel bir ifadesi; 1990\u2019lar boyunca y\u00fczde 43 seviyelerinde seyreden kad\u0131n istihdam oran\u0131 AKP iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemini olu\u015fturan 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda (\u00f6rne\u011fin 2006\u2019da y\u00fczde 22) neredeyse yar\u0131 oranda gerilemesidir. Buradaki gerilemenin ana sebebi genel olarak tar\u0131msal k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticili\u011fin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinin kad\u0131nlara yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Tar\u0131m istihdam\u0131n\u0131n ezici bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren (\u00f6rne\u011fin 1995\u2019te y\u00fczde 71,2\u2019si, 2000\u2019de y\u00fczde 60,5\u2019i kad\u0131n), AKP iktidar\u0131yla birlikte tar\u0131mdaki kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 yar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde sanayi istihdam\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n pay\u0131 ise 1995\u2019te y\u00fczde 9,6\u2019dan 2000\u2019de y\u00fczde 13,2\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sadece 2000-2004 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, tar\u0131mda \u00fcretici kad\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 3,5 milyondan 2,5 milyona; kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131nda tar\u0131m\u0131n pay\u0131 da y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan 50\u2019lere d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131nda sanayinin pay\u0131 ise sadece 3 puan (760 binden 790 bine) artarak y\u00fczde 13\u2019lerden 16\u2019ya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve 2013\u2019e kadar y\u00fczde 15-16 band\u0131nda seyretmi\u015ftir.[12]<\/a> Bununla birlikte kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131nda hizmetlerin pay\u0131 2000\u2019de y\u00fczde 26\u2019dan 2014\u2019te y\u00fczde 61\u2019e dramatik bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zetle tar\u0131mdaki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyle serbest kalan milyonlarca kad\u0131n, sanayi taraf\u0131ndan on binlerle ifade edilecek bir oranda absorbe edilebilmi\u015f, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bile\u015fimindeki pay\u0131 giderek artan hizmet sekt\u00f6rlerinde istihdama, \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da at\u0131l i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2014-2024 aras\u0131 son 10 y\u0131la bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yukar\u0131da \u00f6zetlenen e\u011filimlerin devam etti\u011fi g\u00f6zleniyor; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticilik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tar\u0131m istihdam\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 azalmaya (y\u00fczde 46\u2019lardan 42\u2019ye), sanayide \u00fccretlilerdeki pay\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oranlarla artmaya (\u00fccretlilerde y\u00fczde 22,3\u2019ten 25,4\u2019e) ve hizmetlerde \u00fccretlilerdeki pay\u0131 g\u00f6rece daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda artmaya (y\u00fczde 31,8\u2019den 39,7\u2019ye) devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

Mevcut durumda T\u00fcrkiye i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n faal b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n nicel ve nitel durumuna dair bir resim ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak, her s\u00f6yledi\u011finde iktidar\u0131n \u015faibe g\u00f6lgesi bulunan T\u00dc\u0130K ile ondan daha az \u015faibeli olmayan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verileri aras\u0131nda bir kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapmay\u0131 gerektiriyor.<\/p>\n

T\u00dc\u0130K 2024 i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc verilerine g\u00f6re 15+ ya\u015f n\u00fcfus i\u00e7erisinde istihdam edilen toplam 32 milyon 620 bin ki\u015fi i\u00e7erisindeki t\u00fcm \u00fccretlilerin say\u0131s\u0131 23 milyon 137 bin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
TOPLAM \u00dcCRETL\u0130: 23.137 (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TARIM: 634<\/td>\nTARIM DI\u015eI: 22.503<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
KAYIT \u0130\u00c7\u0130: 164<\/td>\nKAYIT DI\u015eI: 470<\/td>\nKAYIT \u0130\u00c7\u0130: 20.001<\/strong><\/td>\nKAYIT DI\u015eI: 2.502<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ERKEK<\/td>\nKADIN<\/td>\nERKEK<\/td>\nKADIN<\/td>\nERKEK<\/strong><\/td>\nKADIN<\/strong><\/td>\nERKEK<\/strong><\/td>\nKADIN<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\n47<\/td>\n275<\/td>\n195<\/td>\n13.460<\/strong><\/td>\n6.541<\/strong><\/td>\n1.506<\/strong><\/td>\n996<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 3. <\/strong>Toplam \u00dccretlilerin Tar\u0131m \u0130\u00e7i ve D\u0131\u015f\u0131, Kay\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131k ve Cinsiyete G\u00f6re Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> 2024 T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistikleri\u2019nden derlenerek olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 3\u2019teki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mdan hesaplanabilece\u011fi \u00fczere, faal i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131 (t\u00fcm \u00fccretlilerin y\u00fczde 97,3) olu\u015fturan 22,5 milyon tar\u0131m-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fccretlinin y\u00fczde 33,5\u2019i (7,5 milyon) kad\u0131n.[13]<\/a> Daha \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck kent merkezlerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan bu proleter kesimde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00f6rece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oranda yer almas\u0131nda ev i\u00e7i angarya y\u00fcz\u00fcnden i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lamaman\u0131n belirleyicili\u011fi asla unutulmamal\u0131. Devletin hem kre\u015f a\u00e7mayarak hem de 150 ve \u00fczeri kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerde kre\u015f a\u00e7ma zorunlulu\u011funu denetlemeyerek \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 tamamen aileye y\u00fckledi\u011fi bu proleter hanelerde kad\u0131nlar, burjuva hemcinslerinin sahip oldu\u011fu hizmet sat\u0131n alma olanaklar\u0131ndan ve k\u0131rsaldaki enformel bak\u0131m a\u011flar\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yoksun.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

SEKT\u00d6R<\/strong><\/td>\n

GENEL<\/strong><\/p>\n

TOPLAM (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\n

KADIN<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Say\u0131 (bin)<\/strong><\/td>\nSekt\u00f6r i\u00e7i oran (%)<\/strong><\/td>\nCinsiyet i\u00e7i oran (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130n\u015faat<\/td>\n1.665<\/td>\n99<\/td>\n5,9<\/td>\n1,3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sanayi<\/td>\n5.820<\/td>\n1.477<\/td>\n25,4<\/td>\n19,7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ticaret ve Hizmetler<\/td>\n15.017<\/td>\n5.961<\/td>\n39,7<\/td>\n79<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TOPLAM<\/strong><\/td>\n22.502<\/strong><\/td>\n7.537<\/strong><\/td>\n33,5<\/strong><\/td>\n100<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 4<\/strong>. Tar\u0131m D\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00dccretlilerin Sekt\u00f6rel Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda Kad\u0131nlar<\/p>\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> 2024 T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistikleri\u2019nden derlenerek olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 4\u2019te de g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi \u00fczere, kad\u0131nlar tar\u0131m-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faal proletaryan\u0131n kad\u0131nlar kabaca 3\u2019te 1\u2019ini olu\u015fturuyor.[14]<\/a> Yine kabaca ifade edersek, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin 4\u2019te 1\u2019ini, ticaret-hizmet i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ise 5\u2019te 2\u2019sini olu\u015fturuyor. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n genel olarak sanayide daha \u00e7ok dayan\u0131ks\u0131z ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131 t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 ile g\u00f6rece artan oranda ara mal \u00fcretiminde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Hizmetlerde ise, T\u00fcrkiye i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcten \u00f6zellikle d\u00f6rt sekt\u00f6rde toplam i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131dan fazla oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zleniyor. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda ise \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerin en derinden ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri geliyor. 2014-2024 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131s\u0131 1 milyon 297 binden 1 milyon 940 bine \u00e7\u0131kan e\u011fitim i\u015f\u00e7ilerindeki bu 643 binlik art\u0131\u015f\u0131n 509 bini kad\u0131n. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak e\u011fitim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki \u00fccretliler aras\u0131ndaki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n pay\u0131 da y\u00fczde 49,2\u2019den y\u00fczde 59,1\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu durum, say\u0131s\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artan \u00f6zel okullar\u0131n bilindik sebeplerle b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kad\u0131nlar\u0131 istihdam etti\u011fini sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Yine sa\u011fl\u0131ktaki ticarile\u015fme de benzer bir tablo sunuyor. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda sa\u011fl\u0131k ve sosyal hizmet i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin say\u0131s\u0131 952 binden 1 milyon 982 bine, 1 milyon gibi muazzam bir art\u0131\u015f sergiliyor. Bu art\u0131\u015fta say\u0131s\u0131 644 binden 1 milyon 415 bine \u00e7\u0131kan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n pay\u0131 belirleyici. Yine benzer bir \u00e7o\u011falma g\u00f6steren konaklama ve yiyecek hizmeti veren i\u015fletmelerdeki i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 son on y\u0131lda 481 bin artarak 1 milyon 498 bine dayanm\u0131\u015f durumda ki bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n y\u00fczde 57,2\u2019si kad\u0131nlardan olu\u015fuyor. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 219 binden 494 bine, \u00fccretliler aras\u0131ndaki pay\u0131 da y\u00fczde 20,4\u2019ten 33\u2019e muazzam bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6steriyor. Son olarak hizmetlerde; 2 milyon 984 bin i\u015f\u00e7iyle en kalabal\u0131k alt-sekt\u00f6r\u00fc olu\u015fturan toptan ve perakende ticaretteyse kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 548 binden 986 bine; \u00fccretliler i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 da y\u00fczde 25,2\u2019den y\u00fczde 33\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f durumda. Bunda her mahallede p\u0131trak gibi biten zincir marketlerin pay\u0131 etkili.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki t\u00fcm kutsal aile nutuklar\u0131na ra\u011fmen d\u00fcmeninde AKP-Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n oldu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye kapitalizmi i\u00e7in \u00fccretli kad\u0131n eme\u011fi ne nicel ne de nitel olarak t\u00fcmden vazge\u00e7ilebilir. \u00d6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz oldu\u011fu oranda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki rekabeti art\u0131ran bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretli, g\u00fcvencesiz ve en esnek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusu s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartmaya devam ediyor. 2025-2028 y\u0131llar\u0131nda hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi planlanan Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi\u2019nde; hizmetlerde turizm sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde, sanayide geleneksel olarak kad\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131n zaten g\u00f6rece y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu tekstil ve kimya imalat\u0131nda, metalde de otomotiv, al\u00fcminyum, \u00e7elik ve makine imalat\u0131nda dijital d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle \u201cbeceri uyumsuzlu\u011fu\u201d sorununun giderilerek kad\u0131n istihdam oran\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hedefi ilan ediliyor.[15]<\/a> Bu hedef \u00f6ncelikli sekt\u00f6rlerde kapsay\u0131c\u0131 istihdam\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6ylemleriyle allan\u0131p pullan\u0131yor. Ne tesad\u00fcft\u00fcr ki; metaldeki g\u00f6rece y\u00fcksek oran bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu sekt\u00f6rler, \u00fclkenin en kalabal\u0131k ve en \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz i\u015fkollar\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sendikala\u015fma ve Kad\u0131nlar: \u00d6rg\u00fcts\u00fczlerin En \u00d6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz\u00fc<\/h5>\n

Say\u0131lar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 milyonu bulan kamu emek\u00e7ileri d\u0131\u015far\u0131da tutuldu\u011funda, tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00fccretlilerin kendi i\u00e7indeki sekt\u00f6rel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve bu da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc-\u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz konumunu az \u00e7ok belirlemek i\u00e7in, detayl\u0131 cinsiyet verilerinin eksik oldu\u011fu T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden \u00c7SGB verilerine do\u011fru kaz\u0131y\u0131 biraz daha derinle\u015ftirmek gerekiyor. Kamu emek\u00e7ileri ile kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fccretlilerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131da tutuldu\u011fu Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ocak 2025 b\u00fcltenine g\u00f6re, 5,3 milyonu kad\u0131n olmak \u00fczere tar\u0131m-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 16,7 milyon i\u015f\u00e7i bulunuyor. Bu tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faal i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda toplam sendikal\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 2 milyon 480 bin, genel sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 ise y\u00fczde 14,9.[16]<\/a> \u00dc\u00e7te biri kad\u0131n olan bu \u00fccretliler toplam\u0131nda sendikal\u0131lar\u0131n 4\u2019te biri (yakla\u015f\u0131k 605 bin) kad\u0131n. Cinsiyetlere g\u00f6re \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme e\u011filimindeki fark\u0131 g\u00f6sterir bir veri daha not edelim; kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 11,4 iken erkekler aras\u0131nda bu oran y\u00fczde 16,5. Kabaca ifade etmek gerekirse her 10 kad\u0131ndan sadece 1\u2019inin sendikal\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Yine de niteliksel sonu\u00e7lara varmak i\u00e7in belli ba\u015fl\u0131 hizmet ve sanayi i\u015fkollar\u0131na bakmakta fayda var. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun k\u00fcmelendi\u011fi hizmetlerle ba\u015flamak gerekirse tar\u0131m-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 proletaryan\u0131n \u00e7eyre\u011finden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan 10 No\u2019lu \u201cTicaret, B\u00fcro, E\u011fitim ve G\u00fczel Sanatlar\u201d i\u015fkolu birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 hak ediyor. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 milyon 470 bin i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu i\u015fkolu, ayn\u0131 zamanda 2 milyon kad\u0131n\u0131n (y\u00fczde 45,4) dahil oldu\u011fu, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en kalabal\u0131k oldu\u011fu i\u015fkolu. Toptan ve perakende sat\u0131\u015f ma\u011fazalar\u0131ndan b\u00fcro-ofis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinden g\u00fcvenlik g\u00f6revlilerine, kurumlardaki \u00e7ayc\u0131-odac\u0131lardan \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na, edebiyat ve g\u00fczel sanat emek\u00e7ilerinden (set i\u015f\u00e7ileri, oyuncular, m\u00fczisyenler, yazarlar vb.) \u00fccretli avukatlara ve mali m\u00fc\u015favirlere, neredeyse tek ortak noktas\u0131 \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak olan milyonlarca emek\u00e7iyi kapsayan bu i\u015fkolunun m\u00fccadeleci sendikalar taraf\u0131ndan \u201ctorba i\u015fkolu\u201d olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olmasa gerek. Hal b\u00f6yle olunca; pek \u00e7ok sendikan\u0131n kendi alan\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm emek\u00e7ileri \u00f6rg\u00fctlese dahi y\u00fczde 1\u2019lik (yakla\u015f\u0131k 45 bin \u00fcyeye tekab\u00fcl eden) ulusal yetki baraj\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmuyor. Zaten y\u00fczde 7,2 (yakla\u015f\u0131k 322 bin i\u015f\u00e7i) ile, in\u015faat ve konaklamadan sonra sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131n\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc i\u015fkolu. Ancak neredeyse tamam\u0131 \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla toptan ve perakende sat\u0131\u015f ma\u011fazalar\u0131nda olan i\u015fkolundaki mevcut \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda kamuya, bakanl\u0131klar ve ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015fyerleri ile \u00fcniversitelere dayan\u0131yor. Bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yetkili sendikalar, son y\u0131llarda kendili\u011finden eylemleriyle de g\u00fcndeme Migros, CarrefourSA, Metro, \u015eok Market gibi perakende sat\u0131\u015f ma\u011fazalar\u0131nda ve k\u0131smen AVM \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctleniyor. Yukar\u0131da son on y\u0131lda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi muazzam art\u0131\u015fa de\u011finilen ve y\u00fczde 59\u2019u kad\u0131n olmak \u00fczere say\u0131s\u0131 2 milyona dayanan \u00f6zel okullardaki e\u011fitim i\u015f\u00e7ileri ise neredeyse tamamen \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe terk edilmi\u015f durumda. Bu i\u015fkolunda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen \u00d6zel Sekt\u00f6r \u00d6\u011fretmenleri Sendikas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00e7abalara ra\u011fmen sadece 11 bin.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fkolundaki az say\u0131daki toplam sendikal\u0131lar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 39,7\u2019si kad\u0131n; i\u015fkolundaki kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ise y\u00fczde 6,2\u2019si sendikal\u0131. Kaba bir tahminde yakla\u015f\u0131k 127 bin 700 sendikal\u0131 kad\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131 da yetkili \u00fc\u00e7 sendikada: T\u00fcrk-\u0130\u015f\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 Tez-Koop-\u0130\u015f (50 bin) ve Koop-\u0130\u015f (46 bin) ile HAK-\u0130\u015e\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00d6z B\u00fcro-\u0130\u015f (20 bin).[17]<\/a> Bu \u201ctorba\u201d niteli\u011finin ve yetki baraj\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sendikala\u015f\u0131p toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne koydu\u011fu genel engelin, zaten \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi bilindik erkek egemen engeller y\u00fcz\u00fcnden yeterince zor olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6zel bir engele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n son birka\u00e7 y\u0131lda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek. \u0130\u015fveren \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc M\u00fc\u015fteri Deneyimi Y\u00f6netimi ve Teknolojileri Derne\u011fi\u2019ne g\u00f6re m\u00fc\u015fteri temsilcisi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 167 binin \u00fczerinde i\u015f\u00e7inin y\u00fczde 70\u2019i kad\u0131n.[18]<\/a> Ya\u015f ortalamas\u0131 27 ve \u00f6\u011frenim d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek bu i\u015f\u00e7i kitlesi sendikal deneyimden yoksun. 2024 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130leti\u015fim-\u0130\u015f sendikas\u0131n\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen #\u0130leti\u015fimdeKal kampanyas\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme yolunda bir ad\u0131m atm\u0131\u015fken \u201ctorba i\u015fkolu\u201d adeta kapitalistlerin elinde bir \u201csopa i\u015fkolu\u201dna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Uluslararas\u0131 mevzuata g\u00f6re ileti\u015fim i\u015fkolunda olmalar\u0131 gerekirken i\u015fverenlerin talep ve itirazlar\u0131yla ileti\u015fimden 10 No\u2019lu torba i\u015fkoluna geri al\u0131nd\u0131lar. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu evden ve\/ya hibrit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla emek\u00e7ilerin birbirinden izole ama her an y\u00f6netici denetimi alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmek yeterince zorken yetki baraj\u0131n\u0131 a\u015facak bir \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131 daha da zor. Hal b\u00f6yle olunca y\u00fczde 70\u2019i kad\u0131n olan 167 bin i\u015f\u00e7inin sendika ve T\u0130S hakk\u0131 fiilen engellenmi\u015f oluyor ve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 merkezi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 kad\u0131nlar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fc \u015fiddet, tehdit, mobbing gibi ihlaller kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendi s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcyle birlikte m\u00fccadele olanaklar\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu durumda i\u015fkolu y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi ve yetki baraj\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 peki\u015ftiren bir yapt\u0131r\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. \u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta genel bir talep olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ve \u00f6yle de olan torba i\u015fkolunun d\u00fczenlenmesi ve yetki baraj\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in daha acil bir talebe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Yine hizmetler alan\u0131nda, 18 No\u2019lu \u201cKonaklama ve E\u011flence \u0130\u015fleri\u201d 436 bini kad\u0131n olmak \u00fczere 1 milyon 170 bin i\u015f\u00e7i ile tar\u0131m-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en kalabal\u0131k d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc i\u015fkolu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, sadece 54 bin i\u015f\u00e7i sendikal\u0131 ki bunun be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc kamuda. Yani \u00f6zel turizm i\u015fletmelerinde sendikal\u0131 sadece 18 bin i\u015f\u00e7i var. Y\u00fczde 4,6 ile \u00fclkenin en \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz ikinci i\u015fkolu. Yetki baraj\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan tek sendika 46 bin \u00fcyeye sahip T\u00dcRK-\u0130\u015e\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 TOLEY\u0130S. HAK-\u0130\u015e\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 OLEY\u0130S (3 bin) ile D\u0130SK\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 Dev Turizm-\u0130\u015f (bin 700) sendikalar\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n gelecekte yetki baraj\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 pek ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i durmuyor.<\/p>\n

Neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131 kad\u0131n olan turizm i\u015fkolunda sendikal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 37,8\u2019i (20 bin 321) kad\u0131n; kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131ndaki sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131ysa y\u00fczde 4,7. Mevsimsel etkinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 belirledi\u011fi turizm sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kad\u0131nlar, en a\u011f\u0131r hak ihlalleri ve insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 muameleler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bu muazzam \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczl\u00fckleri oran\u0131nda savunmas\u0131z durumda. Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn en dinamik oldu\u011fu yazl\u0131k turizm merkezlerinden Bodrum\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n bulgular\u0131 genel sorunlar\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r nitelikte.[19]<\/a> \u00d6zellikle y\u00fcksek sezonda hasta, raporlu ve hatta yaral\u0131 oldu\u011fu halde t\u00fcrl\u00fc tehditle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlanan kad\u0131nlar, i\u015fe geri al\u0131nmayacaklar\u0131 korkusuyla gebelik ve do\u011fum izinlerini kullanm\u0131yorlar. Otellerde kat hizmetlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar 20 kiloya varan kimyasal bidonlar\u0131n\u0131, a\u011f\u0131r temizlik malzemelerini, b\u00fct\u00fcn kattan \u00e7\u0131kan kirli nevresimleri, restoran ve barlarda serviste \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ise a\u011f\u0131r g\u0131da ve i\u00e7ecek kolilerini ta\u015f\u0131mak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rken \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan kaynaklanan bel f\u0131t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve omurga bozukluklar\u0131 meslek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7miyor. \u00dcniforma zorunlulu\u011funun oldu\u011fu yerlerde \u00e7o\u011funlukla beyaz rengin tercih edilmesi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 regl d\u00f6nemlerinde daha da zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u015fe al\u0131m metotlar\u0131ndan biri olan hem\u015fehricilik \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fi i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131 rekabetle de birle\u015ferek kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerinde bir mobbing mekanizmas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febiliyor. S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kesme, yok sayma, bedensel utand\u0131rma, psikolojik \u015fiddetin vurma, d\u00f6vme, yumruklama, \u0131s\u0131rma ise en \u00e7ok maruz b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 fiziksel \u015fiddetin yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imleri. Neredeyse tamam\u0131 kad\u0131n olan kat hizmetlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ise i\u015fveren ya da y\u00f6neticilerin kendi ki\u015fisel i\u015flerini yapmaya, evlerini temizlemeye ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na bakmaya zorlan\u0131yor. M\u00fc\u015fteriler taraf\u0131ndan da s\u0131k s\u0131k h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kla su\u00e7lan\u0131yor, ki\u015fisel dolaplar\u0131 ve hatta \u00fcstleri zorla aran\u0131yor. Turizm i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131nlar hem birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 erkeklerden hem de m\u00fc\u015fterilerden gelen s\u00f6zl\u00fc cinsel tacizleri vakay\u0131 adiyeden sayar durumda. Ofiste \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan g\u00f6rece e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek kad\u0131nlar, hamile kald\u0131klar\u0131nda terfilerinin iptal edildi\u011fini, cinsel yak\u0131nla\u015fma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda terfi teklifi ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Cinsel tacize en \u00e7ok maruz kalanlar ise m\u00fc\u015fterilerle do\u011frudan temas halinde olanlar. Artan oranda g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cm\u00fc\u015fterilerin mahremine giren\u201d kat hizmetlilerinin en dezavantajl\u0131 kesimini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu belirtiliyor, SPA \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 \u201cMutlu son var m\u0131?\u201d sorusuyla muhatap oluyor. Yiyecek i\u00e7ecek servisinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 restoran ve barlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ise m\u00fctemadiyen dokunma yoluyla taciz edildiklerini ifade ediyor. M\u00fc\u015fterinin \u201cg\u00f6nl\u00fcn\u00fc ho\u015f etme\u201d zorunlulu\u011funu kabul etmeyip y\u00f6neticilerine bildiren kad\u0131nlar y\u00f6neticilerinden \u201cEn fazla bir gece g\u00f6zlerini kapat\u0131rs\u0131n ne olacak ki<\/em>\u201d t\u00fcrevi yan\u0131tlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yorlar. Mek\u00e2nsal tasar\u0131m\u0131 gere\u011fi k\u00f6r noktalar\u0131n bol oldu\u011fu turizm i\u015fletmelerinde \u00f6zellikle erkek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar taraf\u0131ndan tekil ve \u00e7oklu tecav\u00fcze u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten kad\u0131nlar var. Ancak bunlar\u0131n neredeyse hi\u00e7biri rapor edilmiyor. Devlet, burjuva karakterini hakk\u0131yla veriyor; turizm sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakla de\u011fil, Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi kapsam\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n becerilerinin uyumlula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak istihdam\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgileniyor.<\/p>\n

AKP-Erdo\u011fan y\u00f6netimindeki devletin son \u00e7eyrek y\u0131ld\u0131r \u00f6zel olarak ilgilendi\u011fi bir ba\u015fka hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fc de sa\u011fl\u0131k. Sadece son on y\u0131lda i\u015fyeri say\u0131s\u0131 24 binden 55 binin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karken buna paralel olarak 17 No\u2019lu \u201cSa\u011fl\u0131k ve Sosyal Hizmetler\u201d i\u015fkolunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan say\u0131s\u0131 da 286 bin 500\u2019den 761 bin 300\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f durumda. \u0130\u015fkolundaki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc de bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sebebi olan \u00f6zel hastane ve polikliniklerde neredeyse tamamen \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Zira \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015fyerlerindeki sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 1,8. Ayn\u0131 oran kamuda y\u00fczde 78,8. Ocak 2025\u2019te y\u00fczde 35,7\u2019ye varan genel sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131n\u0131n son on y\u0131lda istikrarla artarak 7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak en dramatik art\u0131\u015f\u0131n 2020-2021 y\u0131llar\u0131 temmuz aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda (bir y\u0131lda y\u00fczde 14,5\u2019ten 35,56\u2019ya) ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde pandemi d\u00f6nemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n sendikala\u015fma e\u011filimini olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k ve Sosyal Hizmetler y\u00fczde 60,1 ile kad\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131n erkeklerden fazla oldu\u011fu tek i\u015fkolu. Ancak bu niceliksel \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fck oranlar\u0131na yans\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortada: Sendika \u00fcyesi 272 bin ki\u015finin 150 bini (y\u00fczde 55,1\u2019i) erkek, 122 bini (y\u00fczde 44,8\u2019i) kad\u0131n. Yani \u00fclkede kad\u0131nlar\u0131n erkeklerden fazla oldu\u011fu tek i\u015fkolunda sendikal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu erkek. Bu durum cinsiyetlere g\u00f6re sendikala\u015fma e\u011filiminin sorgulanmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyor: Erkeklerin sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 49,4 iken kad\u0131nlarda bu oran y\u00fczde 26,6.<\/p>\n

\u015e\u00fcphesiz kad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00fcklendi\u011fi ev i\u00e7i angarya ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n genelinde h\u00e2kim olan erkek egemenlik belirleyici. Ancak \u00f6zel olarak, yine erkek egemenli\u011fi ile karakterize sar\u0131 sendikac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve sendikal b\u00fcrokrasinin etkisi de kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir engel. Son y\u0131llarda \u00fcye say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131p 41 bin 500 \u00fcyeye ula\u015farak yetki baraj\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan T\u00dcRK-\u0130\u015e\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130\u015f\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, 224 bin \u00fcyesiyle sendikal\u0131lar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu temsil eden HAK-\u0130\u015e\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00d6z Sa\u011fl\u0131k-\u0130\u015f i\u015fveren ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutumuyla i\u015fkolunda patron sendikac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyetini garanti ediyor. Bununla birlikte, son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r dalgalar halinde kendini g\u00f6steren sa\u011fl\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin eylemlerinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Yine son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u00f6zellikle de b\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehirlerde irili ufakl\u0131 ama az \u00e7ok s\u00fcreklilik arz eden eylemleri ve i\u015f b\u0131rakmalar\u0131yla g\u00fcndemde olan bir di\u011fer kesim ise belediye i\u015f\u00e7ileri. \u00dc\u00e7te biri kad\u0131n olan yakla\u015f\u0131k 992 bin i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 20 No\u2019lu \u201cGenel \u0130\u015fler\u201d i\u015fkolu, y\u00fczde 58,8 sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc olan tek i\u015fkolu. Ne var ki, sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131n\u0131n son on y\u0131lda iki kattan fazla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fclkenin en \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc i\u015fkolunda kad\u0131nlar yine en \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor: 583 bin 500 sendika \u00fcyesinin sadece y\u00fczde 19,2\u2019si kad\u0131n.<\/p>\n

Son olarak i\u015fkolundakiler ile sendikal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki cinsiyet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fit oranda \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tek i\u015fkoluna de\u011finmekte fayda var. En kalabal\u0131klar aras\u0131nda say\u0131lmasa da 339 bin i\u015f\u00e7inin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n erkek yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n oldu\u011fu 9 No\u2019lu \u201cBanka, Finans ve Sigorta\u201d i\u015fkolu, y\u00fczde 32 ile \u00fclke ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131ndan fazla bir genel sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131na sahip. \u00dcstelik 108 bin 670 sendikal\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n da en \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc oldu\u011fu i\u015fkolu.<\/p>\n

S\u0131nai proletaryada kad\u0131nlar\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumunu de\u011ferlendirirken \u00e7eyrek asra yakla\u015fan AKP iktidar\u0131 boyunca tamamlanan kamu te\u015fekk\u00fcllerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesinin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc da\u011f\u0131tan etkisini ve bu etkinin kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler nezdinde katlanan oranda ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131lda tutmak gerekiyor. Bu, en \u00e7ok da kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131ca ve\/ya oransal olarak yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131nai sekt\u00f6rler olan tekstil, metal ve g\u0131da i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle.<\/p>\n

Tekstilin kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda geldi\u011fi kapitalizm tarihinden de yayg\u0131n bilinen bir ger\u00e7ek. 5 No\u2019lu \u201cDokuma, Haz\u0131r Giyim ve Deri\u201d i\u015fkolu 1 milyon 169 bin i\u015f\u00e7iyle \u00fclkenin de en kalabal\u0131k be\u015finci i\u015fkolu. Bu toplam i\u00e7erisinde 473 bin tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131ysa y\u00fczde 40,5. Elde cinsiyet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 veriler olmamakla birlikte, erkeklerin yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu hal\u0131 ve iplik dokuma ile deri \u00fcr\u00fcnleri imalat\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131da tutulup kad\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u00fcmelendi\u011fi haz\u0131r giyim \u00fcr\u00fcnleri imalat\u0131 \u00f6zelinde bak\u0131labilseydi bu oran\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilirdi. Uluslararas\u0131 moda tekellerine y\u00f6nelik ihracat\u0131n \u00f6ncelendi\u011fi, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve orta teknolojili \u00fcretim yap\u0131lan bu emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6r, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin en uzun, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n en a\u011f\u0131r, \u00fccretlerin de kay\u0131t i\u00e7inde asgari \u00fccret ve civar\u0131nda kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bunun da alt\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutuldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6rlerden biri. Bu durum toplumdaki en k\u0131r\u0131lgan, en \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz ve en ezilen kesimleri, kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 \u201cbecerileri en uyumlu\u201d i\u015f\u00e7iler haline getiriyor. Her ne kadar ulusal-siyasal bir hareket olarak muazzam bir \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fck sergilese de, bir as\u0131rl\u0131k ulusal sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki \u0131srar, b\u00f6lgede sendikal anlamda \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz K\u00fcrt emek\u00e7ilerini ve \u00f6zellikle de kad\u0131nlar\u0131 tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in yine \u201cuyumlu\u201d bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f durumda. Nitekim son y\u0131llarda b\u00f6lgeye ak\u0131t\u0131lan devlet te\u015fvikleri, vergi indirimleri ve devletin sendikala\u015fma \u00f6n\u00fcne koydu\u011fu fiziki ve hukuki engeller, tekstil imalat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye kayd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da ucuz kad\u0131n eme\u011finin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne dayanan \u201cBanglade\u015f modeli\u201dni hayata ge\u00e7irmenin zeminini haz\u0131rl\u0131yor. AKP-Erdo\u011fan iktidar\u0131n\u0131n Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi\u2019nde kad\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cde\u011ferlendirilmesi\u201d i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelik verdi\u011fi sekt\u00f6rlerden birinin tekstil olmas\u0131 de\u011ferden kast\u0131n art\u0131-de\u011fer oldu\u011funu kendili\u011finden a\u00e7\u0131k ediyor. Yirmi y\u0131l \u00f6nce sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 73 olan tekstil i\u015f\u00e7ileri,[20]<\/a> t\u00fcm bu 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 and\u0131ran g\u00fcncel ko\u015fullar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan s\u0131n\u0131f birli\u011fini yeniden sa\u011flayabilmi\u015f de\u011fil; 33 bin 400\u2019\u00fc (y\u00fczde 33,4) kad\u0131n olan yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 bin sendika \u00fcyesinin oldu\u011fu i\u015fkolunda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc genel sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 8,5. Di\u011fer bir veriyle tamamlamak gerekirse, tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 7\u2019si sendikal\u0131.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar oransal olarak i\u015fkolundaki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin y\u00fczde 19\u2019unu olu\u015ftursa da, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131sal olarak en kalabal\u0131k oldu\u011fu ikinci sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc 1 milyon 988 bin i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 metal i\u015fkolu. T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131nai proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n lokomotifini olu\u015fturan bu i\u015fkolunda, \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerin de yads\u0131namaz etkisiyle, son 20 y\u0131lda muazzam bir sendikas\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma operasyonu ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek abart\u0131 olmaz. Zira 2005\u2019te y\u00fczde 68,3 olan sendikal\u0131 oran\u0131 2025\u2019te y\u00fczde 19,3\u2019e kadar gerilemi\u015f durumda. Ne var ki, metal i\u015f\u00e7ileri AKP-Erdo\u011fan iktidar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 politikas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, zaman zaman sendikal b\u00fcrokrasiyi de a\u015farak grev yasaklar\u0131n\u0131 delebilen i\u015f\u00e7i kesimlerinin ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyor. Ancak yirmi y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczle\u015ftirme operasyonundan bakiye bu k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fck i\u00e7inde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yine en \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz konumda oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u0130\u015fkolunun kabaca 5\u2019te 1\u2019ini olu\u015fturan kad\u0131nlar, sendikal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczde 15\u2019ini olu\u015fturuyor; yakla\u015f\u0131k 383 bin sendikal\u0131 metal i\u015f\u00e7isinin sadece 57 bini. Yine Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisinde metal sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde (al\u00fcminyum, \u00e7elik, otomotiv ve makine imalat\u0131nda) otomasyonla birlikte kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hedefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bug\u00fcn y\u00fczde 15 olan kad\u0131nlar aras\u0131nda sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Nitekim son y\u0131llarda metal yan sanayii ile \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in sermayeli ak\u0131ll\u0131 teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnleri imalat\u0131ndaki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme m\u00fccadelelerinde \u00e7o\u011funlukla deneyimsiz, gen\u00e7 ve kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Son olarak s\u0131nai proletaryada kad\u0131nlar\u0131n hem say\u0131ca hem de oransal olarak yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u0131da sanayiini ele alal\u0131m. G\u0131da sanayii, t\u0131pk\u0131 metal gibi, son yirmi y\u0131lda adeta bir \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fkollar\u0131ndan biri. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u0131da sanayi ile tamam\u0131 sendikal\u0131 \u015feker i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 79,4 iken bug\u00fcn 2 No\u2019lu \u201cG\u0131da Sanayi\u201d i\u015fkolunda bu oran 13,2\u2019ye kadar gerilemi\u015f durumda. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczle\u015ftirmede ba\u015f rol\u00fc t\u00fct\u00fcn, \u00e7ay, f\u0131nd\u0131k ve \u015feker i\u015fletmelerinin neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi oynuyor. Genel sendikas\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n etkisini geometrik bir katsay\u0131yla ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar ise 758 bin 600 i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fkolunun y\u00fczde 37,7\u2019sini te\u015fkil etmelerine ra\u011fmen 100 bin sendikal\u0131n\u0131n 4\u2019te 1\u2019ini olu\u015fturuyor. Her 100 g\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131ndan sadece 9\u2019u sendikal\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hem hizmetler hem de sanayi sekt\u00f6rlerinin toplam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bu tablo, tekelci sermaye, i\u015f\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 AKP-Erdo\u011fan iktidar\u0131 ile sendikal b\u00fcrokrasi ittifak\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini ne kadar geriletti\u011fini genel olarak ortaya koymakla birlikte, kad\u0131n proleterleri de \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz\u00fcn en \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczleri konumuna nas\u0131l itti\u011fini ayyuka \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r nitelikte.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tar\u0131m \u0130stihdam\u0131nda Kad\u0131nlar: Kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u00dccretsiz Aile \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri<\/h5>\n

Her ne kadar toplam faal proletaryan\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesimini olu\u015ftursa da, tar\u0131m \u00fcretimindeki s\u0131n\u0131fsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ba\u011flam\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n konumunu anlamak i\u00e7in g\u00fcncel tar\u0131m istihdam\u0131n\u0131n detaylar\u0131na da g\u00f6z atmakta fayda var. Kapitalizmin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahibi \u00fcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6zme e\u011filimi genel bir do\u011fru. Ancak AKP-Erdo\u011fan iktidar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015faat rant\u0131na dayal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme stratejisinin bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da malum. Sadece 2020\u2019li y\u0131llara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bile tar\u0131m\u0131n genel istihdamdaki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 17,7\u2019den 14,8\u2019e; \u00fccretlilerdeki pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 3,2\u2019den 2,7\u2019ye gerilemi\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n

2024 T\u00dc\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re toplamda 4,8 milyondan olu\u015fan (ormanc\u0131l\u0131k ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k da dahil) tar\u0131m istihdam\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 1,2\u2019si i\u015fverenlerden, y\u00fczde 43,6\u2019s\u0131 kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlardan, y\u00fczde 13,1\u2019i \u00fccretli\/yevmiyelilerden ve y\u00fczde 42,1\u2019i \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7ilerinden olu\u015fuyor. Bu genel veriyi de\u011ferlendirirken, y\u00fczde 82\u2019si kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olan tar\u0131m istihdam\u0131nda sosyal g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fi de bir de\u011fi\u015fken olarak hesaba katmak bir zorunluluk.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0130ST\u0130HDAM ED\u0130LENLER\u0130N<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015eTEK\u0130 DURUMU<\/strong><\/td>\n

ERKEK<\/strong><\/td>\nKADIN<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
K. \u0130\u00c7\u0130 (bin)<\/td>\nK. DI\u015eI (bin)<\/td>\nTOPLAM<\/strong><\/td>\nK. \u0130\u00c7\u0130 (bin)<\/td>\nK. DI\u015eI (bin)<\/td>\nTOPLAM<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00dccretli veya yevmiyeli<\/td>\n117<\/td>\n275<\/td>\n392<\/strong><\/td>\n47<\/td>\n195<\/td>\n242<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130\u015fveren<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n25<\/td>\n50<\/strong><\/td>\n2<\/td>\n5<\/td>\n7<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan<\/td>\n473<\/td>\n1.355<\/td>\n1.828<\/strong><\/td>\n24<\/td>\n254<\/td>\n278<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00dccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7isi<\/td>\n73<\/td>\n729<\/td>\n802<\/strong><\/td>\n108<\/td>\n1.395<\/td>\n1.503<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Tablo 5. <\/strong>Tar\u0131m \u0130stihdam\u0131n\u0131n Kay\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130\u015fteki Durum ve Cinsiyete G\u00f6re Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n

Kaynak: 2024 T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistikleri\u2019nden derlenerek olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablodan da g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere, tar\u0131m istihdam\u0131nda genel s\u0131n\u0131fsal kompozisyonun cinsiyete g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, erkeklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finde k\u00fcmelendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak ve tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin \u201caile reisi\u201d erkeklerde oldu\u011fu hanelerde 1,5 milyon kad\u0131n ba\u015fta g\u0131da ve tekstil olmak \u00fczere tar\u0131ma ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u0131nai kapitalistlerin k\u00e2r\u0131 i\u00e7in neredeyse tamamen \u00fccretsiz ve g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Bu muazzam kad\u0131n n\u00fcfusu, tar\u0131mda kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri h\u00e2kim olduk\u00e7a, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda ev i\u00e7i angaryan\u0131n haneye \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ci\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lmayan\u201d kitlelere ve yedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusuna, g\u00f6rece az oranda da \u00fccretlilere kat\u0131lmay\u0131 bekliyor.<\/p>\n

Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ana konusuyla do\u011frudan ili\u015fkili olan tar\u0131m proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n ise y\u00fczde 38,8\u2019i kad\u0131n olmak \u00fczere 624 bin kay\u0131tl\u0131 ve kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fccretliden olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olundu\u011fu \u00fczere, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fccretli oran\u0131 kad\u0131nlarda (y\u00fczde 80,6) erkeklerden (y\u00fczde 70,1) daha y\u00fcksek. 2024 y\u0131l\u0131 T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinde (117 bin erkek ve 47 bin kad\u0131n) 164 bin olarak hesaplanan toplam kay\u0131t i\u00e7i \u00fccretli\/yevmiyeli tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7isi say\u0131s\u0131, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (\u00c7SGB) Ocak 2025\u2019te verilerinde 1 No\u2019lu \u201cAvc\u0131l\u0131k, Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, Tar\u0131m ve Ormanc\u0131l\u0131k\u201d i\u015fkoluna kay\u0131tl\u0131 169 bin 412 i\u015f\u00e7i olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Genel sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 25 oldu\u011fu i\u015fkolunda tar\u0131m proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 29,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan kad\u0131nlar, sendikal\u0131lar\u0131n ise y\u00fczde 13\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor.[21]<\/a> Cinsiyete g\u00f6re sendikala\u015fma e\u011filimini g\u00f6sterir bir veri olarak not d\u00fc\u015fmek gerekirse; erkek tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131ndaki sendikala\u015fma oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 30,7 iken kad\u0131nlarda bu oran y\u00fczde 11,2.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 Yerine<\/h5>\n

En geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclebilir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u00fctlesinde kad\u0131nlar\u0131n konumu genel hatlar\u0131yla \u00e7izilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan tablo \u015fu: Say\u0131lar\u0131 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda 7 ila 10 milyon aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen devasa bir kad\u0131n kitlesi, kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7arklar\u0131nda ezilmek \u00fczere emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcndelik ve nesilsel yeniden \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in AKP-Erdo\u011fan iktidar\u0131n\u0131n gerici politikalar\u0131yla ev i\u00e7i angaryaya mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015f durumda. Dar anlam\u0131yla i\u015fsizlerin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 milyon kad\u0131n yedek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ordusunun en ak\u0131\u015fkan kesiminde i\u015f bulma \u00e7abas\u0131yla didiniyor. Tar\u0131m-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faal proletaryan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birini olu\u015fturan 7,5 milyon kad\u0131n ise \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fczlerin en \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz\u00fc konumunda. Tar\u0131mda h\u00e2kim olduk\u00e7a y\u00fczbinlerce kad\u0131n\u0131 sosyal g\u00fcvencesiz i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015ftiren kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 milyon \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7isi kad\u0131n\u0131 tar\u0131ma ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u0131nai tekellerinin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7arklar\u0131na mahk\u00fbm ederken k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesi oran\u0131nda da at\u0131l ve potansiyel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne do\u011fru itiyor.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7eli\u015fki \u015furada ki; T\u00fcrkiye i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde tekelci kapitalizm egemenli\u011fini y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in en \u00e7ok sebebe sahip olan kad\u0131nlar, hem sendikal m\u00fccadeleye hem de s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z politik \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcne \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck say\u0131 ve oranda kat\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu \u00e7eli\u015fkide ataerkil tahakk\u00fcm ili\u015fkilerinin belirleyici etkisi muhakkak. Ancak \u015fu da yads\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan bir ger\u00e7ek ki; ba\u015far\u0131lacaksa buna ra\u011fmen ba\u015far\u0131lacak.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u015e\u00fcphesiz bu genel d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel e\u011filimlerin belirleyicili\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bu tipik b\u00f6l\u00fcklerde kimin hangi ko\u015fullarda yer alaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde s\u00f6z konusu co\u011frafyan\u0131n tarihsel olarak politik ve sosyolojik \u015fekilleni\u015fi de etki eder: Kapitalizm; milliyet\u00e7ilik, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, g\u00f6\u00e7men kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131, mezhep\u00e7ilik gibi burjuva toplumun do\u011fu\u015funda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ya da ge\u00e7mi\u015ften devral\u0131n\u0131p \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin gereklerine g\u00f6re yeniden \u00fcretilen bir dizi tahakk\u00fcm ili\u015fkisini s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclebilir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u00fctlesi i\u00e7erisindeki ayr\u0131mlar\u0131, b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeleri ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla rekabeti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in alabildi\u011fine kullan\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu tahakk\u00fcm ili\u015fkilerinin etkisi kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu yaz\u0131da kad\u0131nlar nezdinde \u00f6zel ve temel fakt\u00f6r olan ataerkil tahakk\u00fcm ili\u015fkilerine odaklan\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretimi \u015f\u00fcphesiz aile ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lamaz. B\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ili\u015fkileri genelinde, i\u015f\u00e7inin (ve ailesinin) bireysel t\u00fcketimini ko\u015fullayan \u00fccretlerin belirlenmesi, \u00fcretimin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme d\u00fczeni gibi bir dizi u\u011frak da bu s\u00fcre\u00e7le birlikte ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ek olarak, hem kalifiye i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fcretmek hem de burjuva topluma ve onun \u015fu ya da bu \u00fclkede ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere ideolojik ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ulusal e\u011fitim \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. Ulusal sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemi de i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fcretme kapasitesinin belirli bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7in garantiye al\u0131nmas\u0131nda etkilidir. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda kad\u0131n\u0131n konumu konulu yaz\u0131n\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretiminin aile i\u00e7indeki u\u011fraklar\u0131na odaklan\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Daha detayl\u0131 veriler sunmas\u0131 ve d\u00f6nemsel etkilerden g\u00f6rece ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu yaz\u0131da ayl\u0131k ya da \u00e7eyrek y\u0131ll\u0131k veriler yerine 2024 y\u0131l\u0131na ait y\u0131ll\u0131k veriler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Aksi belirtilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece verilerin derlendi\u011fi kaynak: TU\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistikleri 2024. https:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr\/Bulten\/Index?p=Isgucu-Istatistikleri-2024-54059<\/a> (Eri\u015fim: 4 Nisan 2025)<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne dahil olmayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 son 4 y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 bin gibi g\u00f6rece ufak bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015farken, bu say\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ev i\u015fleriyle me\u015fgul oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lamayanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 9 ila 10 milyon aras\u0131 seyretmi\u015f, oran\u0131 ise 2021\u2019de y\u00fczde 45,9, 2022\u2019de y\u00fczde 47 ve 2023\u2019te y\u00fczde 42,9 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 2024 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki dramatik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, elbette kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda daha e\u015fitlik\u00e7i bir politikan\u0131n sonucu olarak de\u011fil, \u015fiddeti son bir y\u0131lda artan yoksulla\u015fma y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ev i\u00e7i angaryaya ra\u011fmen kad\u0131nlar\u0131n emek arz\u0131nda bulunmak zorunda kalmas\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Uzun erimli verilere bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ev i\u00e7i angarya y\u00fcz\u00fcnden emek arz\u0131nda bulunamayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ve oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu ak\u0131lda tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Ayn\u0131 hanehalk\u0131 tiplerinde erkeklerin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lma oran\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla; y\u00fczde 74,7, y\u00fczde 72,6 ve y\u00fczde 70,6.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K, Toplumsal Cinsiyet \u0130statistikleri 2022<\/em>, sf. 73-77.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.tuik.gov.tr\/media\/announcements\/toplumsal_cinsiyet_istatistikleri.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim: 6 May\u0131s 2025)<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K, Adrese Dayal\u0131 N\u00fcfus Kay\u0131t Sistemi Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, 2024<\/em>. https:\/\/data.tuik.gov.tr\/Bulten\/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2024-53783<\/a> (Eri\u015fim 6 May\u0131s 2025)<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> MEB\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fccretsiz ve \u00f6zel anaokullar\u0131, Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zel kre\u015f ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz bak\u0131mevleri, Diyanet \u0130\u015flerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kurslar, belediye ve derneklerce a\u00e7\u0131lan kre\u015fler, kamu kurumlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan emek\u00e7iler i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan kre\u015fler ile \u00f6zel i\u015fletmelerde a\u00e7\u0131lan kre\u015fler ile resmi ve \u00f6zel okullardaki anas\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndaki toplam \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131. MEB, Milli E\u011fitim \u0130statistikleri 2023-2024<\/em>. https:\/\/sgb.meb.gov.tr\/meb_iys_dosyalar\/2025_03\/19143714_meb_istatistikleri_orgun_egitim_2023_2024.pdf (Eri\u015fim: 6 May\u0131s 2025)<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> D\u0130SKAR, \u0130\u015fsizli\u011fin G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc Nisan 2025<\/em>. https:\/\/arastirma.disk.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Issizligin-gorunumu-NISAN-2025.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim: 1 May\u0131s 2025)<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> 2024\u2019te ev i\u015fleriyle me\u015fgul oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131lamayan 7 milyon 376 bin kad\u0131n\u0131n potansiyel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne dahil edilmedi\u011fini tekrar vurgulamak gerek.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Burada \u00f6zetlenen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn daha detayl\u0131 analizi i\u00e7in bkz: Dedeo\u011flu, S. ve Yaman, M. (ed.) (2010) Kapitalizm, Ataerkillik ve Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fi: T\u00fcrkiye \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/em>, SAV Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul; Yaman, M. ve Dedeo\u011flu, S. (ed.) (2016) Kapitalizm, Ataerkillik ve Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fi: Neoliberal ve Muhafazak\u00e2r D\u00f6nem<\/em>, SAV Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul. (2014 \u00f6ncesi veriler bu iki kitaptan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Yaman, M. (2016) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sanayi ve \u0130stihdam Stratejileri \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde Kad\u0131n \u0130stihdam\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00f6nelimleri\u201d Neoliberal ve Muhafazak\u00e2r D\u00f6nem<\/em> i\u00e7inde, sf. 12.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinde \u201cy\u00f6neticiler\u201d s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndaki \u00fccretlilerin ne kadar\u0131n\u0131n kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131fa mensup \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6netici oldu\u011fu belirtilmedi\u011finden bu tabakan\u0131n g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesimi oldu\u011fu da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclerek \u00fccretliler i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirildi.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00fccretliler aras\u0131nda da oran \u00f6nemli bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermiyor; kamu emek\u00e7ileri ile sanayi, in\u015faat, ticaret ve hizmetlerde kay\u0131tl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n toplam\u0131n\u0131n (20 milyon) da y\u00fczde 32,7\u2019si (6,5 milyon) kad\u0131n.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>\u00c7SGB, Ulusal \u0130stihdam Stratejisi: 2025-2028<\/em>, sf. 21-27 \u00a0https:\/\/www.csgb.gov.tr\/cgm\/dokumanlar\/ulusal-istihdam-stratejisi\/<\/a> (Eri\u015fim: 6 May\u0131s 2025)<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u00c7SGB Ocak 2025 \u0130\u015fkollar\u0131 Tebli\u011fi\u2019nde tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki 19 i\u015fkolunda sendikal\u0131 verilerinden hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Genel bir hesaplama yapmak gerekirse; in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7ilerinde sendikal\u0131 oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 3,2, hizmetlerde y\u00fczde 16,7 ve s\u0131nai proletaryada y\u00fczde 15,5 denebilir.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Tahminler sendikalar\u0131n sosyal medya hesaplar\u0131ndan derlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \u00a0https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/tr\/ekonomi\/bolgesel-ve-ekonomik-kalkinmanin-gorunmez-gucu-cagri-merkezleri\/3329952<\/a><\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> E\u015fitlik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve Toplumsal Uygulamalar\u0131 Derne\u011fi (ETUD), May\u0131s 2024. Turizm Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Hayat\u0131nda Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015eiddet ve Taciz: Mu\u011fla-Bodrum \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/em>, sf. 27-35.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> \u00c7SGB, 2005 Ocak Ay\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Tebli\u011fi\u2019nden dokuma ve deri i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fik oran\u0131 olarak hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131ndaki 2005 y\u0131l\u0131na ait t\u00fcm veriler i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z: https:\/\/www.csgb.gov.tr\/Media\/di4ffvov\/2005-ocak-ay%C4%B1-istatisti%C4%9Fi.doc<\/a> (Eri\u015fim: 6 May\u0131s 2025)<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> \u00c7SGB, 2025 Ocak Ay\u0131 \u0130\u015fkollar\u0131 B\u00fclteni<\/em>, https:\/\/www.csgb.gov.tr\/Media\/2eojuc2u\/2025-ocak-tebli\u011f-son-hali_07-03.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim: 17 Nisan 2025)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fulya Aliko\u00e7 G\u00fcndelik dilde \u201ckad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler\u201d ile \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u201d dendi\u011finde belirgin bir fark g\u00f6zetilmiyor olabilir; her ikisinde de h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kastediliyor olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 en geni\u015f ekonomi-politik anlam\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclebilir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u00fctlesi olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kapsam biraz farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Aktif \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i n\u00fcfusunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra; do\u011fal n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yetinmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan kapitalist birikimin zorunlu olarak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3832,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[774,773,314],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-68-sayi-yaz-2025","category-turkiye-isci-sinifi","category-fulya-alikoc"],"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda Kad\u0131nlar: Nicel Veriler, Nitel Sonu\u00e7lar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2025\/10\/17\/turkiye-isci-sinifinda-kadinlar-nicel-veriler-nitel-sonuclar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda Kad\u0131nlar: Nicel Veriler, Nitel Sonu\u00e7lar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Fulya Aliko\u00e7 G\u00fcndelik dilde \u201ckad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler\u201d ile \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u201d dendi\u011finde belirgin bir fark g\u00f6zetilmiyor olabilir; her ikisinde de h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n kastediliyor olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 en geni\u015f ekonomi-politik anlam\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclebilir emek g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u00fctlesi olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kapsam biraz farkl\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. 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