{"id":3729,"date":"2024-12-30T22:50:09","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T19:50:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3729"},"modified":"2024-12-30T22:50:09","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T19:50:09","slug":"cinin-piyasa-sosyalizmi-kapitalizmin-neresinde","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/12\/30\/cinin-piyasa-sosyalizmi-kapitalizmin-neresinde\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7in\u2019in \u2018piyasa sosyalizmi\u2019 kapitalizmin neresinde?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yusuf Akda\u011f<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde, d\u00fcnya kapitalizminin ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi ve emperyalistler aras\u0131 rekabetin en \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri olan \u00c7in\u2019i \u201csosyalist<\/em>\u201d ya da \u201csosyalizmi in\u015fa yolunda ilerleyen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7<\/em>\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp g\u00f6sterenler sadece \u00c7in\u2019in ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin y\u00f6neticileriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00c7KP\u2019den ilhamla burjuvaziyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00e7izgisinde kar\u015f\u0131 devrimin kontra g\u00fc\u00e7lerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen parti ve \u00f6rg\u00fctler bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kimi politikalar\u0131na ele\u015ftirel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, \u201c\u00c7ine \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizmin in\u015fa edilmekte oldu\u011fu<\/em>\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde olanlar, T\u00fcrkiye dahil \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde hala bulunuyor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6nemli iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan Korkut Boratav \u00f6rne\u011fin, \u00c7in\u2019de \u201cEn yayg\u0131n \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisi<\/em>\u201dnin kapitalizm oldu\u011funu; i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn metala\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; Anayasaya \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti (\u201chakl\u0131 edinilmi\u015f<\/em>\u201d olmas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla) g\u00fcvenceye alan madde eklendi\u011fini belirtmekle birlikte, ancak diyor, devlet ve kooperatif m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imleri, stratejik sanayi kollar\u0131nda, bankac\u0131l\u0131kta, Merkez Bankas\u0131 rezervlerinde, toprakta yayg\u0131nd\u0131r ve iktidar h\u00e2l\u00e2, i\u015f\u00e7i, k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 temsil etti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren \u00f6nc\u00fc partinin (\u00c7KP) tekelindedir. Bilgilerinin \u201c\u00c7in\u2019i bir sosyal formasyon olarak kesinlikle adland\u0131rmak<\/em>\u201d i\u00e7in yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten Boratav, \u201cBurjuvazi \u00c7KP y\u00f6netimini ve devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 fethetmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131 -diyor-, teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz kapitalist derdim. K\u0131sacas\u0131, \u2018son tahlilde beklenen\u2019 durum, yani sermayenin iktidar\u0131 bug\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019de s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. \u00dcstelik, ekonomiyi denetleme g\u00fcc\u00fc bir hayli etkili olan iktidar, bu tehlikenin fak\u0131ndad\u0131r; \u2018sermayenin ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f geni\u015flemesini\u2019 \u00f6nleyecek g\u00fcce sahiptir.<\/em>\u201d Dahas\u0131 diyor Boratav, Jinping\u2019in, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u201c\u2018\u00c7in\u2019i m\u00fcreffeh, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, demokrat, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f, ahenkli, g\u00fczel, modern bir sosyalist topluma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme\u2019 hedefinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi, bence, t\u00fcm insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in bir kazan\u0131m olacakt\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7in \u00f6zel say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan ve bir de sempozyum d\u00fczenleyen Teori ve Politika yay\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 da, \u00c7KP\u2019nin baz\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u201cMarksist bir parti<\/em>\u201d, zorluklardan kaynaklanan sorunlara ra\u011fmen \u00c7in\u2019in de \u201csosyalist bir \u00fclke<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Bu makale Boratav\u2019a ya da di\u011ferlerine yan\u0131t i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lmad\u0131. Yukar\u0131daki \u2018tespit\u2019ler yaln\u0131zca bir veri olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir \u00fclkede sosyalist bir toplumun kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve t\u00fcm ezilenler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan\u0131m olaca\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fkusuz olmakla birlikte, sorun -ve bu makalenin de sorun etti\u011fi-, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00c7in\u2019inin sosyalizm ile ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u00c7KP\u2019nin sosyalizmi in\u015fa edip etmedi\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 1949 halk devrimi sonras\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te izlenen iktisadi sosyal politikalar\u0131n, \u201c\u00c7in Sosyalizmi<\/em>\u201d iddias\u0131 ve Mao Zedung ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u201c\u00c7inli Marksist-Leninistler<\/em>\u201din(!) d\u00fcnya-toplum g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin karakteristi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kataliz\u00f6r i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc pek\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00f6ylenebilir: \u00c7KP, ideolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131na da ayna tutan ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019in \u00f6zg\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirerek sosyalizmi in\u015fa hedefine ba\u011fl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131nda olmu\u015f, burjuvazi ve kapitalizmin \u00c7in\u2019de giderek g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00c7in pazar\u0131n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 sermayeye a\u00e7ma politikalar\u0131n\u0131 bilimsel sosyalizm ve Lenin\u2019in y\u00f6netimindeki SBKP\u2019nin NEP uygulamas\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019deki toplumsal geli\u015fmenin yakla\u015f\u0131k yetmi\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k ser\u00fcveni, bu iddialar\u0131n muhtevas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 bir\u00e7ok veri i\u00e7eriyor. \u201c\u00c7in sosyalizmi<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve Maoizm olarak da nitelenen Mao Zedung\u2019un g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine at\u0131fta bulunuluyor.[3]<\/sup><\/a> \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi; \u00c7in ekonomisinin niteli\u011fiyle \u00c7KP\u2019nin ideolojik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin materyalist Marksist d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve devrim kuram\u0131yla ili\u015fkisinin muhtevas\u0131, Xi Jinping ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00c7KP y\u00f6neticilerinin \u00c7in\u2019de \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir sosyalizm in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrmekte oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u00f6ylemlerinin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi ya da dayanaks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan temel \u00f6nemde veri ve g\u00f6stergeleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019in mevcut iktisadi-sosyal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi, \u201cs\u00fcre\u00e7sel in\u015fa<\/em>\u201d prati\u011fiyle ona y\u00f6n veren siyasal ideolojik anlay\u0131\u015f ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bu bak\u0131mdan a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00c7in Halk<\/strong> Devrimi ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u2018Piyasa Sosyalizmi\u2019 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7inli devrimcilerin geni\u015f yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitlelerinin deste\u011finde, yerel iktidarlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde merkezi iktidar\u0131 almalar\u0131 ve \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla birlikte (Ekim 1949), \u00c7KP, toplumun devrimci d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi; yoksul ve topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin durumunun iyile\u015ftirilmesi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n burjuvazi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda devrimci iktidar\u0131n\u0131 kurup sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 sorunuyla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelmi\u015fti. \u00c7in Halk Devrimi\u2019nin \u00f6nderi Mao\u2019nun teorisine g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, geni\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitleleri, milli burjuvazi, \u00c7KP \u00f6nderli\u011fi alt\u0131nda ve t\u00fcm ulusun temsilcisi olarak bu yeni s\u00fcreci in\u015fa edeceklerdi.[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00dclkenin sosyalist sanayile\u015fmesi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ve ad\u0131m ad\u0131m sa\u011flanacak, tar\u0131m alan\u0131 kooperatifle\u015fme ile d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclecekti.[5]<\/sup><\/a> Proletaryay\u0131 ulusal burjuvaziyle uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p burjuvaziyi \u201cd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme<\/em>\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, burjuvazinin farkl\u0131 kesimleriyle ittifak\u0131n tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7eriyordu. \u201cBar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde bir arada ya\u015fama<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131 1945 Nisan\u0131\u2019nda yap\u0131lan 7. Kongre\u2019de ilan edilmi\u015fti. \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7inliler ya emperyalizme ya da sosyalizme dayanmak zorundad\u0131r, bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc yol yoktur<\/em>\u201d diyen Mao, ideolojik ve siyasi hatt\u0131n her \u015feyi belirledi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, burjuvazi ve revizyonizme kar\u015f\u0131 ideolojik m\u00fccadeleden s\u00f6z ediyor, ba\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7 ya da g\u00fc\u00e7lere kar\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer g\u00fc\u00e7lerle ittifak\u0131<\/em> savunuyordu.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Ancak, z\u0131tlar\u0131n birli\u011fi ve m\u00fccadelesinin bir toplum ger\u00e7ekli\u011fine i\u015faret etti\u011fini belirtmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, Mao, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin burjuvazinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve proletaryan\u0131n burjuvazi \u00fczerindeki diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dek geni\u015fletilmesi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne mesafeliydi:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c7in mill\u00ee burjuvazisi -diyordu Mao Zedung-, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge bir \u00fclkenin burjuvazisi oldu\u011fu ve emperyalizm taraf\u0131ndan ezildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, emperyalizm \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda bile, emperyalistlere ve b\u00fcrokratlarla sava\u015f a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n yerli h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u2026belirli d\u00f6nemlerde ve belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde belli bir devrimci niteli\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr ve kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015fmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 proletarya ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvaziyle ittifak kurabilir.<\/em>\u201d[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Kendi y\u00f6netimlerinin t\u00fcm ulusu temsil edece\u011fini<\/em> belirten Mao, \u201cDemokratik devrim a\u015famas\u0131nda emek ile sermaye aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Halk cumhuriyetinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yasalar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyacak, ama ulusal burjuvazinin k\u00e2r sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 ya da sanayi ve ticaret i\u015fletmelerini geli\u015ftirmesine de engel olmayacakt\u0131r<\/em>\u201d demekteydi.[8]<\/sup><\/a> Bu politika, \u00c7KP\u2019nin Nisan 1945\u2019teki 7. Kongresinde, Marksizm-Leninizm\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019in somut ko\u015fullar\u0131na uyarlanmas\u0131 olarak nitelendi ve devrimle prati\u011fe ge\u00e7irildi.[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Yeni toplumsal d\u00fczen ve sistemin kapitalizmden farkl\u0131 karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerde olmas\u0131, bir ge\u00e7i\u015f a\u015famas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 ve gereklili\u011fiyle birlikte proletaryan\u0131n siyasal egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda <\/em>s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkilerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hedefiyle ba\u011fl\u0131<\/em> politikalar\u0131n izlenmesini gerektirirdi. Halk devriminin proletarya \u00f6nderli\u011fi alt\u0131nda sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilerletilebilmesi-sosyalizme kesintisiz ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in tekellere ve toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n-b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin topraklar\u0131na el konmas\u0131; sanayide kamula\u015ft\u0131rma, tar\u0131mda kooperatifle\u015ftirme ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Devam\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulanacak politika \u00fclke ve halk i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nemde olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sosyalizmi in\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da belirleyici \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in uygulanacak ekonomi politikan\u0131n art\u0131-de\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na hizmet etmesi gerekirdi.<\/p>\n

Gelgelelim Mao Zedung ve \u00c7KP, halk iktidar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck ve milli burjuvazinin (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta burjuvazinin) iktidar ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmekle kalm\u0131yor, bunun olduk\u00e7a uzun s\u00fcrede ancak in\u015fa edilebilece\u011fini belirtti\u011fi sosyalizmi in\u015fa s\u00fcreci i\u00e7in de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Gerek\u00e7e, kapitalist geli\u015fmenin geri d\u00fczeyi nedeniyle sosyalizmin maddi dayanaklar\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131f olmas\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7in toplumunun 20 y\u00fczy\u0131l ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki sosyal, iktisadi yap\u0131s\u0131 ve emperyalist-kapitalist d\u00fcnya sistemiyle ili\u015fkilerinin boyutlar\u0131, \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve partisinin, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 emperyalizm, feodalizm ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 olan toplum kesimlerini proletaryan\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011fi etraf\u0131nda seferber etmesini gerekli k\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. \u00c7KP, bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla milli burjuvaziyi<\/em> sosyalizmi in\u015fan\u0131n t\u00fcm s\u00fcreci boyunca iktidar orta\u011f\u0131 yap\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Mao\u2019ya g\u00f6re, emek-sermaye \u00e7eli\u015fkisi ve her bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n farkl\u0131 taleplerinin olmas\u0131, bu farkl\u0131 taleplerin uyumunu sa\u011flaman\u0131n ve bu farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n (milli burjuvazi, k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131) ‘yeni demokratik devlet’in siyasi, iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel g\u00f6revlerini birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelerinin engeli de\u011fildi veya olmayabilirdi. Onun \u201cyeni demokratik anayasal y\u00f6netimi<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u00e7e\u015fitli devrimci s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n hainler ve gericiler \u00fczerindeki ortak demokratik diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>\u201dyd\u00fc. Mao Zedung, yeni demokratik iktidarda \u201csandalyelerin \u00fc\u00e7te biri<\/em>\u201dnin orta burjuvazi ve ayd\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f e\u015fraf\u0131n temsilcilerine verilmesini savunuyor ve bunu \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fc\u00e7te bir sistemi<\/em>\u201d olarak niteliyordu.[10]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130ddias\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve kom\u00fcnist partisinin \u00f6nderlik etti\u011fi 600 milyonluk halk<\/em>\u201d tek bir yumruk gibi birle\u015ferek sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131 y\u00fcce g\u00f6revine sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131!<\/p>\n

\u201cS\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131flarla s\u00f6m\u00fcren s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fmelerin hem uzla\u015fmaz, hem de uzla\u015fabilir bir y\u00f6n\u00fc<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, sosyalizmin in\u015fa d\u00f6nemi oldu\u011funu i\u015faret etti\u011fi 1950\u2019lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla milli burjuvazi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fmeyi, \u201chalk i\u00e7indeki \u00e7eli\u015fmeler<\/em>\u201d kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Ona g\u00f6re, \u201csosyalist devrim d\u00f6neminde milli burjuvazinin k\u00e2r amac\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi, onun niteli\u011finin bir yan\u0131n\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k anayasay\u0131 desteklemesi ve sosyalist d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc kabul etmesi de di\u011fer yan\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur<\/em>\u201ddu. Bu \u201cuzun s\u00fcreli bir arada ya\u015fama ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 denetim<\/em>\u201d durumu \u00c7in\u2019in somut tarihi ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131.[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Eklektizmiyle \u00fcnl\u00fc Mao, hem yeni d\u00f6nem iktidar\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre devam etmesinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ediyor, hem de \u201cyeni demokrasiyi sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve ilelebet sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmaya devam etmek, kapitalizmin yolunu tutmak demektir<\/em>\u201d diyordu.[12]<\/sup><\/a> Sonraki bir d\u00f6nemde, \u201cToprak a\u011fas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00fcrokrat-kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edilmesi sonucunda, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile milli burjuvazi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fme, \u00c7in’de ba\u015f \u00e7eli\u015fme durumuna gelmi\u015ftir: Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bundan b\u00f6yle milli burjuvazi bir ara s\u0131n\u0131f olarak tan\u0131mlanmamal\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>\u201d dedi\u011fi de olmu\u015ftu![13]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

1949 Devrimi\u2019yle birlikte \u201ckomprador burjuvazi<\/em>\u201dnin ve yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin m\u00fclkiyetindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmeler kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma sonucu sermayenin %59\u2019u devlet kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti. Devlet elektrik ve \u00e7elik \u00fcretimiyle metal sanayi ve tekstil end\u00fcstrisini %60\u2019lar oran\u0131nda kontrol etmekteydi.[14]<\/sup><\/a> B\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin topraklar\u0131na el konarak yoksul ve topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131.[15]<\/sup><\/a> Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden sa\u011flanan 300 milyon dolarl\u0131k kredi ve Sovyet m\u00fchendislerinin yard\u0131m\u0131yla uygulanan plan sonucu demir \u00e7elik \u00fcretimi 4 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde 4 kat artm\u0131\u015f, toprak reformu kapsam\u0131nda 300 milyon topraks\u0131z ya da yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fc toprak sahibi olmu\u015f, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ailelerin %91,7\u2019sinin kooperatiflere kat\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Ancak zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe ve milli burjuvaziye dokunulmad\u0131. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta kapitalist i\u015fletmelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra tar\u0131mda kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin s\u00fcrmesine de ayn\u0131 nedenlerle (iktisadi-sosyal geli\u015fmenin geri d\u00fczeyi) olanak tan\u0131nd\u0131. \u201cMilli burjuvazi<\/em>\u201d g\u00fc\u00e7leniyor, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u015fletmeleri \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131yordu. Say\u0131, 1953\u2019te 150 bine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in sanayi \u00fcretiminin %37\u2019si bu i\u015fletmelerde yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. K\u0131rda piyasa ekonomisinin kurallar\u0131 i\u015fliyor; toprak al\u0131p satma, ekilecek \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc se\u00e7me, \u00fcr\u00fcn pazarlama ve fiyat\u0131n\u0131 belirleme k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi iradesine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Kent-k\u0131r aras\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar b\u00fcy\u00fcmekte, \u00f6zel m\u00fclk sahibi burjuva kesimlerin ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 giderek g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale gelmekteydi. Bireysel toprak m\u00fclkiyeti ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin toprak sat\u0131n alma, satma ve kiralama; \u00fccretli emek g\u00fcc\u00fc kullanma, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc piyasada serbest\u00e7e satma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfus i\u00e7indeki e\u015fitsizlikleri art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Parti i\u00e7i hizipler kavgas\u0131n\u0131n da etkisi alt\u0131nda izlenen ekonomi politika zikzakl\u0131 bir hat g\u00f6steriyordu. Krus\u00e7evcilerin SSCB\u2019de i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na gelmesi ve bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde \u00c7in-Sovyet ili\u015fkilerinin giderek bozulmas\u0131, parti i\u00e7inde a\u011f\u0131r sanayiye mi, yoksa hafif sanayi ve tar\u0131ma m\u0131 \u00f6ncelik verilece\u011fine dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, ekonomi politika \u00fczerinde etkili olurken, sosyalizm hedefiyle ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6sterilen kapitalist geli\u015fme g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmaktayd\u0131. 1957-66 d\u00f6neminde bir yandan bu zikzakl\u0131 ekonomi politika uygulan\u0131rken bir taraftan da Mao Zedung\u2019un y\u00f6nlendirmesi ve y\u00f6netiminde birbiri ard\u0131na ilan edilen \u201cY\u00fcz \u00c7i\u00e7ek A\u00e7s\u0131n-Y\u00fcz Fikir yar\u0131\u015fs\u0131n\u201d, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130leri At\u0131l\u0131m\u201d ve \u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u201d kampanyalar\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve y\u0131k\u0131mlarla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cEn b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist yolcular<\/em>\u201ddan biri olarak ilan edildi\u011fi y\u0131llar geride kal\u0131p MK i\u00e7inde yeniden \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Deng \u015eiaoping, ya\u015fanan sorunlar\u0131 piyasa ekonomisinden uzakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yla gerek\u00e7elendiriyor; ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fi \u00c7KP MK, \u00fcretim ve dola\u015f\u0131mda meta \u00fcretiminin, de\u011fer yasas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemesi gerekti\u011fi<\/em> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc do\u011frultusunda piyasa kurallar\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu. \u201970\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda ilan edilen \u201cA\u00e7\u0131k Kap\u0131<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k \u00f6zel b\u00f6lgeler olu\u015fturularak yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketlerle ortakl\u0131k ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7inde \u00fcretim yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. D\u0131\u015f sermaye \u015firket kurabilecekti. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda el konulan banka mevduatlar\u0131 ve konutlar geri verilecek, durdurulan faiz \u00f6demeleri yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131lacak, milli burjuvazi birikmi\u015f faiz gelirlerini alabilecekti.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c7in tarz\u0131 sosyalizm<\/em>\u201dden s\u00f6z eden Deng \u015eiaoping, uygulanan ekonomi politikay\u0131, ileri \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesi ve \u00c7in\u2019in ileri k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n savunulmas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirmekteydi.[18]<\/sup><\/a> A\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m politikalar\u0131 \u00c7KP\u2019nin 11. Kongresi’nde (Aral\u0131k 1978) onayland\u0131. Kas\u0131m 1993’teki 14. Parti Kongresi, Deng\u2019in \u201csosyalist piyasa ekonomisi<\/em>\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 resmile\u015ftirdi. Jiang Zemin, \u201cEkonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kafam\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirmeli, reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmaya h\u0131z vermeli, neyin sosyalist neyin kapitalist oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin soyut tart\u0131\u015fmalardan kurtulmal\u0131y\u0131z<\/em>\u201d demekteydi. \u00c7in\u2019in 2001\u2019de D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcne al\u0131nmas\u0131yla birlikte, d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya mal ve sermaye ihrac\u0131 olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00c7KP, uluslararas\u0131 sermaye yarar\u0131na bir\u00e7ok tavizi kabul etmi\u015f oldu.[19]<\/sup><\/a> 15 Kas\u0131m 2002\u2019de \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin 16. Ulusal Kongresi\u2019nde \u00c7KP Genel Sekreterli\u011fine ve 14-15 Mart 2003\u2019te \u00c7in Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ilen Hu Jintao, \u00c7in\u2019in izlemekte oldu\u011fu ve izleyece\u011fi politikas\u0131n\u0131n esaslar\u0131n\u0131, \u201cBar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l Geli\u015fim, Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l Y\u00fckseli\u015f, Uyumlu Toplum ve Uyumlu D\u00fcnya<\/em>\u201d form\u00fclasyonuyla \u00f6zetlemekteydi. 17. Parti Kongresi \u201cpiyasa ekonomisi<\/em>\u201d reformlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. 15 Kas\u0131m 2012\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen \u00c7KP 18. Ulusal Kongresi\u2019nde Genel Sekreterli\u011fe, 14 Mart 2013\u2019te \u00c7in Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na se\u00e7ilen Xi Jinping ise, \u201c\u00c7in R\u00fcyas\u0131<\/em>\u201d, \u201cYeni Normal<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cKu\u015fak-Yol Projesi<\/em>\u201d gibi daha iddial\u0131 ve kapsaml\u0131 hedefleri i\u015faret etmekteydi.[20]<\/sup><\/a> A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00c7in r\u00fcyas\u0131, \u00c7in ulusunun \u00c7in de\u011ferleri ile sosyalizm do\u011frultusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin kurulu\u015funun 100. Y\u0131l\u0131 (2021) ile \u00c7HC\u2019nin kurulu\u015funun 100. Y\u0131l\u0131 olan 2049\u2019da tamamlanmak \u00fczere \u201ciki a\u015famal\u0131<\/em>\u201d hedefe sahipti. \u00c7KP 2021\u2019de \u00c7in de\u011ferleri ve sosyalizm do\u011frultusunda \u201corta refah toplumu<\/em>\u201dnu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek ve \u00c7in\u2019i 2049\u2019da modern bir sosyalist \u00fclke haline getirecekti![21]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

18. Kongre’de, piyasa ekonomisi ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin gereklili\u011fi<\/em> y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki anlay\u0131\u015f do\u011frultusunda \u00c7in sermayesinin d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde, d\u0131\u015f sermayenin \u00c7in pazar\u0131nda serbest dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 politikalar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi karar\u0131 ilan edildi. Jinping\u2019in 2014\u2019te a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cYeni Normal<\/em>\u201d ekonomi politika kapsam\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019e y\u00f6nelik do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00fczere, yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin haklar\u0131 devlet garantisine ba\u011fland\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131m Yasas\u0131\u2019nda 2016\u2019da yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle birlikte baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli ve \u00f6zel alanlar\u0131 kapsayan \u201cnegatif liste<\/em>\u201d kapsam\u0131na girmeyen t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6r ve alanlarda yabanc\u0131 sermayenin hi\u00e7bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmaks\u0131z\u0131n faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.[22]<\/sup><\/a> Buna g\u00f6re \u00c7KP, devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak tekelci kapitalist ekonominin uluslararas\u0131 mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirecek, bilim ve teknolojiyi hegemonik hi\u00e7bir hedef g\u00fctmeksizin d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131 yarar\u0131na kullanacak ve herkesin faydas\u0131na sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na hizmet etmi\u015f olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

19-24 Ekim 2017 tarihinde yap\u0131lan 19. Parti Kongresi\u2019nde Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Parti Genel Sekreterli\u011fine ikinci kez se\u00e7ilen Xi Jinping, \u201cOrta Halli M\u00fcreffeh Bir Toplumun Her Y\u00f6nden Kesin Zaferi ve Yeni Bir \u00c7a\u011fda \u00c7in\u2019e \u00d6zg\u00fc Sosyalizmin B\u00fcy\u00fck Ba\u015far\u0131m\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda; \u201cBu tarihi d\u00f6neme\u00e7te sosyalizme \u00c7inli bir karakter vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. Bu yeni \u00e7a\u011f refah toplumunu g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almay\u0131 ba\u015faraca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7a\u011f olacak ve modern sosyalist bir \u00fclke olmak i\u00e7in top yek\u00fbn \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z\u2026<\/em>\u201d diyordu.[23]<\/sup><\/a> \u00c7KP Politb\u00fcrosu Aral\u0131k 2020 toplant\u0131s\u0131nda, \u201csermayenin d\u00fczensiz geni\u015flemesi<\/em>\u201dne son vermekten; Xi Jinping, zengin-yoksul u\u00e7urumunun b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirterek milyarderler \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 kurmaktan s\u00f6z etmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Bunlar ve eklenecek \u00e7ok say\u0131daki ba\u015fka \u00f6rnek, \u00c7in\u2019de mevcut ekonomik ili\u015fkilerin kapitalist karakteristi\u011fini, abart\u0131 ya da mu\u011flakl\u0131\u011fa yer b\u0131rakmayacak \u015fekilde ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019in NEP\u2019i mi? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Xi Jinping, \u201cSosyalizmin\u00a0ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n, \u201c\u00c7in\u2019in sosyalist toplumunun kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc tarihsel bir merhalesi<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ve<\/em> \u201cBu a\u015fama, sosyalist modernle\u015fme b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olana kadar en az\u0131ndan 100 y\u0131l devam edecektir<\/em>\u201d diyor.[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7KP ve onun \u201csosyalizmi in\u015fa yolunda ilerledi\u011fini<\/em>\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen takip\u00e7ileri, bu politikay\u0131 Lenin-Stalin y\u00f6netimindeki SBKP\u2019nin 1920\u2019lerde Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u201czorunlu bir geri \u00e7ekili\u015f \/ bir geri ad\u0131m<\/em>\u201d \u00f6n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131yla birlikte ba\u015f vurdu\u011fu NEP (\u201cYeni Ekonomi Politika<\/em>\u201d) ile ili\u015fkilendirerek ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ve gerekli g\u00f6steriyorlar. Bu iki \u00f6rnek oysa, ayn\u0131l\u0131k veya \u00f6zde\u015flik bir yana, kar\u015f\u0131t \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

NEP, Lenin \u00f6nderli\u011findeki ve Lenin\u2019in deyi\u015fiyle Sosyalist Sovyet Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin, tahrip olmu\u015f ve geri \u00fcretim d\u00fczeyindeki ekonomisinin proletarya ve geni\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitlelerinin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden kurtulu\u015fu u\u011fruna, devlet kontrol\u00fcnde ve ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in \u201ckapitalizme geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/em>\u201d i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenmesi politikas\u0131yd\u0131.[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130ki y\u00f6n\u00fc vard\u0131. \u0130lkin, \u201cileri Bat\u0131 Avrupa kapitalizmiyle do\u011frudan do\u011fruya resmi, yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir anla\u015fma<\/em>\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kazan\u00e7lar\u0131n ve kay\u0131plar\u0131n hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve imtiyazlar\u0131n ne kadar s\u00fcre i\u00e7in verildi\u011finin i\u015f\u00e7i devleti taraf\u0131ndan belirlendi\u011fi tavizler politikas\u0131yd\u0131. Devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n elinde oldu\u011fu ko\u015fullarda ve devrimci s\u0131n\u0131f iktidar\u0131n\u0131n denetimi alt\u0131nda kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesine izin verme arac\u0131yla proletaryan\u0131n sosyal-siyasal konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek \u00fczere uygulanan taviz politikas\u0131yd\u0131 bu. Lenin\u2019in s\u00f6zleriyle \u201cimtiyazlar bi\u00e7imindeki devlet kapitalizmi<\/em>\u201d geriye do\u011fru at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ad\u0131md\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u0130mtiyazlar -diyordu Lenin-, Sovyet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n, yani proleter devletin ataerkil ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclk sahibi unsura kar\u015f\u0131 devlet kapitalizmiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir anla\u015fma, bir blok, bir ittifakt\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d Sovyet iktidar\u0131 \u201cdevlet kapitalizmini imtiyazlar bi\u00e7iminde \u2018yeti\u015ftirerek\u2019 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmeye kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmeyi, geri olana kar\u015f\u0131 ileri olan\u0131, el eme\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 makine i\u015fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir, kendi elindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin miktar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131r (\u00fcretimin teslim edilmesi gereken b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva anar\u015fik ili\u015fkilere kar\u015f\u0131t olarak devlet\u00e7e d\u00fczenlenen ekonomik ili\u015fkileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/em>\u201d[26]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130htiyatla uygulanan bir taviz politikas\u0131yd\u0131 bu. \u00dcretim seviyesinin y\u00fckseltilmesi, i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin durumunda iyile\u015ftirme hedefiyle ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131 ve kapitalistlere sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck yararlar\u0131 da vard\u0131. Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecek olan ise, asla ihmal edilmemesi gereken ama\u00e7la ba\u011fl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleydi.<\/p>\n

Ekonomik alandaki g\u00f6revlerin askeri alandakilerden de zor oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7eken Lenin, y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kal\u0131nan durumda \u201ca\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi ve bir geri \u00e7ekilmeden ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc nitelenemeyecek olan<\/em>\u201d geri \u00e7ekilmenin gerekli hale geldi\u011fini belirterek 1921 bahar\u0131nda ilan edilen NEP\u2019in, verilen tavizler politikas\u0131ndan olabildi\u011fince h\u0131zl\u0131 yararlanmay\u0131 sa\u011flayarak ba\u015far\u0131yla uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu belirtmekteydi. Yeni ekonomi politika k\u00f6yde zoral\u0131m\u0131n yerine verginin konmas\u0131, kapitalizmin kayda de\u011fer \u015fekilde yeniden kurulmas\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f, yabanc\u0131 kapitalistlerle imtiyazl\u0131 anla\u015fmalar, \u00f6zel kapitalistlere kiralama y\u00f6ntemi vb. ile kapitalist geli\u015fme i\u00e7in olanak ve alan a\u00e7mak <\/em>demekti. Lenin, sorunun kimin kazanaca\u011f\u0131 sorunu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, kapitalist geli\u015fmeyle proletaryan\u0131n nesnel olarak g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor ve sonu\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kimin daha \u00f6nce davranaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirleyici \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret ediyordu. Proleter devlet iktidar\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe dayanarak kapitalizmi \u201cdevletin d\u00fcmen suyuna sokmak ve devlete tabi, ona hizmet eden kapitalizm yaratmak i\u00e7in kapitalist beyleri gerekti\u011fi gibi<\/em>\u201d dizginlemeyi ba\u015farmal\u0131yd\u0131.[27]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya burjuvazisinin sosyalist iktidar\u0131 y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 seferber etti\u011fi, kapitalistlerin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayarak devrimin t\u00fcm kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 yok etmeyi ve eskiye geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ba\u015farmaktan vazge\u00e7medi\u011fi ko\u015fullarda uygulanan bir politikayd\u0131 bu. Ba\u015far\u0131 ya da m\u00fccadelenin sonucu, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015ftirilmesi arac\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn devrimin hedefleri do\u011frultusunda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Devlet, sanayi \u00fcretimi ile k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ticaret yoluyla gereksinmelerini kar\u015f\u0131layacak, emek\u00e7iler g\u00fc\u00e7lerini proleter devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in kullanacaklar ve b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin geli\u015fmesi b\u00f6ylece daha fazla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lenin, 6 Mart 1922 tarihli ve Sovyet Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin D\u0131\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 Durumu \u00dczerine ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 raporunda, \u201cFakat \u015fimdi, kapitalistlere tavizler verme anlam\u0131nda bu geri \u00e7ekilmenin sona erdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz<\/em>\u201d diyordu. \u201cKendi g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc ve kapitalistlerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tartt\u0131k. Rus ve yabanc\u0131 kapitalistlerle anla\u015fmalar imzalamak anlam\u0131nda bir dizi \u00f6rnek ke\u015fif hareketi kaydettik ve biz \u015fimdi \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz ve ben Parti Kongresinin de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netici partisi ad\u0131na ayn\u0131 \u015feyi s\u00f6yleyece\u011fini umuyorum ve s\u00f6yleyece\u011finden eminim: Ekonomik geri \u00e7ekili\u015fimizi art\u0131k durdurabiliriz. Bu kadar yeter. Daha fazla geri \u00e7ekilmeyece\u011fiz<\/em>\u2026\u201d Devam\u0131nda Lenin, ekonomik zorluklar\u0131n devam etti\u011fini, ancak daha fazla taviz verilmemesi gerekti\u011fini belirtir. Kapitalistlerin taviz politikas\u0131n\u0131n uzat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 bekleyeceklerini, ancak onlara \u201cYeter, yar\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fey almayacaks\u0131n\u0131z<\/em>\u201d demek gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler.[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019de ise, kapitalizmi, devlet denetimi alt\u0131nda ve sosyalizmin maddi toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na hizmet etmek \u00fczere ge\u00e7ici olarak geli\u015ftirecek y\u00f6ntemler iddias\u0131yla 75 y\u0131ld\u0131r izlenen kapitalistle\u015fme s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00c7in y\u00f6netiminin, onlarca y\u0131ld\u0131r devam eden kapitalistle\u015fmeye s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7ekme ve giderek kapitalist \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerini sonland\u0131rma yolunda ilerlemeksizin \u00c7in\u2019de sosyalizmi in\u015fa etti\u011fi iddias\u0131, masal de\u011feri bile ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor. Xi Jinping\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kez devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve parti genel sekreteri se\u00e7ilirken s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi toplumsal \u201cortak refah<\/em>\u201d hedefinin ilk ka\u015fifinin Deng \u015eiaoping olmas\u0131 ve Deng\u2019in de etkin y\u00f6neticilerinden oldu\u011fu \u00c7KP y\u00f6netimindeki \u00c7in\u2019in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek kat etti\u011fi yolun y\u00fcz milyonlarca proleter ve k\u0131r yoksulunun s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde kat edilen ilerleme olarak \u015fekillenmesi, bitmesine \u00e7ok kalmayan s\u00fcrede de in\u015fas\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclecek olan\u0131n sosyalizm olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7ok belirgin ve \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 kan\u0131tlar sunuyor. 2024\u2019te Xi Jinping\u2019in \u201ctoplumsall\u0131k<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131na vaat etti\u011fi, gelirlerin daha adil b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclece\u011fi ve vergilerin gelirlere g\u00f6re ayarlanaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Vaat etti\u011fi bu uygulamalar\u0131n, baz\u0131 burjuva liberallerinin kimi zaman ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcce s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ettikleri ve liberal sosyal demokrasinin vaatleri aras\u0131nda yer verdi\u011fi ekonomi politik uygulamalardan \u00f6zsel bir farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoktur. Xi Jinping y\u00f6netiminin 2049\u2019u i\u015faret ederek y\u00fcz y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclecek kapitalistle\u015fmeyi te\u015fvik politikas\u0131 ile sosyalizmin maddi sosyal dayanaklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmekte oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131, bir \u00e7arp\u0131tmadan ibarettir. Kongre ve MK platformlar\u0131ndaki konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda Marksizme bolca at\u0131flar\u0131na ra\u011fmen o, \u00f6rne\u011fin art\u0131-de\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne son verilece\u011fi vaadinde dahi bulunmamakta, sadece sosyalizme ge\u00e7i\u015ften s\u00f6z etmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u00f6ylem Ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u00d6rtebilir mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7KP Merkez Komitesi\u2019nin\u00a026 A\u011fustos 2021\u2019de Xinhua taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131mlanan \u2018\u00c7KP: G\u00f6revleri ve Katk\u0131lar\u0131\u2019\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 belgede, ba\u015fka \u015feylerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00c7KP\u2019nin Deng \u015eiao-ping d\u00f6neminde kararl\u0131l\u0131kla uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 reform ve a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ma i\u015faret ediliyor, onun \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizmi olu\u015fturdu<\/em>\u201d\u011fu, \u00c7in\u2019i \u201cd\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00fclkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc<\/em>\u201d\u011f\u00fc belirtiliyor ve \u201c\u00c7in Kom\u00fcnistleri, \u00f6ncelikle Mao Zedong, Deng \u015eiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao ve \u015ei Jinping taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilerek Marksizmi \u00c7in\u2019in ger\u00e7eklerine ve geleneksel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne uyarlad\u0131lar ve ulusal gen\u00e7le\u015fme hedefine do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcler<\/em>\u201d[29]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>deniyordu.<\/p>\n

Genel Sekreterlik g\u00f6revine \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kez<\/em> getirildi\u011fi \u00c7KP\u2019nin 20. Kongresi\u2019ndeki (16-22 Ekim 2023) konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, Xi Jinping de, \u00c7inli kom\u00fcnistlerin \u201cYaln\u0131zca Marksizmin temel ilkelerini \u00fclkemizin somut ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve se\u00e7kin geleneksel \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle birle\u015ftirerek ve diyalektik ve tarihsel materyalizmin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek<\/em>\u201d, <\/em>zaman\u0131n ve prati\u011fin getirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck sorulara do\u011fru yan\u0131tlar bulma hedefiyle hareket edeceklerini belirtmekteydi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7KP\u2019nin \u201csosyalizmin ilk a\u015famas\u0131 i\u00e7in temel bir ekonomik sistem olu\u015ftur\u201d<\/em>du\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren Jinping, bu sistem i\u00e7inde kamu ve kamu d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerin \u201csosyalist piyasa ekonomisinin \u00f6nemli bile\u015fenleri ve esas temelleri\u201d <\/em>olarak yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, \u201cdi\u011fer bi\u00e7imlerde m\u00fclkiyetin geli\u015fmesine izin verirken toplumsal m\u00fclkiyeti temel dayanak haline getirmeye devam etmenin \u00f6nemini vurgulad\u0131k\u201d<\/em>lar\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor, \u201cekonominin devlet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc kararl\u0131l\u0131kla sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirmeliyiz ve ayr\u0131ca devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geli\u015fimini kararl\u0131l\u0131kla te\u015fvik etmeli, desteklemeli ve ba\u015flatmal\u0131y\u0131z, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7iminin birbirini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesini ve birlikte geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/em>\u201d diyordu.[30]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7KP MK a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda adlar\u0131 s\u0131ralanan ve \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm<\/em>\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde pay sahibi olan isimlerin \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnya kapitalist sisteminde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelerek yer almas\u0131ndaki sorumluluklar\u0131na yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca de\u011finildi. \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Xi Jinping, \u00c7in kapitalizmini \u201csosyalist piyasa ekonomisi<\/em>\u201d olarak g\u00f6steriyor ve ekonominin sosyalist niteli\u011fini de devlet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve etkinli\u011fiyle s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona kan\u0131tl\u0131yor! Tekelci devlet kapitalizminin ya da devlet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ekonomide a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 yer tutmas\u0131 ve y\u00f6nlendirici i\u015flev g\u00f6rmesi \u00fcretim sisteminin sosyalist tarz\u0131na i\u015faret etmez. Bu, burjuva devletlerinin ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerde \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle ba\u015fvurduklar\u0131 devletle\u015ftirme\/kamula\u015ft\u0131rma politikalar\u0131yla da kan\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Emperyalist ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i tekelci sermayenin egemenli\u011findeki \u00fclkelerde belirli kritik sekt\u00f6rlerin devlet\u00e7e i\u015fletildi\u011fi ve elde tutuldu\u011funun \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rne\u011fi bulunuyor. Silah sanayi, enerji ve teknolojinin baz\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda bu daha belirgin olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Devlet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ya da tekelci devlet kapitalizminin \u00c7in ekonomisindeki pay\u0131 ayr\u0131ca tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir olsa bile, bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u015fleyi\u015fine y\u00f6n veren temel \u201cilke<\/em>\u201dnin art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretimi olmaya devam etmesi ve \u00c7in ekonomisinde \u00f6zel kapitalist i\u015fletmelerin oransal olarak azalmak bir yana s\u00fcrekli olarak art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterip g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi Jinping y\u00f6netiminin sosyalizmi in\u015fa iddialar\u0131n\u0131 dayanaks\u0131z k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi, yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemde, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u00e7in \u201cdevlet \u015firketleriyle e\u015fit ko\u015fullarda rekabet ortam\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131, finansman olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi, do\u011frudan destekler sa\u011flanmas\u0131, politika geli\u015ftirme ve d\u00fczenleme<\/em> s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine dahil edilmesi<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnde otuz civar\u0131nda \u00f6nlem i\u00e7eren karar a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.[31]<\/sup><\/a> \u00c7in halk devriminden 70 y\u0131l sonra dahi \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geli\u015ftirilmesine g\u00fc\u00e7 veren uygulamalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme \u0131srar\u0131, olsa olsa geli\u015fip g\u00fc\u00e7lenenin kapitalizm oldu\u011funa kan\u0131t olur.<\/p>\n

Jinping, Deng \u015eiaoping\u2019i de kaynak g\u00f6stererek \u201csosyalizmin \u00f6z\u00fc<\/em>\u201dn\u00fcn, toplumsal ortak refaha ula\u015fmak \u00fczere \u201c\u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi ve geli\u015ftirilmesi<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. 18. \u00c7KP Merkez Komitesi\u2019nin Be\u015finci Genel Toplant\u0131s\u0131 (Ekim-2015) sonras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamada da, \u201cinsanlar\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc geli\u015fmelerini ve ortak refah yolunda istikrarl\u0131 ilerlemelerini te\u015fvik etmek<\/em>\u201d hedef olarak belirtilmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Jinping, izledikleri ekonomi politikay\u0131 \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr geli\u015fimiyle de ili\u015fkilendirmektedir. Meta \u00fcretimi, sermaye birikimi ve geni\u015fleyen yeniden \u00fcretimi \u00fczerine Marksist analize ili\u015fkin ortalama bilgi sahibi her okur, kapitalist geli\u015fmenin temel ko\u015fulunun art\u0131-de\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc oldu\u011funu bilir. Sermaye sahibiyle emek g\u00fcc\u00fc sahibinin kapitalist pazarda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelerek yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u2018s\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019, prekapitalist ba\u011flardan kopu\u015f anlam\u0131nda bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmeyi ifade etse de, i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00fczerindeki \u00e7e\u015fitlenmi\u015f bask\u0131 ve denetim ile birlikte mutlak ve nispi art\u0131-de\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131racak uygulamalar \u00f6zg\u00fcr geli\u015fmenin barikatlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. Kapitalist geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde emek\u00e7ilerin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda g\u00f6rece ya da daha somut her iyile\u015fme hem m\u00fccadeleyle ko\u015fulludur hem de daha fazla s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntem ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin -ki emek g\u00fcc\u00fc canl\u0131 \u00f6gesini olu\u015fturur- ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6zg\u00fcrce geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in\u2019de kapitalist geli\u015fmeyle birlikte \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler de, evet, geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. K\u0131r ili\u015fkileri \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, y\u00fcz milyonlarca emek\u00e7i proletaryan\u0131n saflar\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, geli\u015ftirilen teknoloji, emek verimlili\u011fini ve \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00fczere s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc etkeni i\u015fleviyle geli\u015fmenin arac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Ancak, \u00c7in\u2019de s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkilerinin tasfiye edilmekte oldu\u011fu bir toplumun in\u015fas\u0131 yolunda ileri y\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>n\u00fc g\u00f6sterir veri yoktur. \u00c7in\u2019de, halk devriminin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda sanayide ve tar\u0131mda kamula\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde at\u0131lan k\u0131smi ad\u0131mlardan da geriye \u00e7ark edilmi\u015f, devlet makinesi \u00c7KP\u2019nin elinde olmas\u0131na, devlet kapitalizmi (devlet sekt\u00f6r\u00fc) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r, yerli-yabanc\u0131 sermaye ortakl\u0131 ve do\u011frudan d\u0131\u015f sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin etkinlik alan\u0131 geni\u015flemi\u015f, yeni ekonomi politika ad\u0131na giri\u015filen uygulamalar\u0131n on y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sonucu sermayenin geni\u015fleyen yeniden \u00fcretimi \u201cpiyasa<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n belirleyicisi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00c7KP y\u00f6netiminin \u201cortak refah<\/em>\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n karakteristi\u011fi, Jinping\u2019in \u201c\u0130nsanl\u0131k, nihayetinde hepimizin ayn\u0131 gemide oldu\u011fumuzun, uyum i\u00e7inde bir arada kalmam\u0131z gerekti\u011finin, ortak geli\u015fme hedeflerimizin ve k\u00fcresel ortakl\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin yeni bi\u00e7imlerini kurmam\u0131z gerekti\u011finin bilincine varmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>\u201d \u015feklindeki, temenni ve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zlerinde ifadesini buluyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fr\u0131n\u0131n muhataplar\u0131 \u201cherkes<\/em>\u201d ama \u00f6ncelikle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n egemenleridir. \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi, b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfus g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, y\u00fcz milyonlarca emek\u00e7inin \u00fcretici enerjisini, uluslararas\u0131 alanda sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ticari ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u201c\u00c7in r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in<\/em>\u201d daha etkin tarzda kullanmak istiyor. Bu s\u00f6ylem, s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla uzla\u015fmaz \u00e7eli\u015fki i\u00e7indeki toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00f6rt\u00fc \u00e7ekme i\u015fleviyle y\u00fckl\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00c7KP ve Jinping\u2019in \u201cortak refah<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemi ve hedefinin, burjuva d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda egemen g\u00fc\u00e7 temsilcisi politikac\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131kla dillendirdikleri \u201ctoplumun ortak refah ve huzuru<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemini an\u0131msatmaktad\u0131r. Burjuva y\u00f6netimleriyle sermaye partilerinin s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri bunu bir vaat olarak \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerlerken, Jinping y\u00f6netimindeki \u00c7KP, \u201csosyalist piyasa ekonomisi\u201dyle t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131flara refah sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ancak bununla da yetinmez, Jinping, \u00c7in\u2019in \u201cortak refah\u201d politika ve uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in oldu\u011funu ve olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. 2013\u2019te Xi Jinping taraf\u0131ndan Asya ve Avrupa (Avrasya) \u00fclkelerini birbirine ba\u011flama hedefi ta\u015f\u0131yaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanan ve Orta Asya\u2019dan Afrika\u2019ya dek geni\u015f bir alanda in\u015fay\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u201cKu\u015fak ve Yol<\/em>\u201d projesi de \u00c7in ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin \u201culuslararas\u0131 ortak refah ve kalk\u0131nma\u201d<\/em>n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine hizmeti olarak sunuluyor![32]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7KP liderleri \u015funu diyor:<\/p>\n

\u201cHer zaman bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l kalk\u0131nma yolunda y\u00fcr\u00fcyece\u011fiz, her zaman kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yarar ve ortak fayda i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lma stratejisi izleyerek, yaln\u0131zca \u00c7in’in kendi kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7abalamakla kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na olan sorumlulu\u011fumuza ve katk\u0131m\u0131za da de\u011fer verece\u011fiz. Sadece \u00c7in halk\u0131n\u0131n refah\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. \u00c7in r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin d\u00fcnyaya getirece\u011fi \u015fey, karga\u015fa de\u011fil, bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu bir tehdit de\u011fil, f\u0131rsatt\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[33]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7in r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya, b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in \u201cortak refah<\/em>\u201d yolunda ilerleme ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir f\u0131rsat oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen \u00c7inli y\u00f6neticiler, \u201c\u00c7in -diyorlar-, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hegemonya ve g\u00fc\u00e7 politikas\u0131n\u0131 reddetti\u011fini, di\u011fer devletlerin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve asla hakimiyet ve geni\u015flemeyi ama\u00e7 edinmedi\u011fini defalarca kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/em>\u201d[34]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Jinping y\u00f6netimi beyaz g\u00fcvercinler u\u00e7urmay\u0131 vaat ediyor ama, \u201chakimiyet ve geni\u015fleme<\/em>\u201d, kapitalizmin emperyalizm a\u015famas\u0131nda art\u0131k sadece<\/em> dolays\u0131z i\u015fgal ve ilhaklarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmiyor. Sermaye ihra\u00e7 edilerek, bor\u00e7-kredi ili\u015fkileri geli\u015ftirilerek, ortakl\u0131klar kurularak, devlet tahvili, hisse pay\u0131 sat\u0131n al\u0131narak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin kurulup geli\u015ftirilmesi, sermaye tekellerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihlerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze, daha da geli\u015fmi\u015f bi\u00e7imleriyle burjuva emperyalist tarihin belirleyici en \u00f6nemli olgular\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in emperyalist Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin pazar\u0131ndaki ve onlar\u0131n \u00c7in pazar\u0131ndaki faaliyetleriyle birlikte \u00c7in\u2019in onlarca \u00fclkede yukar\u0131daki t\u00fcrden ili\u015fkilere sahip oldu\u011fu biliniyor. \u00c7in, \u00e7e\u015fitli de\u011ferli maden kaynaklar\u0131na sahip Afrika \u00fclkelerine son y\u0131llarda sermaye ihrac\u0131 ve ticari faaliyetleriyle giri\u015f yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ve yine bu geli\u015fmelerle de ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Amerikan emperyalizmi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00fcnya kapitalist pazar\u0131ndaki etkinli\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine kar\u015f\u0131 seferber olmas\u0131, ticari sava\u015flar\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmayacak \u015fekilde rekabetin \u201csava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131<\/em>\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131yla askeri politika y\u00f6n\u00fcnde sertle\u015fmesi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7eklikleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kapitalist b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler, \u00c7in\u2019in \u201cr\u00fcyas\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in her t\u00fcr ara\u00e7 ve yolu deneyeceklerdir. Bunun nedeni \u00c7in\u2019in \u201csosyalizmi<\/em>\u201d de\u011fildir.[35]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Kapitalist d\u00fcnyada \u201ct\u00fcm d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7in\u201d <\/em>\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma iddias\u0131n\u0131n sosyalizm ile ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131r bir yan\u0131 yoktur. B\u00f6ylesi bir iddia, ancak sosyalizmin d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda belirli bir anlama sahip olabilir. \u00c7KP y\u00f6neticileri demagojik s\u00f6ylem arac\u0131yla tekelci emperyalist burjuvaziden yoksul k\u0131r emek\u00e7ilerine, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler halklar\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n aralar\u0131nda \u00c7inli patronlar\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayedarlara herkes i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek tekeller i\u00e7in de<\/em> \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 itiraf ediyorlar.<\/p>\n

Jinping\u2018in, y\u00fcz y\u0131l s\u00fcrece\u011fini belirti\u011fi \u201csosyalizmin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131\u201d<\/em>n\u0131n biti\u015fi ve varsay\u0131msal olarak orta a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinde nas\u0131l bir d\u00fcnya ve \u00c7in\u2019in olaca\u011f\u0131 bug\u00fcnden kestirilemez olsa da, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00c7in ger\u00e7ekli\u011finde bu iddia t\u00fcm\u00fcyle dayanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Mistisizmin, yararc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, eklektizmin felsefi ideolojik ve politik y\u0131ld\u0131z olup bayra\u011f\u0131na yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de toplumsal ger\u00e7eklikler ba\u015fka bir \u00c7in\u2019i resmediyor: \u00c7in\u2019de y\u00fcz milyonlarca k\u0131r emek\u00e7isi ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak uluslararas\u0131 ve \u2018yerli\u2019 sermayenin k\u00e2r \u00fcretici kayna\u011f\u0131 ya da arac\u0131 durumundad\u0131r. \u00c7in d\u00fcnya kapitalist pazar\u0131n\u0131n muazzam b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki bir fabrikasyonu\/imalathanesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u00c7in\u2019e do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f, h\u0131zl\u0131 kapitalistle\u015fme, Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist \u00fclkeler sermayesinin \u00c7in pazar\u0131na ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 hem h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f hem de s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere emperyalist \u00fclkelerin ve uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin \u00c7in\u2019de, \u00c7in tekellerinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkesinde faaliyeti vard\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f ya da yabanc\u0131 sermayenin \u00c7in\u2019de, baz\u0131 alanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda engelsiz faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nca da do\u011frulanmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 kritik sekt\u00f6rlerin d\u0131\u015f sermaye faaliyetine kapal\u0131 tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n salt \u00c7in gibi \u201csosyalist piyasa ekonomisi<\/em>\u201d uygulama iddias\u0131nda olan bir devletin mahareti veya \u00f6znelli\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da d\u00fcnya ger\u00e7eklikleri ve g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkileriyle ba\u011fl\u0131 olgular aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019in ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ABD\u2019den hemen sonra ba\u015fl\u0131ca emperyalist kapitalist \u00fclkeleri geride b\u0131rakacak d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fmesi, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve di\u011fer emek\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131yla dolays\u0131zca ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ile onlarca y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7i\u015fle in\u015fa olunan bir sosyalizmden s\u00f6z edilmesi ise b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7arp\u0131tmay\u0131, hatta d\u00fcped\u00fcz yalan\u0131 i\u015faret eder. \u00c7in y\u00f6neticilerinin sosyalizmi in\u015fa etmekte olduklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylem, \u00c7in\u2019in kapitalist ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini \u00f6rterek yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rma hedefiyle ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7eride geli\u015fecek proleter ve emek\u00e7i isyanlar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 alandaki destekle birlikte \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d vaat edilen payla\u015f\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc zaafa u\u011frataca\u011f\u0131ndan, bu aldat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrmesinde yarar g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7in\u2019de devlet-\u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r ortakl\u0131klar\u0131, i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f sermaye ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 ve ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00f6zel kapitalist \u015firketlerin faaliyeti, yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kent ve k\u0131rda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta i\u015fletmelerin serbest faaliyeti, ekonominin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ger\u00e7eklikleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00c7in\u2019de devletin,\u00a0\u201c\u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve geli\u015fmesine<\/em>\u201d izin verece\u011fi, \u201c\u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ve yasal haklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyaca\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201dna dair anayasaya madde dahi konmu\u015ftur ve Xi Jinping\u2019e g\u00f6re\u00a0bu \u201ctoplumsal harmoni<\/em>\u201d gere\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u201ctoplumsal harmoni<\/em>\u201d, \u00c7in ve uluslararas\u0131 sermayenin geni\u015fleyen yeniden \u00fcretimiyle \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 i\u00e7in emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn, art\u0131 de\u011fer ve k\u00e2r i\u00e7in daha etkin ve verimli tarzda s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine dayal\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cHer t\u00fcrl\u00fc m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7iminin birbirini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesini ve birlikte geli\u015fmesini sa\u011flamal\u0131y\u0131z<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131 kapitalizmi geli\u015ftirmeye hizmet etmi\u015ftir. Devletin ekonomide etkin g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131, \u00c7in ekonomisinin kapitalist karakterini de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015ftir. \u00c7in, n\u00fcfus g\u00fcc\u00fc, ekonomik kapasitesi, askeri ve teknolojik olanaklar\u0131yla d\u00fcnya kapitalist sisteminde en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00f6ndeki g\u00fc\u00e7lerden biri haline gelmi\u015ftir. Sermaye ihrac\u0131, bor\u00e7-kredi anla\u015fmalar\u0131, ticaret a\u011f\u0131ndaki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla rekabette ilk s\u0131ralarda yer alan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.[36]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7KP y\u00f6neticileri, \u00c7in’de \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ve s\u00f6zde sosyalizm i\u00e7in maddi toplumsal dayanaklar\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in kapitalist geli\u015fmeyi te\u015fvik ve kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin on y\u0131llar boyu yeniden ve yeniden \u00fcretimini koordine ettiler. \u00c7KP, sosyalizmi in\u015fa ve kom\u00fcnizme ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00f6ylemini bir iddian\u0131n alt paragraflar\u0131 i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, \u201cpiyasa sosyalizmi<\/em>\u201d uydurmas\u0131yla \u00f6zel kapitalist m\u00fclkiyeti garanti eden \u201cserbest piyasa kapitalizmi<\/em>\u201dni ihya etti. \u00c7in\u2019in kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 ve toplumun ortak refah\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen, uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin \u00c7in pazar\u0131nda, \u00c7in sermayesinin de uluslararas\u0131 pazarda faaliyeti i\u00e7in ko\u015fullar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u201cPiyasa sosyalizmi<\/em>\u201dni y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te ba\u015far\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme iddias\u0131yla pragmatizmin farkl\u0131 versiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kongre kararlar\u0131 haline getiren \u00c7KP y\u00f6neticileri, Mao Zedung\u2019un milli burjuvaziyle iktidar ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u201cba\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 baz\u0131 di\u011fer d\u00fc\u015fmanlarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 emperyalistlerle \u201ckazan-kazan<\/em>\u201d i\u015fbirli\u011fi ve s\u00f6zde bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek \u201cortak refah<\/em>\u201da geni\u015fleterek, \u00c7in kapitalizmini devlet tekelci kapitalizmine y\u00fckselttiler. \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131na meta \u00fcretimi, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ve burjuva hakk\u0131n\u0131n on y\u0131llar boyunca ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 daha ba\u015ftan kabul edilmekteydi. Deng Xiaoping’den Xi Jinping\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m politikalar\u0131yla \u201ckapitalist yolcu<\/em>\u201dlar\u0131n dolar milyarderleri ve milyonerleri olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yolunu daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131p kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin kentte ve k\u0131rda daha fazla etkili olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00c7KP\u2019si ad\u0131ndaki kom\u00fcnist s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hala silmemi\u015ftir. \u00c7KP y\u00f6neticileri \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemini -bir hedef oldu\u011funu da belirterek- s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.\u00a0 96 milyon \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu belirtilen, periyodik resmi kongreleriyle y\u00f6netici organlar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7en ve \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten \u00c7KP\u2019nin y\u00f6neticileri \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda, Marksizm\u2019in \u201cy\u00f6nlendirici ideoloji\u201d<\/em> oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekten de ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131yorlar.[37]<\/sup><\/a>\u00c7KP\u00a0<\/em>Politb\u00fcrosu, 19. Kongre dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 duyuru metninde, \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm bayra\u011f\u0131 dalgalanacak; Partiye Marksizm-Leninizm, Mao Zedong d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, Deng \u015eiaoping teorisi, \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00dc\u00e7 Temsiliyet ve Kalk\u0131nmada Bilimsel Bak\u0131\u015f rehberlik edecek ve \u015ei Jinping\u2019in \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin \u00f6z\u00fc eksiksiz uygulanacakt\u0131r<\/em>\u201d\u00a0demekteydi. Xi Jinping, Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulu\u015funun y\u00fcz\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 (2049), <\/em>\u201c\u00c7in ulusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck yeniden gen\u00e7le\u015fmesi ve \u00c7in R\u00fcyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme tarihi<\/em>\u201d olarak g\u00f6steriyor ve bunun ba\u015far\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na g\u00fcven duyulmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyor.[38]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Ne ki, \u00c7in ger\u00e7ekli\u011fiyle ba\u011fl\u0131 \u201c\u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizm<\/em>\u201d, \u201cYeni Marksizm<\/em>\u201d iddias\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in kapitalist toplumsal ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini, 1949 sonras\u0131 tarihsel d\u00f6nemin geli\u015fmeleriyle ideolojik arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131ndan da beslenen mu\u011flak ve karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00f6ylem e\u015fli\u011finde \u00f6rtme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00c7KP, \u00c7in toplumunda, b\u00fcrokratik ayg\u0131t\u0131n y\u00f6netimi misyonuyla y\u00fckl\u00fcd\u00fcr ve burjuvaziyle refahta \u201cortakla\u015fma<\/em>\u201d hedefine sahiptir. \u00c7in\u2019de kabaca denebilecek \u00f6l\u00e7ekte dahi \u201cherkese eme\u011fine g\u00f6re<\/em>\u201d ilkesinin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu bir toplumsal ve ekonomik ili\u015fkiler sistemi yoktur. \u00c7in\u2019i sosyalist ya da en az\u0131ndan kapitalizmden sosyalizme ge\u00e7i\u015f a\u015famas\u0131nda bir \u00fclke olarak tasavvur eden veya \u00f6yle oldu\u011funu iddia edenlerin dayanak g\u00f6sterecekleri y\u00f6netici i\u015f\u00e7i organlar\u0131 veya i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve kent-k\u0131r yoksullar\u0131n\u0131n kom\u00fcnal olu\u015fumlar\u0131 da s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Ama \u00c7in muazzam b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte devrimci bir potansiyele sahiptir. Orada \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc y\u00fcz milyonlarca proleter ve k\u0131r-kent emek\u00e7isinin kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden kurtulmak i\u00e7in er-ge\u00e7 geli\u015fecek m\u00fccadelesinin mayalanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeyle k\u0131yaslanamayacak tarihsel deneyim birikimi de vard\u0131r. D\u00fcnya proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinden daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 -ve onun varsa e\u011fer- ya da olu\u015fturuldu\u011funda yeni ve ger\u00e7ek kom\u00fcnist partisi, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00c7in\u2019in var edilmesi m\u00fccadelesindeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00fcnya proletaryas\u0131 ve boyunduruk alt\u0131nda tutulan halklar\u0131n kapitalist barbarl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dayana\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Yaz\u0131c\u0131, J. (2022) \u201cKorkut Boratav\u2019la s\u00f6yle\u015fi\u201d, Teori ve Politika<\/em>, https:\/\/teorivepolitika1.net\/2022\/02\/22\/korkut-boratav-la-soylesi\/<\/p>\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Kayao\u011flu, M. (2022) \u201c\u00c7in\u2019deki G\u00f6steriler ve Marksizmin Tarihsel G\u00fcc\u00fcnden \u00dcrken Solcular\u201d, Teori ve Politika<\/em>, https:\/\/teorivepolitika1.net\/2022\/12\/06\/cin-deki-gosteriler-ve-marksizmin-tarihsel-gucunden-urken-solcular\/<\/p>\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> Mao Zedung\u2019un siyasi, felsefi, ekonomik ve askeri m\u00fccadeleye dair eklektik karma\u015f\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini Marksizmin daha \u00fcst bir a\u015famas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterenler sadece Peru, Brezilya, Kolombiya, Ekvator, Hindistan, Nepal, Filipinler ve T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00fclkelerde de\u011fil Almanya gibi Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> Mao Zedung, \u00c7in devriminin halk\u00e7\u0131 devrimci b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nderiydi. Eserlerinde s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinden, s\u00f6m\u00fcren-s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen, ezen-ezilen \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinden ve sosyalizm hedefinden s\u00f6z ediyor, proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn gereklili\u011finden ve devrimin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00f6nderli\u011finde sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilerletilmesinin \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor, kimi zaman Marksist teorisyenlere ba\u015fvurarak onlardan al\u0131nt\u0131lar da yap\u0131yordu. Marksizm-Leninizm ve materyalist d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin kimi tezleri ve \u00e7eli\u015fkiler sorununa yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, kimilerince sosyalist d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cyeni ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir teorisyeni<\/em>\u201d olarak nitelenmesine de yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Gelgelelim, Mao\u2019nun ideolojik siyasal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zelli\u011fi eklektik-d\u00fcalist olmalar\u0131yd\u0131. O Marksizm\u2019den etkilenmesine, Marx ve Lenin\u2019den al\u0131nt\u0131lar yapmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n eklektik ve karma\u015f\u0131k; yer yer Konf\u00fcsy\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fckle de ba\u011flanan tarzda idealist, siyasal taktikler ad\u0131na pragmatik ve burjuvaziyle uzla\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7eren ve \u00f6neren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u2018toplam\u0131\u2019na sahipti. \u00c7in k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n halk devrimindeki yeri ve \u00c7in k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn devrimdeki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn de etkisi alt\u0131nda \u015fekillenen teorisinde, Sun Yat-Senci \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 halk ilkesi<\/em>\u201dni yol g\u00f6sterici olarak al\u0131yor, Marksizm-Leninizmi \u00c7in ger\u00e7e\u011fine uyarlama ad\u0131na devrim ve s\u0131n\u0131flar sorununa ili\u015fkin bilimsel sosyalist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri<\/em> mu\u011flakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs\u00e7\u00fc felsefeden esinlenen arg\u00fcmanlarla da kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bi\u00e7imde ulusal burjuvaziyle uyumluluk teorisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor, onu iktidar orta\u011f\u0131 yaparak uzla\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u2018ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi\u2019nde de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini daha ba\u015ftan teorile\u015ftiriyordu. O, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cemperyalizm ve feodalizm da\u011flar\u0131<\/em>\u201dna kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin ancak halk kitlelerinin devrimci seferberli\u011fiyle zafere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor; ancak m\u00fccadelenin zafere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan(lar)\u0131 \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileriyle \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler; s\u00f6m\u00fcren-s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131flar ili\u015fkisi zemininde belirleme gibi temel \u00f6nemde bir sorunu bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131ran bir yakla\u015f\u0131m g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> Korbash, E. (1976) Maoizmin Ekonomik Teorileri<\/em>, \u00e7ev. E. Ko\u00e7ba\u015f, Bilim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 8.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a> Suyin, H. (1993) Sabah Tufan\u0131 1: Mao Zedung ve \u00c7in Devrimi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. C. Irmak, 2. Bask\u0131, Berfin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 536.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> Aktaran D\u00f6lek, L. (2007) \u201cTarihsel Geli\u015fimi \u0130\u00e7erisinde \u00c7in\u2019in Sosyoekonomik Yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ncelenmesi\u201d, T.C. \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Maliye Anabilim Dal\u0131, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, sf. 69.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> Suyin, Mao Zedung ve \u00c7in Devrimi<\/em>, sf. 347.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> Zedung, M. (1975) Se\u00e7me Eserler: Cilt 2<\/em>, Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 119.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> Zedung, M. (1976) Se\u00e7me Eserler: Cilt III<\/em>, Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 251.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> Zedung\u2019dan aktaran Parti Bayra\u011f\u0131 (1979) \u201cMarksist Leninist Proletarya Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00d6\u011fretisi, Sosyalist \u0130n\u015fa ve \u2018Mao Zedung D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi\u2019\u201d, Say\u0131: 17, 10-62, sf. 28-29, https:\/\/www.dibar.net\/dibar\/dsm.html?yayin=pb<\/p>\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> Parti Bayra\u011f\u0131, age, sf. 20-21.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> Zedung, M. (1978) Se\u00e7me Eserler: Cilt V<\/em>, Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 87.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a> 1950\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019de 123 bin 165 orta ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitalist i\u015fletme (%85\u2019i 10\u2019dan daha az i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu ve 500\u2019den fazla i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fletmelerin say\u0131s\u0131 164\u2019t\u00fc) bulunuyordu (Suyin, H. (1995) Sabah Tufan\u0131: Cilt 2: Mao Zedung ve \u00c7in Devrimi<\/em> (1949-1975)<\/em>, \u00e7ev. M. K. Bozkurt, Berfin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 71-72).<\/p>\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> N\u00fcfusun %3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan ve ekilebilir topraklar\u0131n %26\u2019s\u0131na sahip olan toprak a\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131na el konmakla birlikte zengin ve orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte toprak sahiplerine dokunulmad\u0131. N\u00fcfusun %7\u2019sini olu\u015fturan zengin k\u00f6yl\u00fcler topraklar\u0131n %27\u2019sine sahipti. Orta k\u00f6yl\u00fcler %25\u2019ine, n\u00fcfusun %68\u2019ini olu\u015fturan yoksul ve topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ise topraklar\u0131n %22\u2019sine sahipti (Suyin, Sabah Tufan\u0131: Cilt 2, sf. 49-52).<\/p>\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a> \u00c7KP\u2019nin SSCB ve SBKP ile ili\u015fkileri \u00c7in Halk Devrimi\u2019nin zafere ula\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte daha ileri d\u00fczeye ula\u015ft\u0131 ve kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fledi. Mao Zedung, \u00c7in\u2019de ekonomik sosyal ya\u015fam\u0131n yeni t\u00fcr in\u015fas\u0131na yard\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in SSCB\u2019ne gitti. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile \u00c7in\u2019e y\u00f6nelik d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ortak savunma ve askeri destek anla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> Martin Hart-Landsberg ve Paul Burkett\u2019ten aktaran D\u00f6lek, age, sf. 99-100.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a> CRI (2012) \u201c\u2018\u00dc\u00e7 Temsil\u2019 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi\u201d, http:\/\/turkish.cri.cn\/862\/2012\/11\/04\/1s144092.htm<\/p>\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> Buna g\u00f6re, DT\u00d6 \u00fcyesi t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler \u00c7in pazar\u0131nda ayn\u0131 uygulamalara tabi olacak, yabanc\u0131 ki\u015fi ve kurulu\u015flara e\u015fit ticari haklar tan\u0131nacak; \u015firketler i\u00e7 pazarda ve ihracata y\u00f6nelik \u00fcretimde e\u015fit haklara sahip olacakt\u0131. Baz\u0131 madenler, t\u00fct\u00fcn, tah\u0131l \u00e7e\u015fitleri ve akaryak\u0131t gibi belirli \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdeki devlet tekeli d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011ferleri yabanc\u0131 sermayeye de a\u00e7\u0131lacak, \u00fcyeli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015f ile birlikte TRIPS Antla\u015fmas\u0131 uygulanacak, \u00fcyelik sonras\u0131 ilk 12 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde, \u00c7in \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin DT\u00d6 \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerden herhangi birinin i\u00e7 pazar\u0131na zarar vermesi veya verme tehlikesi durumunda, g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifeleri takvime ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak azalt\u0131lacak ve belli bir takvim i\u00e7inde (\u00f6rne\u011fin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in 2004\u2019e, di\u011ferleri i\u00e7in 2010\u2019na dek) bu tarifeler (tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde ortalama vergi %15\u2019e, sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde ise %8,9’a) d\u00fc\u015fecek, \u00c7in, tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine ihracat s\u00fcbvansiyonu vermeyecek; bankac\u0131l\u0131k hizmetlerinde, \u00fcyeli\u011fin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren yabanc\u0131 finans kurulu\u015flar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fteri k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n d\u00f6viz ile i\u015flem yapabilecekti. DT\u00d6 \u00fcyeli\u011fi \u00c7in\u2019e de ihracat\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma ve daha geni\u015f alanlara ihracat yapma olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a> 5 Ocak 2013 tarihinde, yeni se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olan Merkez Komitesi \u00fcyelerine hitaben yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Jinping, Deng Xiaoping\u2019in \u201creform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunarak \u201cMarksizmi ald\u0131k ve \u00c7inlile\u015ftirdik.\u00a0\u0130\u015fte bu, \u00c7in\u2019e \u00f6zg\u00fc sosyalizmdir<\/em>\u201d diyor ve \u201cE\u011fer partimiz 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmay\u0131 uygulamaya kesin bir \u015fekilde karar vermeseydi, reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmay\u0131 teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz bir \u015fekilde te\u015fvik etmeseydi ve reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lman\u0131n do\u011fru istikametini sad\u0131k bir \u015fekilde kavramasayd\u0131, sosyalist \u00c7in bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi sevindirici bir durumda olmayabilirdi<\/em>\u201d diye ekliyordu. Deng Siao-Ping\u2019i s\u00fcrekli \u015fekilde referans g\u00f6steriyor: \u201cReform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 derinle\u015ftirmeye, ke\u015ffetmeye, yaratmaya ve ilerletmeye devam edecek ve kurumsal, teorik ve pratik yenilikleri te\u015fvik etmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fiz<\/em>.\u201d diyordu. (Greer, T. (2019) \u201cXi Jinping in Translation: China\u2019s Guiding Ideology\u201d, Palladium<\/em>, https:\/\/www.palladiummag.com\/2019\/05\/31\/xi-jinping-in-translation-chinas-guiding-ideology\/#xvii)<\/p>\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> Marksizm ve \u201cMao Zedung D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi<\/em>\u201d vurgulu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda Jinping, \u201cZengin ve fakir aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumun b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam etmesine – zenginler daha da zenginle\u015fmeye devam ederken fakirlerin daha da fakirle\u015fmesine – izin veremeyiz. Zenginlik u\u00e7urumunun a\u015f\u0131lmaz bir u\u00e7urum haline gelmesine izin veremeyiz\u201d <\/em>diyordu; b\u00f6lgeler, kentsel ve k\u0131rsal alanlar ve zenginler ile yoksullar aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumlar<\/em>dan s\u00f6z ederek, herhangi kapitalist \u00fclkede sol liberal ya da sosyal demokrat politikac\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ya da yapacaklar\u0131 t\u00fcrden sosyal adaletin ve adaletin savunulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm g\u00f6steriyordu (Michael, R. (2022) \u201c\u00c7in: Sosyalist Bir Kalk\u0131nma Modeli Mi?\u201d BRIC<\/em>, 3(2), sf. 44).<\/p>\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> Suba\u015f\u0131 E. M. (2017) \u201c\u00c7in\u2019de Ekonomik B\u00fcy\u00fcme, Yoksulluk ve Gelir E\u015fitsizli\u011fi: D\u00fcnya Ekonomisindeki Konumu\u201d, Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Y\u00f6netimi Dergisi<\/em>, XII(I), sf. 12.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> Aktaran Karamurtlu, B. (2020) \u201cKu\u015fak Yol Projesi Ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin K\u00fcresel Hegemonya Giri\u015fimi\u201d, DAAD,<\/em> sf. 65.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> Jinping, X. (2014) \u201c\u00c7in\u2019i Y\u00f6netmek\u201d, Palladium<\/em>, https:\/\/www.palladiummag.com\/2019\/05\/31\/xi-jinping-in-translation-chinas-guiding-ideology\/#xvii<\/p>\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a> Kapitalizmden kom\u00fcnizme ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinde, \u00f6zellikle de s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flar\u0131nda kapitalizmin unsurlar\u0131yla sosyalizmin unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n yan yana veya i\u00e7 i\u00e7e bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunlardan hangisinin egemen olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecek m\u00fccadelenin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a> Lenin, V. \u0130. (1997) \u201c\u2018Ayni Vergi, Serbest Ticaret ve \u0130mtiyazlar \u00dczerine\u2019\u201d, Se\u00e7me Eserler: Cilt. 9<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u00e7ev. S. Kaya ve \u0130. Yark\u0131n, \u0130nter Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 208-9.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> Lenin, V. \u0130. (1997) \u201cYeni Ekonomik Politika ve Politik Ayd\u0131nlatma \u015eubelerinin G\u00f6revleri\u201d, Se\u00e7me Eserler: Cilt. 9<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u00e7ev. S. Kaya ve \u0130. Yark\u0131n, \u0130nter Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 288-89.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> Lenin, V. \u0130. (1997) \u201cSovyet Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin D\u0131\u015f ve \u0130\u00e7 Durumu \u00dczerine Rapor\u201d, Se\u00e7me Eserler: Cilt. 9<\/em> i\u00e7inde, \u00e7ev. S. Kaya ve \u0130. Yark\u0131n, \u0130nter Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 342-46.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> Aktaran Boratav, K. (2021) \u201cBat\u0131\u2019da tedirginlik: \u00c7in sosyalizme mi d\u00f6n\u00fcyor?\u201d, Sol Haber<\/em>, https:\/\/haber.sol.org.tr\/yazar\/batida-tedirginlik-cin-sosyalizme-mi-donuyor-314888<\/p>\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> \u00c7KP (2022) \u201cHer Y\u00f6nden Modern, Sosyalist Bir \u00dclke \u0130n\u015fa Etme Gayreti ve \u00c7in\u2019e \u00d6zg\u00fc Sosyalizmin B\u00fcy\u00fck Sanca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fcksekte Dalgaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisinin 20. Milli Kongresi Raporu\u201d, \u00e7ev. A. Yaman.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> Oktay, F. (2023) \u201c\u0130lk yar\u0131y\u0131lda \u00c7in ekonomisi ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u201d, https:\/\/istanbulticaretgazetesi.com\/tr\/yazar-haber\/ilk-yariyilda-cin-ekonomisi-ve-ozel-sektor<\/p>\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> Pekin \u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas\u0131 ve Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rapora g\u00f6re, \u00c7in\u2019in kamu i\u015fletmeleri Ku\u015fak-Yol Projesi kapsam\u0131nda 185 \u00fclkede 3116 projeyi \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir ve imzalanan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin de\u011feri 500 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. H. Kozano\u011flu ise, bunun i\u00e7in 932 milyar dolar harcama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131. (Kozano\u011flu, H. (2022) \u201c\u00c7in\u2019in \u2018ortak refah\u2019 aray\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d, Birg\u00fcn<\/em>, https:\/\/www.birgun.net\/makale\/cin-in-ortak-refah-arayisi-398965)<\/p>\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> Jinping\u2019in konu\u015fmalar\u0131ndan Al\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7in bkz. <\/em>Ku\u015fak ve Yol Giri\u015fimi Dergisi, 3(2), 16-23.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> Lotus (2024) \u201cXi: \u00c7in ulusunun yeniden canlanmas\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131n\u0131n refah\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz\u201d, https:\/\/www.lotusnews.com.tr\/xi-cin-ulusunun-yeniden-canlanmasi-ve-dunya-halklarinin-refahi-icin-calisiyoruz)<\/p>\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a> Ku\u015fkusuz sosyalist bir \u00fclke -\u00fcstelik \u00c7in b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00fcc\u00fcnde- olsa idi b\u00fct\u00fcn kapitalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler yine ona kar\u015f\u0131 seferber olup etkisiz k\u0131lmaya soyunacaklard\u0131. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00c7in\u2019iyle rekabet ve kavga, emperyalist-kapitalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131 rekabet ve kavga kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> 1990\u2019da ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 11. s\u0131radaki \u00c7in ekonomisi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ikinci ekonomisi durumundad\u0131r. 2016 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131 ile 2 trilyon dolar\u0131 a\u015fan ihracat\u0131, 1,6 trilyon dolarl\u0131k ithalat\u0131 ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fazla d\u0131\u015f ticaret yapan \u00fclkesi konumunda olan \u00c7in, 2020\u2019de 15,4 trilyon, 2023 ortalar\u0131 itibariyle 18,6 trilyon dolar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n\u00a0en b\u00fcy\u00fck ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6viz rezervlerine\u00a0sahip \u00fclkesidir. Demir-\u00e7elik, otomobil ve televizyon \u00fcretimi ve pazar\u0131 olmada ilk s\u0131radad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck elektronik ticaret hacmine sahip \u00fclkesidir. Hemen hemen her \u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n birinci veya ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. Son y\u0131llarda \u00c7in\u2019in ABD tahvillerindeki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda ciddi bir geri \u00e7ekilme olmakla birlikte, \u00c7in, b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ABD dolar\u0131 olarak tutulan ve ABD devlet tahvillerine yat\u0131r\u0131lan 3 trilyon dolarl\u0131k d\u00f6viz rezervleriyle birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dek ABD kamu a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck finans\u00f6r\u00fc konumunda bulunuyordu. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc 791 milyonu bulan \u00c7in, geni\u015f pazar\u0131 ve ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc deposu olmas\u0131yla hem d\u0131\u015f sermayenin ilgi alan\u0131d\u0131r hem de uluslararas\u0131 alanda di\u011fer emperyalistlerin rakibidir. ABD ve Almanya gibi Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleri men\u015feli tekeller \u00c7in pazar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda k\u00e2r elde ederken, \u00c7in\u2019in y\u00fcksek teknolojili \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de bu \u00fclkelerin ve di\u011ferlerinin pazar\u0131nda ilgi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Devlet ve \u00f6zel kapitalist \u015firketlerin ve uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin \u00c7in pazar\u0131ndaki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve emek\u00e7ilerin yoksullu\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019in temel \u00f6nemdeki ger\u00e7eklikleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. 2016\u2019da \u00c7in\u2019de n\u00fcfusun en zengin %1\u2019i toplam gelirin %30\u2019undan fazlas\u0131na sahipti ve en yoksul % 25\u2019in pay\u0131 %1 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Forbes dergisi 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in milyarder say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 799 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131yla \u00c7in\u2019de 960.725 yabanc\u0131 firman\u0131n 2,15 trilyon dolar tutar\u0131nda yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 bulunuyordu. Michael Roberts, 2020 tarihli bir makalesinde konutlar\u0131n %90\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re ait oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu (Roberts, age, sf. 36).<\/p>\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a> Jinping, 20.Kongre\u2019ye raporunda, \u201cbizim Marksist Partimiz 96 milyondan fazla \u00fcyesiyle her zamankinden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir birlik ve daha fazla dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7indedir<\/em>\u201d demekteydi.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a> Politikyol (2017) \u201cKorkut Boratav \u00c7KP kongresini yazd\u0131\u201d, https:\/\/www.politikyol.com\/korkut-boratav-ckp-kongresini-yazdi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yusuf Akda\u011f   21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde, d\u00fcnya kapitalizminin ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi ve emperyalistler aras\u0131 rekabetin en \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri olan \u00c7in\u2019i \u201csosyalist\u201d ya da \u201csosyalizmi in\u015fa yolunda ilerleyen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp g\u00f6sterenler sadece \u00c7in\u2019in ve \u00c7KP\u2019nin y\u00f6neticileriyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u00c7KP\u2019den ilhamla burjuvaziyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00e7izgisinde kar\u015f\u0131 devrimin kontra g\u00fc\u00e7lerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen parti ve \u00f6rg\u00fctler bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kimi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3730,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[746,747,362],"tags":[754,755,748,719],"class_list":["post-3729","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-65-sayi-guz-2024","category-cin-kapitalizmi","category-yusuf-akdag","tag-piyasa-sosyalizmi","tag-nep","tag-cin","tag-kapitalizm"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c7in\u2019in \u2018piyasa sosyalizmi\u2019 kapitalizmin neresinde?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/12\/30\/cinin-piyasa-sosyalizmi-kapitalizmin-neresinde\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta 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