{"id":3613,"date":"2024-03-04T21:23:01","date_gmt":"2024-03-04T18:23:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3613"},"modified":"2024-03-04T21:23:01","modified_gmt":"2024-03-04T18:23:01","slug":"kurulusunun-ikinci-yuzyilinda-turkiyenin-bagimli-kapitalizmi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/03\/04\/kurulusunun-ikinci-yuzyilinda-turkiyenin-bagimli-kapitalizmi\/","title":{"rendered":"Kurulu\u015funun \u0130kinci Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 Kapitalizmi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yusuf Akda\u011f<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge, geri tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclke, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 21. b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi ya da \u201cyeni emperyalist-alt emperyalist<\/em>\u201d gibi yap\u0131sal ve matematiksel tan\u0131mlama ve tespitlerle i\u015faret edilen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalist geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyi ve sermaye birikimi sorunu<\/em> onlarca y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flayarak tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olageldi. Yayg\u0131n kabul g\u00f6ren anlay\u0131\u015flardan birine g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiyesi\u2019nin ilk yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrecinde de farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lan ko\u015fullar olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devlet eliyle milli sermaye-milli burjuva yaratma politikas\u0131n\u0131 yoktan var edi\u015f s\u00fcreci olarak alg\u0131layan bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ileri s\u00fcrenlerin, Osmanl\u0131 toprak sistemi ve tekellerin egemenli\u011fi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kapitalistle\u015fmenin sorunlar\u0131 gibi ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki bask\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi bulunuyordu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin merkeziyet\u00e7i yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik ya\u015fam\u0131 tekd\u00fcze hale getirdi\u011fi; ticaretin devlet elinde olmas\u0131 ve devletin tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetki ve tavizlerle i\u015fleyen ekonomiyi kontrol mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n, t\u00fcm m\u00fclk\u00fcn sahibi merkezi idare d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin geli\u015fimini ve s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelledi\u011fi belirtilerek[1]<\/a> bu durumun Cumhuriyet\u2019e de miras kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor; bunun da 1950\u2019li y\u0131llara dek, \u201cb\u00fcrokrasi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na<\/em>\u201d ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 olanaks\u0131z k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia ediliyordu. Bu iddia g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de kimi akademisyen ve tarih ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nca savunuluyor.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sadece bu da de\u011fil. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalist geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecini, emperyalizm \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stererek bir t\u00fcr tarih d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mla okuyan ve \u00fclkenin geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyini oldu\u011fundan daha geri g\u00f6steren bu yazar ve akademisyenlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra[3]<\/a>, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi, \u00f6zellikle son on y\u0131llarda d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya bir miktar sermaye ihra\u00e7 eden bir \u00fclke olmas\u0131, yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar izlemesi ve bu do\u011frultuda askeri eylemlere giri\u015fmesini veri alarak \u201cyeni emperyalist\u201d veya \u201calt -emperyalist\u201d \u00fclke konumunda g\u00f6sterenler de vard\u0131r.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bu her iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yanl\u0131\u015flayan \u00e7e\u015fitli olgusal verilerden s\u00f6z edilebilir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nce birinci yakla\u015f\u0131ma bakal\u0131m: Osmanl\u0131, bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere merkezi feodal bir imparatorluktu. B\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 padi\u015fah\u0131n m\u00fclk\u00fc say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Topraklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131-i\u015fletilmesi ise miri toprak sistemi olarak ifade edilen bir sisteme g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirdi. Ancak Osmanl\u0131 toprak sisteminin, t\u00fcm arazilerin merkezi imparatorlu\u011fun m\u00fclkiyetinde olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Bat\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc feodal ili\u015fkilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na kapal\u0131 oldu\u011fu sav\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan iktisadi-sosyal de\u011fi\u015fimi g\u00f6rmezden gelen bir genelleme<\/em>den ibarettir. Osmanl\u0131\u2019da t\u0131mar sahibi, \u201cmerkezi iktidar\u0131n bir temsilcisi olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede bir yerlinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131<\/em>\u201dyla da hareket edebiliyordu. Reayadan (k\u00f6yl\u00fc) vergi al\u0131p asker olu\u015fturma, topra\u011f\u0131 kullanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na b\u0131rakma hakk\u0131na da sahip olan t\u0131mar sahipleri, bu durumdan yararland\u0131lar ve \u00f6zellikle de<\/em> Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n gerileme d\u00f6neminde olmak \u00fczere, toprakta merkezi m\u00fclkiyetin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da <\/em>\u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu durumun bir sonucu olarak m\u00fcltezimlerin ve t\u0131mar sahiplerinin toprakta m\u00fclk sahipli\u011fi olanaklar\u0131 geni\u015fledi ve klasik manada feodal toprak sahipli\u011fi giderek artan ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fan \u015fekilde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin \u201cfazlas\u0131<\/em>\u201dna el koyma ve \u201cel alt\u0131ndan pazarlama<\/em>\u201d olanaks\u0131z de\u011fildi. Nitekim zamanla merkezi devlet d\u00fczeninin bozulmas\u0131ndan da g\u00fc\u00e7 alan iltizam sahiplerinin toprak \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve toprakta b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ko\u015fullar\u0131 da olu\u015fmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131nda ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan bir kesimin \u00f6teden beri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutulursa, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda hammadde teminiyle u\u011fra\u015fan ve \u00e7e\u015fitli mallar \u00fcreten baz\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerle ve bu \u00fclkelerin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015firketleriyle girilen ili\u015fkiler ve i\u00e7eride ya\u015fanan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeler sonucu, \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ticaret, ula\u015f\u0131m ve hizmetler alan\u0131nda kapitalist geli\u015fmenin dayana\u011f\u0131 bir sermaye birikimi olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[5]<\/a> \u0130ngiltere ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Avrupa\u2019da kapitalist sanayile\u015fmenin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda k\u0131rda tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim, kasabalarda dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, giyim, g\u0131da, madeni ev e\u015fyas\u0131 ve yap\u0131 gere\u00e7leri \u00fcretimi yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ancak Osmanl\u0131 pazar\u0131 kapit\u00fclasyonlar ve ticaret anla\u015fmalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Bat\u0131\u2019da \u00fcretilen mallara a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.[6]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131larla girdi\u011fi ekonomik-mali ili\u015fkiler, yabanc\u0131 tacir ve devletlerin ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin (\u00e7o\u011funlukla hammadde) teminini i\u00e7eriyor; Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131, Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin s\u0131nai \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine pazar olurken, yabanc\u0131 sermayenin Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki faaliyet alan\u0131 giderek geni\u015fliyordu. Bu durum, 1838 Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngilizlere tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klarla birlikte daha belirgin bir hal ald\u0131. K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131, Fransa ve di\u011fer Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Osmanl\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini artt\u0131rmakla kalmad\u0131, tahvil kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131 nedeniyle mali ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

1838 T\u00fcrk-\u0130ngiliz Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla \u0130ngiliz sermayesine tan\u0131nan ayr\u0131cal\u0131klardan biri de s\u0131nai \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi (%5) ile Osmanl\u0131 pazar\u0131na giri\u015fiydi. Sonraki y\u0131llarda di\u011fer \u00fclkelere de tan\u0131nan bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar, geri \u00fcretim teknolojisine sahip Osmanl\u0131 sanayiinin d\u0131\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tutunamamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. 1858 tarihli Toprak Yasas\u0131\u2019yla toprakta \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kabul edilmesi ve ekonominin yabanc\u0131 s\u0131nai \u00fcr\u00fcnlere ve sermayeye a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu, Anadolu\u2019nun bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere pazar i\u00e7in \u00fcretim giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fct\u00fcn, pamuk gibi pazara y\u00f6nelik s\u0131nai \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretiminin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, topra\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete ge\u00e7i\u015fini de h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 rol oynad\u0131. Tanzimat d\u00f6nemi sonras\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayi \u00fcretiminde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ticaret, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k ve daha geriden olmak \u00fczere madencilik ve enerji alan\u0131na yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fiyle birlikte, sermaye birikimi ve yerli \u00fcretim, bu alt sekt\u00f6rlerde daha belirgin bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm g\u00f6sterdi.[7]<\/a> Pazara y\u00f6nelik \u00fcretim yap\u0131l\u0131yordu ve sermaye birikimine sahip bir kesim vard\u0131. Balkanlarda ise kapitalist geli\u015fme daha ileri boyutlardayd\u0131. 1840\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren \u00e7ok say\u0131da ticari kurulu\u015f ve \u00fcretici (tekstil, g\u0131da, t\u00fct\u00fcn vb.), k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta boy i\u015fletme faaliyet halindeydi. Nitekim ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bekas\u0131n\u0131 dert edinerek harekete ge\u00e7en, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7indeyse \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk<\/em>\u201d\u00fcn bekas\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ekonomiyi ve demografiyi milliyet sarmal\u0131na almaya y\u00f6nelen J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerle \u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netiminin, m\u00fclkiyete el de\u011fi\u015ftirtm<\/em>e olarak da ifade edilebilecek politika izledi\u011fi, Rum-Ermeni az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n elindeki birikime el koydu\u011fu tarihi kay\u0131tlar i\u00e7indedir. \u0130ster milli T\u00fcrk ticaret burjuvazisi densin, isterse \u201cmilli e\u015fraf ve m\u00fctegallibe<\/em>\u201d olarak feodalizmin kara kaftan\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na s\u0131\u011fd\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ls\u0131n, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finden itibaren \u201cmodern s\u0131n\u0131f\u201d olu\u015fumunun ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

1908-1918 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u0131da ve dokuma a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 70\u2019i a\u015fk\u0131n anonim \u015firket kuruldu. Sanayi \u00fcretiminin ekonomi i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 1907’de %10,1, 1913’te %11,5 ve 1914’te %10,1 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. 1912\u2019de, Osmanl\u0131\u2019da ka\u011f\u0131t, cam, kuma\u015f, pamuk tohumu ya\u011f\u0131, \u00e7imento, kiremit, mobilya ve deri mamulleri \u00fcretimi yap\u0131l\u0131yordu.[8]<\/sup><\/a> 1913 y\u0131l\u0131 sanayi say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re en az 10 i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran toplam 564 sanayi i\u015fletmesi bulunmaktayd\u0131. G\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, dokuma ve deri i\u015fletmecili\u011finin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 yer tuttu\u011fu bu i\u015fletmeler aras\u0131nda 53\u2019\u00fc en az 100 ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktayd\u0131 ve toplam i\u015fletmelerin 316’s\u0131 \u0130stanbul ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00fclkenin bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinde bulunuyordu.[9]<\/sup><\/a> 1915 belirlemelerine g\u00f6re M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk giri\u015fimciler imalat sanayi alan\u0131nda %15 oran\u0131nda pay sahibiydiler.<\/p>\n

S\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fumunun ekonomik dayanak ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ya t\u00fcm\u00fcyle reddeden ya da az\u0131msayan iddia(lar), Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015funu izleyen d\u00f6nemdeki kapitalist geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da ge\u00e7ersizdir. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netiminin ve M. Kemal ve Cumhuriyet\u2019i kuran \u201ckadro\u201dnun \u201cbir sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ve grubun s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em>\u201d olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131 dayanaks\u0131z bir ezberin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu ezberin bir di\u011fer alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u201cKemalist Devrim<\/em>\u201din \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinde \u201cmuhalefete y\u00f6nelik yayg\u0131n bir \u015fiddet ve cezaland\u0131rma eylemlerine giri\u015fmemi\u015f<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerin serbest\u00e7e geli\u015fmesi<\/em>nin engelleri aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur. Sermayenin merkezile\u015fmesi ve yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131lan devasa boyutlar, emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ve uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin daha fazla k\u00e2r i\u00e7in sermaye ihrac\u0131 arac\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler pazar\u0131nda etkinlik kurmalar\u0131n\u0131, bu \u00fclkelerin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 bor\u00e7 ve kredi ili\u015fkileri, patent tekeli, hisse senedi, devlet tahvili arac\u0131yla ya\u011fmalamalar\u0131n\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Sermaye ama di\u011fer yandan ihra\u00e7 edildi\u011fi \u00fclkelerde \u201ckapitalist geli\u015fmeyi etkilemekte ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.\u201d[11]<\/a> \u0130hra\u00e7 olan sermaye, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeleri pazar ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7ine almakta, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelerde sanayi alan\u0131 dahil yat\u0131r\u0131mlara giri\u015fmekte ve toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin seyri \u00fczerinde etkide bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkisinin geli\u015fmemi\u015f \u00fclkelerin geli\u015fmesine engel oldu\u011funu merkeze alan teorinin handikab\u0131, emperyalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kapitalistle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin i\u00e7sel dayanak ve olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle i\u015flevsiz g\u00f6stermesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, d\u00fcnya kapitalizmi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda emperyalizm ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler ili\u015fkisinin sermaye ihrac\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim ve geli\u015fmeyi de g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmesidir. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6teki olgusal veriler bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131lsa bile, T\u00fcrkiye, Brezilya, \u00c7in, Meksika, Hindistan gibi \u00fclkelerin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kapitalistle\u015fmeleri bu teoriyi yanl\u0131\u015flar. Lenin\u2019in emperyalizm teorisinin \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00fczeysel bir yorumundan esinli bu teori, kapitalizmin e\u015fitsiz geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecini ve farkl\u0131 sekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131 etkile\u015fimleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmesi nedeniyle de sorunludur. 1950\u2019li y\u0131llara dek b\u00fcrokrasinin \u201cbir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>\u201d iddias\u0131, devlet b\u00fcrokrasisinin egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar temsiliyetini, burjuvazi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin ekonomi ve toplum ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki etkin konumunu karartma i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer yandan T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130srail, Brezilya gibi devletlerin kendi hesaplar\u0131na da politikalar izlemeleri ya da izlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bu \u00fclkelerin emperyalist konumuna delalet etmez. Mali sermaye ve tekellerin d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011findeki egemenli\u011fi, \u015fu ya da bu \u00fclkenin uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7indeki konumu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirleyici etkiye sahiptir. Emperyalist \u00fclkelerle ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ekonomik, mali, askeri geli\u015fmi\u015flik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck fark vard\u0131r. Yaln\u0131zca yeni teknoloji geli\u015ftirilmesi ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fczeyi de\u011fil petrokimya, ila\u00e7, enerji, otomotiv, demir-\u00e7elik, metal ve makine gibi ana sekt\u00f6r \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00fcretimi ve dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda sahip olduklar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn ve ileri d\u00fczey nedeniyle de bu farkl\u0131l\u0131k, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde emperyalistler lehine sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Kapitalist uluslararas\u0131la\u015fma tekil \u00fclkeleri emperyalist zincirin birer halkas\u0131 haline getirmi\u015f, emperyalist \u00fclkelerin ve uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131ndaki etkisi giderek artm\u0131\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin pazar ve etki alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kavgas\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, mali-askeri g\u00fcc\u00fcn bile\u015fke kuvvetlerinden biri olan teknoloji kullan\u0131m\u0131nda ileri olan \u00fclkeler kapitalist pazarda ve uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde etkin g\u00fc\u00e7 konumuna gelmi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonunda ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyi bu iddialar\u0131 dayanaks\u0131z k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinde ekonomi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kapitalist bir \u00fclkenin ekonomik geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyini i\u015faret eden \u00e7e\u015fitli veriler bulunuyor: \u00dclkelerin ekonomik geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyi, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin geli\u015fkinli\u011fi, ara ve yat\u0131r\u0131m mallar\u0131 \u00fcretimindeki yeri, ileri teknoloji geli\u015ftirme ve kullanmas\u0131 ve sermayenin sekt\u00f6rel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve sosyok\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkenleriyle insani geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyi vb. unsurlar, geli\u015fmenin g\u00f6stergeleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2022 y\u0131l\u0131 ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 905 milyar dolard\u0131r.[12]<\/a> Bu, orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir ekonomiyi i\u015faret ediyor. D\u00fcnya ekonomisinin 2022\u2019de 100 trilyon dolar b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131; ABD\u2019nin 23, \u00c7in\u2019in 18, Japonya\u2019n\u0131n 5, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n 4 trilyon b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011fe ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131; \u0130ngiltere ve Hindistan\u2019\u0131n 3; Fransa ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n 2 trilyonu a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralamada, \u0130ran, Endonezya, \u0130spanya, Suudi Arabistan gibi \u00fclkeler, ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunuyor.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131yla eklemlenmesinin \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve \u00e7e\u015fitli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7ok daha ileri d\u00fczeyde etkin haldedir. T\u00fcrkiye pazar\u0131 mali sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131yla emperyalist b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lan yasal d\u00fczenlemelerle birlikte g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde uluslararas\u0131 tekellere tamamen a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. Sanayi ve hizmetler alan\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131lan d\u0131\u015f sermaye miktar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra y\u00fcksek rant getirisi sa\u011flayan i\u015flemlere y\u00f6nelen ve k\u0131sa vadede giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yapan sermaye arac\u0131yla d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya kaynak ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f, bor\u00e7-kredi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[14]<\/a> Yat\u0131r\u0131m ve ara mal\u0131 ithalat\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra temel t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da ithal edilmektedir. Geni\u015fleyen yeniden \u00fcretimin; sermayenin merkezile\u015fmesi ve yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de tekellerin \u00fcretim, dola\u015f\u0131m ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mda egemen olmas\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta boy i\u015fletmelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi ya da b\u00fcy\u00fcklere ba\u011fl\u0131 hale gelmesine yol a\u00e7mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131 sermaye T\u00fcrkiye pazar\u0131na otomobil tedariki, demir-\u00e7elik, makine ve kimyasal \u00fcr\u00fcn temininde belirleyici oranda pay sahibidir. Otomotiv sanayi firmalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte biri yabanc\u0131 sermaye ortakl\u0131 olup Avrupa\u2019daki otomotiv tekelleri i\u00e7in yedek par\u00e7a \u00fcretmektedir. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca otomotiv ve beyaz e\u015fya olmak \u00fczere, kimya ila\u00e7, madencilik, metal, demir-\u00e7elik, plastik ve tekstil-giyim e\u015fyas\u0131 \u00fcretiminin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ihracata y\u00f6neliktir ve \u015firketlerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yabanc\u0131 sermaye ortakl\u0131d\u0131r. Ko\u00e7lar\u0131n Ar\u00e7elik\u2019i Bosch ve Miele gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlerin bulundu\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde sat\u0131\u015fa sunuluyor ya da mobilya \u015firketlerinin Almanya gibi \u00fclkelerin \u00e7ok say\u0131daki kentinde sat\u0131\u015f ma\u011fazalar\u0131 bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ile ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeki holdingle\u015fmi\u015f sermaye gruplar\u0131 ekonomiye hakim konumdad\u0131r. 1960\u2019larda ba\u015flayan holdingle\u015fme g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daha yayg\u0131n ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hale gelmi\u015ftir. 1972-79 d\u00f6neminde 142 civar\u0131nda olan ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u201caile \u015firketi\u201d olarak faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten holding say\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 150 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 hukuki bo\u015fluklardan yararlanma, vergi \u00f6demelerinden kurtulma, te\u015fvik \u00f6demelerinden yararlanma vb. gibi avantajlar i\u00e7in holding yap\u0131lanmas\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f yapm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte Ko\u00e7, Sabanc\u0131, Eczac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131 gibi, neredeyse herkesin bildi\u011fi \u201cklasik aile \u015firketleri\u201dnin b\u00fcy\u00fck holdingleriyle Do\u011fu\u015f Grubu, OYAK, Alarko, Profilo ve Anadolu Holding\u2018in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, son k\u0131rk y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te siyasal \u0130slamist h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve y\u00f6netimlerin deste\u011finde palazlanan Limak, Cengiz, R\u00f6nesans, Albayrak, Ciner grubu, Makyol ve Bayraktar Holding gibileri de dahil olmak \u00fczere onlarcas\u0131 bunlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fckleri aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Sanayi Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (\u0130SO) hemen her y\u0131l yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk 500 sanayi \u015firketi s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda yer alan \u015firketler toplam sanayi \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te birini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. 170 bin civar\u0131ndaki firman\u0131n toplam net sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n %35\u2019i bu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyor.[16]<\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalist i\u015fletmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcktedir: T\u00dc\u0130K 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 istatistiklerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye’de\u00a03 milyon 427 bin 891\u00a0KOB\u0130 bulunuyor. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6steren i\u015fletmelerin %99,8\u2019i KOB\u0130 kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. KOB\u0130\u2019ler istihdam\u0131n %72\u2019sini; katma de\u011ferin %41,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcretiyor. \u0130hracat\u0131n %36,4\u2019\u00fc, ithalat\u0131n %24\u2019\u00fc KOB\u0130\u2019lere aittir. Bu i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7inde 10 ki\u015fiden az i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ranlar\u0131 \u201cmikro\u201d; 50\u2019den az ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, 250\u2019den az i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ranlar\u0131 orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte i\u015fletme say\u0131l\u0131yor. KOB\u0130\u2019lerin %94,19\u2019u mikro \u00f6l\u00e7ekli, %4,87\u2019si k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli, %0,79\u2019u orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmedir. \u0130malat sanayinde faaliyet g\u00f6steren i\u015fletmelerin %86,90\u2019\u0131 mikro \u00f6l\u00e7ekli, %9,96\u2019s\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, %2,61\u2019i orta \u00f6l\u00e7eklidir.[17]<\/a> \u00a0KOB\u0130\u2019lerin % 56,9\u2019u d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknoloji ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu oran, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmelerde %49\u2019dur.<\/p>\n

Otomobil \u00fcretiminin en \u00f6nemli unsuru olan motor teknolojisine sahip olmamas\u0131na<\/em> ra\u011fmen Avrupa pazar\u0131na araba ihra\u00e7 eden T\u00fcrkiye, ucuz emek g\u00fcc\u00fc \u201cdeposu\u201d \u00fclkelerden biridir. Maden i\u015fletmecili\u011finde yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yerli ortakl\u0131klar kurulmu\u015ftur. Sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00e7ok say\u0131da d\u0131\u015f sermaye ortakl\u0131 \u015firket vard\u0131r. KOB\u0130\u2019lerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere imalat alan\u0131nda faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u015firketlerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 tekeller i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin otomotiv alan\u0131nda) yedek par\u00e7a \u00fcretmektedir. Sanayiye y\u00f6nelik tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim (pamuk, t\u00fct\u00fcn, f\u0131nd\u0131k, soya) b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yabanc\u0131 tekellerin denetimindedir.<\/p>\n

T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in\u00a02020 y\u0131l\u0131 raporuna g\u00f6re tar\u0131m<\/em> sekt\u00f6r\u00fc GSY\u0130H\u2019de\u00a0%6,7, istihdamda\u00a0%17,6, d\u0131\u015f ticarette\u00a0%3,5 paya sahip iken,\u00a0sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc GSY\u0130H\u2019da\u00a0%22,8, istihdamda %20,5, d\u0131\u015f\u00a0ticarette %94,3 paya sahiptir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yakla\u015f\u0131k %30\u2019u tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 sanayilerde i\u015flenerek t\u00fcketilmektedir. Bu oran \u201cileri kapitalist \u00fclkeler<\/em>\u201dde %60 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.[18]<\/a> 2021 itibariyle n\u00fcfusun %6,8\u2019i k\u0131rsal alanda, %93,2\u2019si kentlerde yas\u0131yor.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 finans \u015firketlerinin bir t\u00fcr uzant\u0131s\u0131 durumundad\u0131r. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 pay\u0131 %50\u2019lerin \u00fczerindedir. Borsa i\u015flemlerinde %65 oran\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f sermaye etkindir. Banka, sigorta i\u015flemleri ve di\u011fer mali i\u015flemlerin oransal ve miktar olarak ekonomideki rol\u00fc son on y\u0131llarda, \u00f6zellikle \u201cfinansal serbestle\u015fme<\/em>\u201d gerek\u00e7eli d\u00fczenlemelerin de etkisiyle giderek artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yayg\u0131n olan emek yo\u011fun \u00fcretimdir. Ekonomik geli\u015fmenin temel \u00f6nemde bir \u201cgirdisi\u201dni ve ula\u015f\u0131m-ileti\u015fim ve s\u0131nai geli\u015fmenin itici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan teknoloji kullan\u0131m\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ya da orta d\u00fczeydedir ve \u00f6nemli oranda d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130leri teknoloji kullan\u0131m\u0131 devlet tekelindedir ve AR-GE harcamalar\u0131 geri d\u00fczeydedir. Son on y\u0131llarda belirli bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermesine ve bu ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak AR-GE harcamalar\u0131nda sa\u011flanan art\u0131\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye ileri teknoloji geli\u015ftirme ve kullanmada d\u00fcnya ve Avrupa ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda bir d\u00fczeyde bulunuyor. 1980 sonras\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te uygulanan neoliberal ekonomi politikalar kapsam\u0131nda 1993\u2019te Neta\u015f ve Teleta\u015f gibi teknoloji alan\u0131nda faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten firmalar sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te buna telekom\u00fcnikasyon tekeli T\u00fcrk Telekom da eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

2020\u2019de d\u00fcnya genelinde AR-GE harcamalar\u0131 2,23 trilyon dolar iken, T\u00fcrkiye 7,8 milyar dolarl\u0131k harcamas\u0131yla %0,34 paya sahipti. \u0130svi\u00e7re, Japonya, \u0130sve\u00e7 ve ABD gibi \u00fclkeler \u00f6rne\u011fin 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 1000 dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde Ar-Ge harcamas\u0131 yaparken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 46 dolar harcanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 Y\u00f6netim Geli\u015ftirme Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (IMD) haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dijital Rekabet G\u00fcc\u00fc Endeksi 2021 s\u0131ralamas\u0131na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye 64 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 48. s\u0131rada yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de toplam mal ihracat\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek teknolojili<\/em> \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin oran\u0131 2007\u2019de %2,1 iken 2020\u2019de %3,1\u2019e y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. \u0130hracatta orta ve orta y\u00fcksek teknolojili sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin pay\u0131 \u00f6nemli oranda artm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte sanayi ithalat ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Devlet deste\u011fi ve korumas\u0131nda enerji ve silah sanayi alan\u0131nda faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten Bayraktar ve Aselsan gibi birka\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firket d\u0131\u015fta tutulursa, ileri teknoloji otomotiv ve petrokimya gibi dar ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir alanda kullan\u0131lmakta; bu da T\u00fcrk \u015firketlerinin \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerini s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Teknoloji yo\u011fun ve katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek \u00fcr\u00fcnler (makinalar, mineraller, kimyasallar) ithal edilmekte; ba\u015fl\u0131ca ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ise tekstil-haz\u0131r giyim gibi emek yo\u011fun ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck katma de\u011ferli \u00fcr\u00fcnler a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere sava\u015f sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri (\u0130HA ve S\u0130HA), makina par\u00e7alar\u0131, otomobil aksam\u0131 vb.\u2019den olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130hracat, ara mal\u0131\/girdi maddeleri ithalat\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6nemli oranda ithalatla ko\u015fulludur.<\/p>\n

Ticaret ve finansal alandaki geni\u015fleme arac\u0131yla \u00f6rt\u00fck kredi ve bor\u00e7 sarmal\u0131 milyonlarca insan\u0131 cendereye alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplam d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7, 2005\u2019te gayri safi milli has\u0131lan\u0131n %35\u2019i iken, 2020\u2019de %61\u2019i d\u00fczeyine y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

Peki, \u201corta d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fmi\u015f\u201d ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalist bir \u00fclke olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ekonomisi hangi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden ge\u00e7erek bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fczeyine gelmi\u015ftir? Yan\u0131t, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7teki ekonomik geli\u015fmesinin daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir irdelenmesi ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furuyor. Bunun i\u00e7in, Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurulu\u015fu d\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan \u201cdevrald\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d iktisadi \u201cbirikim\u201d ve miras\u0131n sonraki geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015flevi de kapsamak \u00fczere, biri kronolojik ve veriye dayal\u0131, di\u011feri y\u00f6ntemsel iki unsura ba\u015fvuru yararl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te baz\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn d\u00f6nemler <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ekonomik geli\u015fme seyrinin daha net olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kurulu\u015fundan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te hem birbirinin devam\u0131nda olan hem de baz\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckleriyle farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren d\u00f6nemlerin \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6zelliklerine bakmak gerekir. Kurulu\u015f s\u00fcreci ve 1923 \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n damga vurdu\u011fu d\u00f6nem, devlet\u00e7i ekonomi politikan\u0131n uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131ndan 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemine uzanan zaman; \u201860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan 1980 24 Ocak Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131na ve sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan neoliberal politikalar d\u00f6nemi bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6nem g\u00f6steriyor. T\u00fcm bu d\u00f6nemlerin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 toplum ya\u015fam\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck etkilere yol a\u00e7an \u201csiyas\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lma<\/em>\u201d ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 olmalar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ktisadi-sosyal hayat\u0131 yeniden dizayn etmek \u00fczere her d\u00f6nemde al\u0131nan kararlar ekonomik geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecini ve sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini etkilemi\u015f; tersinden burjuva devlet iktidar\u0131 da geli\u015fmelere ve sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yeniden ve yeniden \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemlere daha yak\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

i) <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye, ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n yirmili y\u0131llar\u0131nda, emperyalist i\u015fgale kar\u015f\u0131 verilen sava\u015fla kurulan Cumhuriyet idaresinde giri\u015fti\u011fi \u201ckapitalizmi geli\u015ftirme<\/em>\u201d ser\u00fcveninde, ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerine son vermeksizin kapitalistle\u015fme\/kapitalist geli\u015fme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemez ilerleme kaydetmi\u015f, \u201corta d\u00fczeyde bir kapitalist \u00fclke<\/em>\u201d konumuna gelmi\u015ftir. Bu geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan devral\u0131nan iktisadi-sosyal miras yeni devletin ekonomi politikalar\u0131nda ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem sorun te\u015fkil ediyor hem de dayanak olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130mparatorluk topraklar\u0131nda tar\u0131msal ve tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 s\u0131nai \u00fcretim artmas\u0131na, belirli liman kentleriyle limanlara a\u00e7\u0131lan havzalarda ticari ili\u015fkiler geli\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen, Osmanl\u0131, son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda, ekonomik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 denetleme olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 dahi b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yitirecek bir duruma gerilemi\u015f; maliyesinin planlama ve denetleme yetkisi Duyun-u Umumiye d\u00fczenlenmesiyle yabanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.[21]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 pazar\u0131na d\u0131\u015f sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok ula\u015f\u0131m (demiryollar\u0131), elektrik ve su tesisleri yap\u0131m\u0131, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131ndayd\u0131.[22]<\/a> Yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler 50-100 y\u0131la dek uzayabilen s\u00fcrelerle Demiryolu i\u015fletme hakk\u0131na sahipti. Kapit\u00fclasyonlar kapsam\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlere tan\u0131nan \u201ckabotaj hakk\u0131\u201d, denizyolu ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da yabanc\u0131 sermayenin denetimine sokmu\u015ftu.[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve \u015firketlerin en fazla etkin oldu\u011fu alanlardan biri de bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131. Galata bankerleri Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin mali i\u015flemlerine etkin konumdayd\u0131.[24]<\/a> Devlet gelirleri giderleri kar\u015f\u0131layam\u0131yor, artan bor\u00e7larla birlikte yabanc\u0131 \u015firket ve devletlere \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 pazar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin mallar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya hammadde ve sermaye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yor, bu da birikim olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1909\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esinin \u00fc\u00e7te biri alacakl\u0131 olanlara \u00f6denmekteydi. 1912-14 Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 bu ko\u015fullarda patlak verdi. Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n birbiri ard\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesine giri\u015fmesi, J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netimini T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc \u015foven politikalara y\u00f6neltti. Ancak hem Balkanlar kaybedildi hem de I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na Almanya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda kat\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131, sava\u015ftan yenilmi\u015f ve \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu yeni bir durum ve d\u00f6nemdi. J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki y\u00f6netiminin, siyaseti ve ekonomiyi \u201cT\u00fcrkle\u015ftirme\u201d politikas\u0131 bu ko\u015fullarda g\u00fcndeme geldi.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n

1913\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan te\u015fvik yasas\u0131 bu y\u00f6nde at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlardan biriydi. \u201cYerli sanayinin geli\u015ftirilmesi<\/em>\u201d i\u00e7in gerekli arazinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z sa\u011flanmas\u0131, makine ve ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7lerden vergi al\u0131nmamas\u0131, taksitli vergi uygulamas\u0131 gibi kolayl\u0131klar arac\u0131yla T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi sa\u011flanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Pamuk, t\u00fct\u00fcn, y\u00fcn ve \u00e7e\u015fitli yiyecek maddelerinin pazarlanmas\u0131nda pay sahibi ticaret burjuvazisiyle toprak sahiplerinin d\u0131\u015f sermaye \u00e7evreleriyle ili\u015fkileri \u00f6zellikle son altm\u0131\u015f-yetmi\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te daha da geli\u015fmi\u015fti. Liman kentleriyle limanlara yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde yerle\u015fik ticaret burjuvazisi zenginle\u015fiyor, sermaye birikimi olanaklar\u0131 art\u0131yordu. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli giri\u015fimler art\u0131yor, el zanaatlar\u0131, dokuma vb. alanlarda pazara y\u00f6nelik \u00fcretim yap\u0131l\u0131yor; ticari tabaka giderek g\u00fc\u00e7leniyordu. Dokumac\u0131l\u0131k, madencilik, demiryollar\u0131, enerji ve su alan\u0131nda da giri\u015fimler vard\u0131. S\u0131nai faaliyet var oldu\u011fu kadar\u0131yla, \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmir, Adana ve Bursa gibi Bat\u0131 kentlerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[26]<\/a> \u0130mparatorluk gelirlerinin 1913\u2019teki sekt\u00f6rel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, gelirlerin %47\u2019si tar\u0131m, %12\u2019si sanayi, % 28\u2019i de ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve ticaret ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere hizmet alan\u0131nda \u00fcretilmi\u015fti. \u0130\u015fgal kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda sava\u015f gereksinmelerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015filen el koymalar, vergi gelirleriyle bankalardaki kaynaklar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, baz\u0131 sivil-asker b\u00fcrokratlarla b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin, az\u0131nl\u0131klara ait varl\u0131klara ve yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n mallar\u0131na el koymalar\u0131, T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye hizmet ediyordu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ii) <\/strong>J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk hareketi ve \u0130ttihat ve Terakki\u2019nin \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk burjuvazisi<\/em>\u201d yarar\u0131na izledi\u011fi politika Cumhuriyetin kurucu y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131nd\u0131 ve ticaret burjuvazisi, toprak sahipleri ve kasaba e\u015fraf\u0131n\u0131n devlet deste\u011finde b\u00fcy\u00fcme yolculu\u011fu bu ko\u015fullarda ve devral\u0131nan sermaye-m\u00fclk dayana\u011f\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu politika 1923\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen 1. \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nin platformu ve belirlemelerine y\u00f6n verdi. \u0130\u015fgal kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131lan toplumsal kesimlerin (ticaret burjuvazisi, esnaf, baz\u0131 toprak sahipleri, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve i\u015f\u00e7iler) i\u00e7inde, y\u00f6netim politikalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda etkileme konumunda olanlar, ticaret burjuvazisi, esnaf ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleriydi. Sanayi Grubu temsilcileri Te\u015fviki Sanayi Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesini; sanayi bankas\u0131 kurulmas\u0131 ve sanayinin d\u0131\u015f rekabetten korunmas\u0131n\u0131; makine ve ara\u00e7 ithalinde vergi ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve sanayi i\u00e7in e\u011fitim yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131; ticari sermaye temsilcileri, ticaret ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemlerinin yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesini ve gelir vergisi h\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle birlikte ula\u015f\u0131m ve haberle\u015fme alanlar\u0131nda ticari kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlard\u0131. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6re, kredi ve vergi deste\u011fi sa\u011flanmal\u0131, ula\u015ft\u0131rma, haberle\u015fme i\u00e7in altyap\u0131 hizmetleri devlet\u00e7e ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmeliydi.[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kongre\u2019de, yabanc\u0131 sermaye d\u0131\u015flanmaks\u0131z\u0131n milli iktisat ve milli sanayi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geli\u015fmesine \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131yan ve devleti de bu hedef do\u011frultusunda \u2018g\u00f6revlendiren\u2019 kararlar al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f M. Kemal ve \u0130ktisat Vekili Mahmut Esat Bozkurt\u2019un Kongre konu\u015fmalar\u0131nda da dile getirildi. M. Kemal, \u201c\u0130stiklali tam<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cHakimiyeti milliye i\u00e7in<\/em>\u201d en kuvvetli temel, \u201ciktisadiyatt\u0131r<\/em>\u201d diyor[29]<\/a>; Bozkurt, \u00fclkede bulunmayan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan getirilmesi i\u00e7in g\u00fcmr\u00fck engellerinin kald\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7eride \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n yukar\u0131ya \u00e7ekilece\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Korumac\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck sistemi uygulanmas\u0131, milli banka kurulmas\u0131, vergi reformu yap\u0131larak a\u015far\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131[30]<\/a>, tar\u0131mda modern \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 ve \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere uygun ko\u015fullarla kredi sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gibi bir dizi karar al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kongre kararlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriciydi. Sanayi alan\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmelere kaynak sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla 1925\u2019te Sanayi ve Maadin Bankas\u0131 kuruldu. 1927\u2019de Sanayii Te\u015fvik Yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Demiryollar\u0131 ve deniz yollar\u0131 arac\u0131yla \u00fcr\u00fcn ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergi al\u0131nd\u0131 ve ticari-s\u0131nai kazan\u00e7 vergisine yeni d\u00fczenleme getirildi.[31]<\/a> Sanayi Te\u015fvik Kanunu<\/em>\u2019nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik (1924) yetersiz g\u00f6r\u00fclerek 1927\u2019de Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu<\/em> ad\u0131yla yeniden d\u00fczenlendi.[32]<\/a> Bu Kanun, \u00f6zel sermaye firmalar\u0131n\u0131n devlet i\u015fletmeleriyle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Kanun gere\u011fi, sanayii te\u015fvik i\u00e7in paras\u0131z arazi tahsis edilecek, ara mallar\u0131yla ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7lerin g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisinden ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulmas\u0131 sa\u011flanacak, devlet tekelindeki mallar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk \u201cgiri\u015fimci\u201dye indirimli fiyattan sat\u0131lacak, yat\u0131r\u0131m mallar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcmr\u00fcks\u00fcz ithaline izin verilecek, ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccretlerinde indirim yap\u0131lacak, te\u015fvik edilen firmalar\u0131n mallar\u0131 devlet kurumlar\u0131nca %10 oran\u0131nda fiyat fark\u0131yla sat\u0131n al\u0131nacakt\u0131. \u201cUlusal ekonomi ve sanayiin d\u0131\u015f rekabet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korunmas\u0131<\/em>\u201d amac\u0131yla sanayi-ticari kurulu\u015flar\u0131n yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7lerin ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda %30 indirim, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re kredi deste\u011fi ve \u00f6zel sermaye \u015firketleriyle ortakl\u0131klar bu politika kapsam\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u0130hracat i\u00e7in gerekli girdi maddelerine konan vergiler iptal edildi; sanayici ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar yarar\u0131na kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131; t\u00fcketim maddeleri ticaretinden ve t\u00fcketicilere y\u00fcklenen vergilerden sa\u011flanan gelirin, merkezi giderler ve bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131sm\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.[33]<\/a> Tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda ise, sulama, g\u00fcbre, tohum sa\u011flamada baz\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eubat 1925\u2019te A\u015far vergisi kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak \u00fcreticilere yeni y\u00fckler getiren yeni vergiler kondu. 1927 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda 4 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve bu oran toplam mesleklerdeki n\u00fcfusun %81,6\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n

Ancak yabanc\u0131 ortakl\u0131kl\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve temel girdi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ithali nedeniyle d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya sermaye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 devam ediyordu.[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

iii) <\/strong>1929 B\u00fcy\u00fck Bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 alanda yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r sonu\u00e7lar ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede oldu\u011fu \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de devletin ekonomi politikas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirici etkenlerden biri oldu. Kapasite kullan\u0131m\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fme, artan pahal\u0131l\u0131k, i\u015fsizlik ve yoksulla\u015fma, ekonominin devlet m\u00fcdahalesiyle d\u00fczenlenmesi ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devlet s\u0131nai \u00fcretimi geli\u015ftirici i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131mlara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vererek b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi i\u015fletmelerini kuracak, altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r faaliyetleri i\u00e7in olanak sa\u011flayacak, girdi mallar\u0131 ithalini \u00fcstlenecek ve \u00fcretti\u011fi mallar\u0131, pazarlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in ucuz fiyatla ticaret burjuvazisine devredecekti.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist ekonomik in\u015fa faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fcten Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin kapitalist bunal\u0131m\u0131n etkisinden uzak kalmas\u0131 ve planl\u0131 ekonomi politikayla b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ilerleme kaydetmesi, yan\u0131 s\u0131ra dostluk ve yard\u0131m politikas\u0131yla Cumhuriyet devletini desteklemeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi, T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimini \u201cBol\u015fevizme mesafeli duru\u015fu<\/em>\u201dnu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek bu deneyimlerden yararlanmaya y\u00f6neltti. \u201cEkonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d ve \u201ch\u0131zl\u0131 kalk\u0131nma<\/em>\u201d iddias\u0131yla i\u015fe giri\u015fen M. Kemal y\u00f6netimi, sanayile\u015fme i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu kayna\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc (8 milyon alt\u0131n lira) Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nden sa\u011flad\u0131 ve Sovyet heyetinin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m planlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koydu. Ku\u015fkusuz, \u00fclke y\u00f6neticileri sosyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 konumda bulunuyor; uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 devlet\u00e7ili\u011fin \u00fclke ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u201cBol\u015fevizmin uygulamalar\u0131yla benzer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor; devlet giri\u015fiminin \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u201c\u015fimdilik yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleri yaparak zaman\u0131 geldi\u011finde yine \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re teslim etmek<\/em>\u201d ama\u00e7l\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtiyorlard\u0131.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n

Devlet bankalar\u0131 deste\u011finde uygulanan sanayile\u015fme program\u0131, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli altyap\u0131 tesisi ve ara mal teminini de kapsamaktayd\u0131. S\u00fcmerbank\u2019\u0131n Bak\u0131rk\u00f6y, Feshane, Hereke ve Beykoz fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131 Devlet Sanayi Ofisi\u2019nden devralmas\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde dokuma, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t, maden ve kimya sanayi alanlar\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6sterecek yeni fabrikalar kurmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131, bu y\u00f6ndeki giri\u015fimlerin \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6stergesiydi. S\u00fcmerbank ve \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131\u2019ndan sa\u011flanacak kayna\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f kaynaklardan da yararlan\u0131lacakt\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in ilki 1934\u2019te uygulamaya konan Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayile\u015fme Planlar\u0131 haz\u0131rland\u0131. Temel t\u00fcketim maddelerine konan dolayl\u0131 vergiler, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca finansman kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. 1935\u2019te MTA ve Etibank kuruldu. \u00c7ukurova ve Ege b\u00f6lgelerinde kurulan \u00f6zel i\u015fletmelerle birlikte 1930\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda, dokuma sanayiinde i\u00e7 talebin %80\u2019i yerli \u00fcretimle kar\u015f\u0131lanabilir durumdayd\u0131. \u015eeker ve \u00c7imento \u00fcretiminde de \u00f6nemli art\u0131\u015flar sa\u011fland\u0131. Karab\u00fck\u2019te kurulan demir-\u00e7elik fabrikas\u0131yla da demir-\u00e7elik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131. Demiryollar\u0131 millile\u015ftirildi ve daha geni\u015f alanlara hat ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla \u00fcr\u00fcn ticareti ve pazar ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7in olanaklar geni\u015fledi.[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

Devletin ekonomideki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6zel sermaye birikiminde de art\u0131\u015f sa\u011fland\u0131. Devlet elinde biriken sermayenin Birinci Be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k Sanayi Plan\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sanayi \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sermaye birikiminin iki kat art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarken, sanayide %11,6, tar\u0131mda %5,8 b\u00fcy\u00fcme ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Ticaret ve sanayi burjuvazisi giderek g\u00fc\u00e7 kazan\u0131yordu. Sanayii Te\u015fvik Yasas\u0131\u2019ndan 1932\u2019de 1473, 1939\u2019da 1144, 1941\u2019de ise 1052 \u015firket yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Temel t\u00fcketim maddelerinin yerli \u00fcretimiyle sanayi i\u015fletmelerinin hammadde ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131na yak\u0131n yerlerde kurulmas\u0131 bu politikan\u0131n \u00f6ncelikleri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. 1939\u2019a gelindi\u011finde \u00fclkede madencilik, \u015feker, dokuma, kimya, \u00e7imento sekt\u00f6rlerinde ve tar\u0131mda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ilerleme kaydedilmi\u015fti.[37]<\/a> Sanayinin toplam gelir i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 1933\u2019te %16,7\u2019den 1939\u2019da %18\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; 1945\u2019te ayn\u0131 oran\u0131 korumu\u015f; tar\u0131m\u0131n toplam gelir i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 ise 1933\u2019teki %37,2 iken, 1945\u2019te % 35,9\u2019a d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1948\u2019de ithalat\u0131n % 28\u2019ini makine ve ara\u00e7lar, % 36\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 hammaddeler, %25\u2019ini t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 ve % 11\u2019ini in\u015faat malzemesi olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Uygulanan ekonomi-politika ticari ve sanayi burjuvazinin sermaye birikimini art\u0131rmas\u0131na hizmet ediyordu. Sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan da yararlanarak b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar sa\u011flayan ve sermaye birikimini art\u0131ran burjuvaziydi. \u00d6zel kapitalist i\u015fletmelerin gayr\u0131 safi \u00fcretimleri i\u00e7indeki k\u00e2r paylar\u0131 1932\u2019de %28\u2019den 1935\u2019te %36\u2019ya y\u00fckselirken ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00fccret ve maa\u015flar\u0131n pay\u0131 %11,2\u2019den %9,7\u2019ye geriledi. Sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kayna\u011f\u0131n %70\u2019i a\u015fan miktar\u0131n\u0131n dolayl\u0131 vergilerden sa\u011flanmas\u0131; tuz, \u015feker, kibrit ve benzeri t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fczerindeki devlet tekeli; sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda art\u0131r\u0131lan ve \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilen vergiler, k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitleleriyle i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 artan \u015fekilde a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.[38]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu ekonomi politika, Celal Bayar gibi \u00f6zel sermayenin politik temsilcili\u011fine soyunanlar\u0131n ve Menderes gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin muhalefetine ra\u011fmen 1938\u2019lere dek uyguland\u0131 ve 1933-1939 d\u00f6neminde ortalama olarak y\u0131ll\u0131k %9\u2019u a\u015facak \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcme kaydedildi.[39]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

iv) <\/strong>\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 izlenen ekonomi politikada yeni bir \u201ck\u0131r\u0131lma d\u00f6nemeci<\/em>\u201d i\u015flevi g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde uygulanan devlet\u00e7i ekonomi politika, ticaret ve sanayi burjuvazisinin sermaye birikimi dayanaklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f, sermayenin geni\u015fleyen yeniden \u00fcretimi olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015f; bunun i\u00e7in gerekli altyap\u0131 \u00f6nemli oranda haz\u0131r hale gelmi\u015fti. Demiryollar\u0131 ve karayollar\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131, enerji ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ara mallar\u0131n\u0131n devlet\u00e7e temin edilmesi, \u00f6zel sermayenin emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcrerek b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in olanaklar\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131, \u00fclke y\u00f6neticilerinin uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist \u00fclkelerle ili\u015fkilerinde yeni bir d\u00f6nemin \u201ckap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131<\/em>.\u201d Tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcn ve hammadde ihrac\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f talebin artmas\u0131 ve i\u00e7eride \u00fcr\u00fcn fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleriyle burjuvazinin durumdan yararlanarak sermaye ve servetini art\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Sava\u015f vurgunculu\u011fuyla sa\u011flanan sermayeyi vergilendirme ve stok\u00e7ulu\u011fu engelleme gerek\u00e7esiyle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilen Milli Koruma Kanunu (1940) ve Varl\u0131k Vergisi (1942) kanunu ise, vergi y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn Rum ve Ermeni az\u0131nl\u0131klara ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticilere y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir rol oynad\u0131.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmeler, altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131ndan ve sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan yararlanarak palazlanan burjuvazinin, devlet i\u015fletmecili\u011finin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 istemiyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc direni\u015fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Devletin ekonomik alandaki rol\u00fcn\u00fcn ticari ve s\u0131nai sermayenin gereksinim duydu\u011fu girdi maddelerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatla temini ve altyap\u0131 tesislerinin in\u015fas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kalmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen \u0130stanbul T\u00fcccar Derne\u011fi, 1948\u2019de d\u00fczenledi\u011fi 2. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nde istemlerini daha kapsaml\u0131 olarak ilan etti. Celal Bayar\u2019\u0131n da kat\u0131larak destek verdi\u011fi Kongre\u2019yi d\u00fczenleyenler 1950 tarihli t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn alt\u0131nc\u0131 maddesinde yer alan T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olma \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rarak \u00fcyelik i\u00e7in \u00fclkede ikamet etmenin yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ederken, \u201cmilli menfaatler<\/em>\u201d \u00fczerine ikiy\u00fczl\u00fc s\u00f6ylemin gerisindeki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131k ediyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f s\u00fcreci ve sonras\u0131nda izlenen ekonomi politikalar, sonraki d\u00f6nem ekonomi politikalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6zel bir rol oynad\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin, Amerikan emperyalizminin rotas\u0131na girmesi, ekonomi politikalar\u0131n da bu do\u011frultuda yeniden \u015fekillendirilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Truman Doktrini ve Marshall Plan\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki uygulamalar da bu do\u011frultudayd\u0131. 1947 Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131, ula\u015ft\u0131rma, tar\u0131m ve enerji alan\u0131nda alt yap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n devlet\u00e7e yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, madencilik, enerji, demir-\u00e7elik ve demiryollar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan alanlardaki kurulu tesislerin \u00f6zel kesime devrini i\u00e7eriyordu. 1949\u2019da Marshall Plan\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda Amerikan yard\u0131m\u0131 al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. DP\u2019nin 1950\u2019de iktidara gelmesi, \u00f6zel sermaye yarar\u0131na daha etkin uygulamalar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Sanayi \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in altyap\u0131n\u0131n uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tar\u0131msal \u00fcretime a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ABD plan\u0131 uygulamaya kondu.[41]<\/a><\/p>\n

Amerikan emperyalizmi, DP y\u00f6netiminin ekonomi politikas\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde tayin edici g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, IMF gibi uluslararas\u0131 sermaye kurumlar\u0131 da T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinde etkili olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00d6zel sermayeyi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici politikalara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verildi ve yerli ve yabanc\u0131 \u00f6zel sermayeye ek kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011fland\u0131. 1947-1960 d\u00f6neminde ABD\u2019den al\u0131nan 1,8 milyar dolar askeri ve 1,4 milyar dolar ekonomik \u201cyard\u0131m<\/em>\u201d, DP\u2019nin uygulamaya koydu\u011fu iktisadi-sosyal politikalar\u0131n ABD ve uluslararas\u0131 sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015fekillenmesinde y\u00f6nlendirici rol oynad\u0131.[42]<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya kapitalizminin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemde, ekonominin yabanc\u0131 sermayeye daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u0131rsal alanlara kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin giri\u015fi, k\u0131r ili\u015fkilerinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinde ivme art\u0131\u015f\u0131, milyonlarca k\u0131r emek\u00e7isinin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fme olgusuyla birlikte kentlere ak\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesi, ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fcme, tar\u0131mda makine-trakt\u00f6r kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve geni\u015flemesi, temel t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin \u00fcretiminde kaydedilen ilerleme, bu s\u00fcrecin temel \u00f6nemdeki olgular\u0131 aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 pazar geni\u015fliyor; d\u0131\u015f sermayenin \u00fclke pazar\u0131ndaki faaliyeti art\u0131yordu.[43]<\/a> Ticari sermaye artan \u015fekilde palazlanma olana\u011f\u0131 bulurken ithal mallar\u0131n i\u00e7 pazardaki t\u00fcketiminde arac\u0131l\u0131k ve tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin karaborsa fiyatlar\u0131yla dola\u015f\u0131ma s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u00fczerinden sa\u011flanan vurgunlar, sermayenin belirli ki\u015fi-ve ailelerin elinde birikmesini sa\u011flamakta; T\u00fcrk burjuvazisinin sermaye birikimi i\u00e7in olanaklar geni\u015flemekteydi.<\/p>\n

Enerji, e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve haberle\u015fme gibi temel hizmetler alan\u0131na devlet yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 artt\u0131. Toplam s\u0131nai yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7inde kamu pay\u0131 1950\u2019de %57, 1955\u2019te %60 ve 1962\u2019de %78 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.[44]<\/a> Kapitalist \u015firketler hem b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcler hem de say\u0131sal olarak \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131lar. H\u0131zl\u0131 kentle\u015fme enerji \u00fcretiminin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015f, bu da 1950-1960 d\u00f6neminde elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretiminin %350 oran\u0131nda artmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftu. K\u0130T \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyatlar\u0131 maliyetin alt\u0131nda tutuluyor; bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri girdi olarak kullanan \u00f6zel kesime kaynak aktar\u0131l\u0131yor; S\u00fcmerbank gibi i\u015fletmelerce \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ticareti bu \u015firketlere b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor; bu da \u00f6zel \u015firketlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00e2rlar sa\u011flamalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu. \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6re sermaye aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer yolu \u201ckamu-\u00f6zel ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201dyd\u0131. \u00d6zel kapitalist \u015firketler bu d\u00f6nemde hem sermayelerini b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fcler hem de say\u0131sal olarak \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131lar. Toprakta \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fle(tildi)\u011fi bu d\u00f6nemde tar\u0131ma makine giri\u015findeki art\u0131\u015fla birlikte k\u0131rsal ya\u015famda da de\u011fi\u015fim ivme kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

v) <\/strong>DP y\u00f6netiminin b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvazi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomi politikan\u0131n halk kitleleri \u00fczerindeki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri ve ilerici muhalif ayd\u0131nlarla CHP\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik bask\u0131 ve \u015fiddet politikas\u0131 27 May\u0131s 1960 askeri m\u00fcdahalesini g\u00fcndeme getirince ekonomi politika bir kez daha de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irdi. 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda Devlet Planlama Te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ve Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Kalk\u0131nma Planlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uygulanmaya ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla birlikte (Birinci Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131 1963\u2019te, ikincisi 1968\u2019de, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc 1973-1977 d\u00f6neminde uyguland\u0131) devlet yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra vergi ve te\u015fvik politikalar\u0131, kota ve rant mekanizmalar\u0131yla \u00f6zel sermaye \u015firketlerine kaynak aktar\u0131m\u0131yla birlikte bu \u015firketler de daha fazla b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fcler. B\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvazi, ekonomi ve politikada daha belirgin \u015fekilde y\u00f6nlendirici olmak \u00fczere T\u00dcS\u0130AD ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi.<\/p>\n

\u201860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar d\u0131\u015f sermaye giri\u015finde de art\u0131\u015f\u0131n oldu\u011fu y\u0131llard\u0131. D\u0131\u015f sermaye giri\u015fi ba\u015fl\u0131ca bor\u00e7lanma yoluyla ve \u00f6zel yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 arac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekteydi. \u00dclke pazar\u0131na giri\u015f yapan \u00f6zel yabanc\u0131 sermayenin ilk iki plan d\u00f6neminde %83\u2019\u00fc, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Plan D\u00f6neminde %86,5\u2019i sanayi alan\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, ba\u015fl\u0131ca ila\u00e7, kau\u00e7uk, elektrik ve elektronik, madeni e\u015fya ve makine sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yat\u0131r\u0131m yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[45]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu y\u0131llardaki geli\u015fmelerin temel \u00f6nemdeki olgular\u0131ndan biri de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, emek\u00e7iler ve gen\u00e7lik kitleleriyle egemen burjuvazi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin emek\u00e7ilerin farkl\u0131 kesimlerini ve gen\u00e7lik kitlelerini m\u00fccadeleye y\u00f6neltmesi; buna kar\u015f\u0131 burjuva sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n giderek yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, kitle m\u00fccadelesini bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in askeri cuntan\u0131n i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na gelmesiydi.<\/p>\n

ABD emperyalizmi deste\u011finde uluslararas\u0131 ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayenin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na olan ekonomi politikalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koyan 12 Mart Cuntas\u0131, sermayeye kaynak ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f sermaye giri\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir ortam\u0131 zor arac\u0131yla sa\u011flamaya koyuldu. G\u0131da ve i\u00e7ki, dokuma ve giyim, ka\u011f\u0131t ve kau\u00e7uk, kimya ve ta\u015f\u0131t alan\u0131nda kurulan ortakl\u0131klar d\u0131\u015f sermayenin pazar pay\u0131n art\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131.[46]<\/a> Banka sermayesiyle sanayi sermayesinin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7i\u015fi ivme kazand\u0131; \u00e7ok say\u0131da holding banka kurmaya y\u00f6neldi. Banka sermayesi ya do\u011frudan sanayi ve hizmet alanlar\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u015firketlerin sermayesi olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu ya da mevduat toplama ve kredi i\u015flemleriyle sermayenin bu \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirilmesinin arac\u0131 oluyordu.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

vi) <\/strong>1980\u2019li y\u0131llara uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ve IMF-D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 gibi uluslararas\u0131 mali sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi neoliberal ekonomi politikalar damga vurdu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve emek\u00e7ilere y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler ekonomisinin uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ve emperyalist b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u201cd\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131 ifade eden bu politika, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 12 Eyl\u00fcl cuntas\u0131 ve \u00d6zal y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan 24 Ocak Kararlar\u0131 ad\u0131yla uygulamaya kondu.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>24 Ocak \u0130stikrar Program\u0131<\/em>\u201d devletin ekonomik i\u015fletmecilikten t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7ekilmesi; \u201ci\u015fverenlere<\/em>\u201d vergi, d\u00f6viz ve kredi kolayl\u0131klar\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131; ithalat serbestisi sa\u011flanarak yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015finin te\u015fvik edilmesi vb. maddeleri i\u00e7eriyordu. IMF ile imzalanan stand<\/em>–by\u00a0<\/em>anla\u015fmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda \u201ckamu harcamalar\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131lmas\u0131, emek\u00e7ilerin sosyal kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n tasfiye edilmesi, tar\u0131msal s\u00fcbvansiyonlar\u0131n asgariye indirilmesi ve bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fccretlerin, maa\u015flar\u0131n ve tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri taban fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutulmas\u0131 kabul ediliyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu ekonomi politika kapsam\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f ticarette, d\u00f6viz i\u015flemlerinde, de\u011ferli ka\u011f\u0131t ticaretinde serbestle\u015fmeye gidildi. Yabanc\u0131 sermaye yarar\u0131na vergi kolayl\u0131klar\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131, yerli-yabanc\u0131 \u015firket ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rlama kald\u0131r\u0131larak yat\u0131r\u0131m sahalar\u0131 geni\u015fletildi.[47]<\/a> \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri uygulamaya kondu. \u00c7ok say\u0131daki devlet i\u015fletmesi yerli-yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlere pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel kapitalist i\u015fletmeler vergi iadeleri, s\u00fcbvansiyon ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faizli kredilerle desteklendiler. Bu ekonomi politika sonraki koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri taraf\u0131ndan da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n ve ihracat\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131 oldu\u011fu ilan edilen 1995 \u201cGe\u00e7i\u015f Program\u0131<\/em>\u201dyla b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye yarar\u0131na uygulamalar daha da geni\u015fletildi. 1980 sonras\u0131 geli\u015fmelerden biri de Anadolu\u2019da orta ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sermaye i\u015fletmelerinin devlet-h\u00fck\u00fcmet deste\u011finde g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fcmeydi.<\/p>\n

Bu ekonomi politikan\u0131n sonucu emek\u00e7ilerin yoksullu\u011fu ve i\u015fsizlik, artan y\u00fcksek faizli bor\u00e7 ve krediler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte i\u015fletmelerin az\u0131msanamayacak bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n iflasa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi pahas\u0131na ihracatta -ve ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7indeki sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihracat oran\u0131nda bir miktar art\u0131\u015f[48]<\/sup><\/a> ve y\u00fcksek rant getirisiydi.<\/p>\n

Kalk\u0131nma ve refah\u0131 art\u0131rma iddias\u0131yla uygulanan, d\u0131\u015f sermayeye \u00fclke pazar\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla a\u00e7an, k\u0131sa vadeli sermaye giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran, rant getirisi i\u00e7in olanaklar\u0131 geni\u015fleten bu ekonomi politikaya kar\u015f\u0131n be\u015f-alt\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k periyodlarla patlayan krizler a\u011f\u0131r tahribatlara yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1994, 2001 ve 2008 krizlerinin geriye b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fsizlik, yoksulluk, iflaslar ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya sermaye ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131 oldu. Sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 geriledi, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim azald\u0131[49]<\/a>, banka ve \u015firket iflaslar\u0131 artt\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

vii) <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara 2001 kriziyle girmi\u015f oldu. 2002 ise kriz ko\u015fullar\u0131 sonras\u0131 toparlanmayla birlikte ekonomi ve siyasette \u201cyeni bir d\u00f6nem<\/em>\u201din denebilirse \u201cmilad\u0131<\/em>\u201d oldu! ABD ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistler ve mali sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011finde uygulanan ekonomi politikan\u0131n temel \u00f6zelli\u011fi, \u00fclkenin \u00d6zal d\u00f6nemiyle benzer, ancak onu kat kat a\u015fan \u015fekilde uluslararas\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f sermayenin ya\u011fmas\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. IMF Program\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 taahh\u00fct ederek iktidara gelen Erdo\u011fan y\u00f6netimindeki AKP, IMF\u2019ye sundu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 Niyet Mektubu\u2019yla ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 taahh\u00fct etti. 19. stand-by anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalad\u0131 ve \u201cAcil Eylem Plan\u0131\u201d (2002) belgesiyle de D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deste\u011fini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Devlet i\u015fletmeleri h\u0131zla \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilecek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemi sermaye \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden d\u00fczenlenecek, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ve maa\u015f uygulamas\u0131nda \u0131srar edilecek, kapitalist i\u015fletme ve firmalar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 sermayeye eklemlenmesi i\u00e7in yeni d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131larak \u00fclke pazar\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 tekellere t\u00fcm\u00fcyle a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Erdo\u011fan y\u00f6netimi bu ekonomi politikay\u0131, kitlelerin az\u0131msanmayacak bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00fczerindeki siyasal-ideolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 i\u015flevinden de yararlanarak \u00f6nceli olan t\u00fcm y\u00f6netimleri yaya b\u0131rakan bir h\u0131z ve \u0131srarla uygulamaya koydu. \u00dclke tarihinin en kapsaml\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmeleri bu d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme idaresi verilerine g\u00f6re 1985-2002 d\u00f6neminde 7,2 milyar dolarl\u0131k sat\u0131\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131rken, AKP-Erdo\u011fan y\u00f6netiminde 50,3 milyar dolarl\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131 2003-2013 d\u00f6neminde olmak \u00fczere 2002\u2019den 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 sonuna dek 273 kurulu\u015fun sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla 63 milyar dolarl\u0131k \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme yap\u0131ld\u0131.[50]<\/a> \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme ve y\u00fcksek rant getirisi olanaklar\u0131ndan da yararlanmak \u00fczere Cumhuriyet tarihinin en yo\u011fun d\u0131\u015f sermaye giri\u015fi yine Erdo\u011fan y\u00f6netimi d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 1950- 2002 tarihleri aras\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca 15,1 milyar dolar do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken, AKP\u2019li h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin 2003-2020 d\u00f6neminde 224,6 milyar dolara y\u00fckseldi.[51]<\/sup><\/a> B\u00fcy\u00fcyen d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131ktaki art\u0131\u015f bu politikan\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu ko\u015fullardan yararlanarak daha fazla zenginle\u015fenler ise tekelci burjuvazi ve kapitalistler oldu.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck gruplar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere sermaye \u015firketleri aras\u0131 rekabeti k\u0131z\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir i\u015flev de g\u00f6ren yanda\u015f kapitalistleri zenginle\u015ftirme ve kendi sermayesini ekonomide hakim konuma getirme politikas\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde zirve yapt\u0131. Erdo\u011fan ve ekibi bu rekabette a\u00e7\u0131k taraf olarak bir t\u00fcr sava\u015f politikas\u0131 izledi.[52]<\/a> \u0130n\u015faat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme d\u00f6nemin \u201cy\u0131ld\u0131zla\u015fan\u201d ve yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren uygulamalar\u0131 oldu. TOK\u0130 konutlar\u0131, yol ve HES yap\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bina yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n %80\u2019i konut, %20\u2019si i\u015fyeri-fabrika, okul, hastane, i\u015f merkezi gibi yap\u0131lardan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Anadolu, Zorlu, Sanko ve Ero\u011flu Holdingleriyle Torunlar Grubu kent ya\u011fmas\u0131na \u00f6n s\u0131ralarda kat\u0131lan \u015firketlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 oldular.[53]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fmeye (bu \u00f6nemli oranda i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme de demektir) sahne oldu. K\u0131rsal n\u00fcfustaki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme h\u0131z kazand\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici iflaslar\u0131 artt\u0131; emek-sermaye merkezli sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ivme kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

viii) <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi, t\u00fcm bu geli\u015fmelerle birlikte 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda, bu makalenin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde de i\u015faret edilen yap\u0131sal ve akt\u00fcel sorun birikimiyle birlikte uluslararas\u0131 kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin girdab\u0131na daha derinlemesine girmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Bu\u011fra, A. (2013, Devlet ve \u0130\u015fadamlar\u0131<\/em>, 8. Bask\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 64.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Bu\u011fra\u2019dan aktaran G\u00f6ren, G. (2015) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sermaye Birikim S\u00fcreci:2002-2014 \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/em>, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc \u0130ktisat Anabilim Dal\u0131 \u0130ktisat Politikas\u0131 Bilim Dal\u0131, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, sf. 28.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k teorisini nispi farkl\u0131l\u0131klarla savunan Andre Gunder Frank, Samir Amin ve Immanuel Wallerstein, Bat\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge toplumlar\u0131n Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist devletlerin m\u00fcdahalesi nedeniyle \u201cgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke\u201d konumuna gelme olana\u011f\u0131 bulamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Brezilyal\u0131 iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Ruy Mauro Marini\u2019nin 1965\u2019te ortaya att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201calt-emperyalizm<\/em>\u201d ile Wallerstein\u2019\u0131n merkez, \u00e7evre, yar\u0131-\u00e7evre g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bu yazarlarca payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Alman partisi MLPD\u2019nin y\u00f6neticilerinden S. Engel\u2019e g\u00f6re, Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, \u00c7in ve G\u00fcney Afrika; Meksika, Endonezya, G\u00fcney Kore ve T\u00fcrkiye ve ayr\u0131ca Arjantin, Suudi Arabistan, Katar, Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri ve \u0130ran \u201cyeni emperalist \u00fclkeler<\/em>\u201d kategorisindedirler. (Engel, S. (2019) Yeni-Emperyalist \u00dclkelerin Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00dczerine<\/em>, El Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul). \u0130lhan Uzgel, Gazete Duvar\u2019da yay\u0131mlanan bir makalesinde \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u00fcresel sistemdeki konumu(nun) literat\u00fcrdeki yar\u0131-\u00e7evre ve alt-emperyalist tan\u0131mlar\u0131na neredeyse bire bir<\/em>\u201d uydu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00dclkeleri geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyleri ve g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak merkez, \u00e7evre ve yar\u0131 \u00e7evre \u00fclkeler olarak niteleyen Uzgel\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201cyar\u0131-\u00e7evre \u00fclke b\u00f6lgesinde iktisadi etkinlik kurar, baz\u0131 durumlarda kendi paras\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 bulabilir<\/em>\u201d ve T\u00fcrkiye, bu bak\u0131mdan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ABD taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmekle birlikte itiraz g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez \u015fekilde \u201cneredeyse bire bir alt-emperyalisttir<\/em>.\u201d (Uzgel, \u0130. (2020) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye’nin emperyalizmle imtihan\u0131\u201d, Gazete Duvar<\/em>, https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/yazarlar\/2020\/06\/29\/turkiyenin-emperyalizmle-imtihani). Engin Erkiner, \u201cAlt-emperyalizm ve T\u00fcrkiye\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda ve bir dizi makalede T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi alt-emperyalist bir \u00fclke olarak nitelemi\u015fti. Ona g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye b\u00f6lgesinde izledi\u011fi politikalar\u0131 ve sermaye ihrac\u0131yla \u201cfarkl\u0131 emperyalist \u00fclkeler<\/em>\u201dden biri konumundad\u0131r! Erkiner T\u00fcrkiye, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelere kalifiye eleman ve in\u015faat makineleri gibi unsurlar\u0131yla \u201cin\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde sermaye ihra\u00e7 ediyor<\/em>\u201d diyor. (Erkiner, E. (2020) \u201cAlt-emperyalizm ve T\u00fcrkiye\u201d, sendika.org<\/em>, https:\/\/sendika.org\/2020\/07\/turkiye-alt-emperyalist-bir-ulkedir-591836)<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Kepenek, Y. ve N. Yent\u00fcrk (2001) T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisi<\/em>, 12. Bas\u0131m, Remzi Kitapevi, \u0130stanbul, sf. 9.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Osmanl\u0131 ekonomisi Fatih Sultan Mehmet d\u00f6neminden itibaren d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131k olmu\u015ftur. Kanuni d\u00f6neminde Frans\u0131zlara \u00e7e\u015fitli tavizler verilmi\u015fti. 1808 Sened-i \u0130ttifak, 1839 Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 ve 1856 Islahat Ferman\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeleri ile d\u0131\u015f sermaye ve devletlere verilen tavizler d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Maden \u00fcretimi daha \u00e7ok ihracat i\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1911\u2019de 904 ton k\u00f6m\u00fcr, 17,5 ton boraks, 13,5 simli kur\u015fun \u00fcretildi. 1890-1911 d\u00f6neminde verilen maden \u00e7\u0131karma yetki belgeleri 270 olup 102\u2019si T\u00fcrklere, 101\u2019i yabanc\u0131lara ve 67\u2019si az\u0131nl\u0131k i\u015fletmecilere verilmi\u015ftir. Frans\u0131z, \u0130ngiliz ve Alman sermayesi kur\u015fun, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, \u00e7inko ve manganez, krom ve boraks \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131 ve i\u015fletilmesinde pay sahibidir. (Kepenek ve Yent\u00fcrk, T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisi, sf. 14-15)<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Levant Trade Review\u2019dan aktaran Ahmad, F. (1985) \u0130ttihad\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ktan Kemalizme<\/em>, \u00e7ev. F. Berktay, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 50.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u00d6k\u00e7\u00fcn, A. G. (1970) Osmanl\u0131 Sanayii: 1913-1915 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Sanayi \u0130statistiki<\/em>, A\u00dcSBF Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Kongar, E. (2016) 21 Y\u00fczy\u0131l T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisi<\/em>, Remzi Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Lenin, V. \u0130. (2014) Emperyalizm:\u00a0Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131, \u00e7ev. O. Gerid\u00f6nmez, Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n, \u0130stanbul, sf. 84.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Bakir, N. (2023) \u201cIMF 2022’nin karnesini \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u201d, D\u00fcnya<\/em>, https:\/\/www.dunya.com\/kose-yazisi\/imf-2022nin-karnesini-cikardi\/691269<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> NTV (2021) \u201cD\u00fcnya ekonomisi ilk kez 2022’de 100 trilyon dolar\u0131 a\u015facak\u201d, https:\/\/www.ntv.com.tr\/ekonomi\/dunya-ekonomisi-ilk-kez-2022de-100-trilyon-dolari-asacak,rCPRoe702UuookbyzGrukA<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> 2002 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yap\u0131lan do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar 15 milyar dolar iken, bu miktar 2003-2019 d\u00f6neminde 212 milyar dolara y\u00fckseldi. Do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n en fazla yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sekt\u00f6rler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda Finans ve Sigorta (%34); imalat (%24,1); enerji (%11,7); bili\u015fim ve ileti\u015fim hizmetleri (%7.8); toptan ve perakende ticaret (%6,3); ta\u015f\u0131ma ve depolama (%4,6); in\u015faat (%3,2) ve di\u011ferleri (%8,3) yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 yapan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Hollanda (%15,7) ba\u015fta gelmekte, onu %7,7 ile ABD; %6,8 ile K\u00f6rfez \u00fclkeleri; %6,6 ile \u0130ngiltere; %6,2 ile L\u00fcksemburg; %6,1 ile \u0130spanya; %6,1 ile Almanya; %5,6 ile Bel\u00e7ika; %4,2 ile Azerbaycan; %4,1 ile Rusya; %2,8 ile BAE ve %1,6 ile Japonya izlemektedir.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, son otuz y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te uluslararas\u0131 alanda en \u00e7ok kamu ihalesi alan on \u015firketten be\u015fini AKP iktidar\u0131n\u0131n devlet ihaleleriyle y\u00fcz milyarlarca lira aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Limak, Cengiz, Kolin, Kalyon ve MNG \u015firketleri olu\u015fturuyor. Evrensel (2020) \u201cD\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok kamu ihalesi alan 10 \u015firketten 5’i T\u00fcrkiye’de\u201d, https:\/\/www.evrensel.net\/haber\/422022\/dunyada-en-cok-kamu-ihalesi-alan-10-sirketten-5i-turkiyede<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u00a0<\/em>\u0130SO 500\u2019de yer alan 101 g\u0131da firmas\u0131, sekt\u00f6rdeki t\u00fcm firmalar\u0131n (18 bin civar\u0131nda) toplam cirosunun %48\u2019ini; 49 tekstil firmas\u0131 toplam tekstil %13\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc; kimya sanayinde 27 firma toplam sekt\u00f6r (4 bin 600 firma) cirosunun %46\u2019s\u0131n\u0131; ana metal sanayinde 69 firma toplam sekt\u00f6r cirosunun %68\u2019ini; otomotiv ve yan sanayinde faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten 39 firma toplam sekt\u00f6r cirosunun %74\u2019ne sahiptir. (ISO (2022) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 500 B\u00fcy\u00fck Sanayi Kurulu\u015fu, https:\/\/www.iso.org.tr\/sites\/1\/upload\/files\/iso500-2021_opt-11231.pdf)<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K verileri.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Kadako\u011flu, B. ve B. Karl\u0131 (2022) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisinde Tar\u0131ma Dayal\u0131 Sanayinin \u00d6nemi ve Geli\u015fim S\u00fcreci\u201d, T\u00fcrk Bilim ve M\u00fchendislik Dergisi<\/em>, 4(1): 50-59,<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> 1927\u2019de n\u00fcfusun %24\u2019\u00fc kent, %76\u2019s\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> 1984\u2019te 20,6 milyar dolar olan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 sto\u011fu 1995\u2019te 73,3, 2004\u2019te 161,8; 2022\u2019de 450 milyar dolara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> 1881\u2019de Muharrem Kararnamesi\u2019yle kurulan D\u00fcyun-u Umumiye \u0130daresi, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 anapara ve faizlerinin \u00f6denmesi i\u00e7in devletin gelirlerine el koyma yetkisine sahipti.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Yabanc\u0131 sermayenin %44\u2019\u00fc Frans\u0131z, %34\u2019\u00fc Alman ve %17\u2019si ise \u0130ngiliz men\u015felidir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n % 53,8\u2019\u00fc Frans\u0131z, %11,2\u2019si \u0130ngiliz, %10,4\u2019\u00fc Alman ve % 24,5\u2019i di\u011fer devletler k\u00f6kenlidir. Bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n %68 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 demiryollar\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti. Demiryolu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda %57 oranla Alman; %23,5\u2019lik oranla Frans\u0131z ve % 20\u2019lik oranla \u0130ngiliz sermayesi pay sahibiydi.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> 1924\u2019te, yabanc\u0131 sermaye denetiminde 7 demiryolu ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 6 maden \u00e7\u0131karma yetkisi, 23 banka, 12 sanayi kurulu\u015fu, 35 ticari ortakl\u0131k, 11 belediye hizmet veren \u015firketi vard\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fi, T\u00fcrk ortakl\u0131klar\u0131yla devam etmekteydi (Kepenek ve Yent\u00fcrk, age, sf. 40-41).<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> 1856\u2019da \u0130ngiliz sermayesiyle Londra\u2019da kurulan Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 ve takip eden y\u0131llarda kurulan yabanc\u0131 sermayeli ba\u015fka bankalarla ticari kazan\u00e7 i\u00e7in ko\u015fullar\u0131n uygun oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki \u015fubeleri artan yabanc\u0131 bankalar say\u0131lmazsa, yerli sermayeye dayal\u0131 ilk banka (Ziraat Bankas\u0131) 1863\u2019te Mithat Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu. \u00c7ok y\u00fcksek y\u00fczdeki kredi faizlerinin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde tar\u0131msal \u00fcreticilere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faizle kredi sa\u011flamas\u0131, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin geli\u015fmesinde rol oynad\u0131 (Kepenek ve Yent\u00fcrk, age, sf. 21).<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> 1914-15 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunlarla d\u0131\u015f sermaye yarar\u0131na Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ad\u0131mlar at\u0131ld\u0131. 13 Aral\u0131k 1914 tarihli Ecnebi Anonim ve Sermayesi Eshama M\u00fcnkas\u0131r \u015eirketler ile Ecnebi Sigorta \u015eirketleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun-\u0131 Muvakkat ve ayn\u0131 tarihli Temett\u00fc Vergisi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun-\u0131 Muvakkat bu kapsamdad\u0131r. (Kalabak, A. Y. ve M. Kol\u00e7ak (2014) \u201cSermaye Birikim S\u00fcreci \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde 1. ve 2. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongreleri\u201d, International Conference in Economics<\/em>, Prague, Czech Republic, sf. 1)<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> \u00d6k\u00e7\u00fcn, Osmanl\u0131 Sanayii, 1913-1915 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Sanayi \u0130statistiki<\/em>, sf.18-19.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> M. Kemal, \u201cBizim burjuvazimizi ise hen\u00fcz burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 haline getirmek gerekiyor. Ticaretimiz \u00e7ok c\u0131l\u0131z, sermayemiz yok. Yabanc\u0131lar bizi eziyor. Benim amac\u0131m, mili ticareti kalk\u0131nd\u0131rmak, fabrikalar a\u00e7mak, yeralt\u0131 zenginliklerini meydana \u00e7\u0131karmak, Anadolu tacirine yard\u0131m etmek, zenginle\u015fmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Bunlar devletin \u00f6n\u00fcnde duran i\u015fler<\/em>\u201d diyordu. (Sar\u0131o\u011flu, F.\u00a0 (2004) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sermaye Birikimi Olu\u015fturma \u00c7abalar\u0131 ve Vergi Sisteminin Rol\u00fc: D\u00f6nemsel Bir Analiz (1923-1939)\u201d, Gazi \u00dcniversitesi \u0130ktisadi ve \u0130dari Bilimler Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi<\/em>, 6(2), sf. 218)<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Kepenek ve Yent\u00fcrk, age, sf. 33-34.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi (2006) \u201cAtat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn S\u00f6ylev ve Deme\u00e7leri-I\u201d, Divan Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, https:\/\/atam.gov.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/S%c3%96YLEV-ORJ%c4%b0NAL.pdf<\/a>, sf.103-18.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Dolays\u0131z vergi gelirlerinden biri olan a\u015far, \u00fcr\u00fcn miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re belirleniyor ve elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcn miktar\u0131yla do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak (\u00fcr\u00fcn az ise az, \u00e7ok ise \u00e7ok) m\u00fcltezimler eliyle toplan\u0131yordu. \u201cA\u011fnam vergisi<\/em>\u201d ise hayvan ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131nan bir vergiydi. K\u00f6yl\u00fcleri soyma vergisi olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131labilir. \u00dcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerindeki bir ba\u015fka vergi y\u00fck\u00fc arazi vergisiydi. K\u00f6yl\u00fcye bindirilen toplam vergi %40\u2019lar\u0131 ge\u00e7iyordu. Binalardan da vergi al\u0131n\u0131yordu. Bir di\u011fer vergi temett\u00fc vergisiydi ve ticari-s\u0131nai faaliyet \u00fczerinden al\u0131nmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> 1924 Mali y\u0131l\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esinde toplam vergi gelirleri i\u00e7inde dolays\u0131z vergilerin oran\u0131 %49 iken, bunlar i\u00e7inde a\u015far ve a\u011fnam vergisi %80 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oran olu\u015fturuyordu. Servet vergilerinin vergi gelirleri i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 ise %10 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. (Akbank 1980 raporlar\u0131ndan aktaran Sar\u0131o\u011flu, age, sf. 221)<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> T\u00fcrk \u201cmilli burjuvazisi<\/em>\u201dni g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme politikalar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Te\u015fvik-i Sanayi Kanunu\u2019yla pazar ko\u015fullar\u0131 devlet eliyle d\u00fczenlenip devletin ekonomik olanaklar\u0131 sermaye yarar\u0131na seferber edildi.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> 1927 Sanayi Say\u0131m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 65 bin civar\u0131ndaki i\u015fletme<\/em>nin %43,59\u2019u tar\u0131m, %23,88\u2019i dokuma, % 22,61\u2019i maden sanayii, makine yap\u0131m\u0131 ve onar\u0131m\u0131 alan\u0131nda yer almaktayd\u0131. Toplam 256 bin 855 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n %43,01\u2019i tar\u0131m, %18,70’i dokuma sanayiinde toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015fletmelerin y\u00fczde 35,74\u2019\u00fc tek ki\u015filik, 35,76\u2019s\u0131 ise 2-3 ki\u015filikti. Be\u015f ki\u015fiden daha fazla i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fletmelerin oran\u0131 %8,94; 100 ki\u015fiden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ranlar %0,23 civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. 9 ve daha \u00e7ok ki\u015fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan toplam 147.bin 128 ki\u015finin %15,4\u2019\u00fc on d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fc. \u0130\u015fletme ba\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ortalamas\u0131 2,5 ki\u015fiydi. Kullan\u0131lan hammaddenin % 12,62\u2019si ithal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olup, \u00fcretimin %65\u2019i tar\u0131m, %18\u2019i dokuma sanayii alan\u0131ndayd\u0131. \u00dcretimde geri teknoloji kullan\u0131l\u0131yor, t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ithal ediliyordu (Kepenek ve Yent\u00fcrk, age, sf. 45).<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> 1920-1930 d\u00f6neminde kurulan 201 anonim \u015firketin 66\u2019s\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 pay\u0131 vard\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 sermayenin ortak toplam sermaye (73 milyon) i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 %43 ile 31,5 milyon TL civar\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve bu ortakl\u0131klar dokuma, g\u0131da, \u00e7imento, elektrik ve havagaz\u0131 alan\u0131nda yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Kepenek ve Yent\u00fcrk, age, s.41)<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> M. Kemal 1935 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki konu\u015fmalar\u0131ndan birinde bunu bir kez daha taahh\u00fct ederek \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u2018\u2019T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin tatbik etti\u011fi Devlet\u00e7ilik sistemi 19\u2019uncu as\u0131rdan beri sosyalizm nazariyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri fikirlerden al\u0131narak terc\u00fcme edilmi\u015f bir sistem de\u011fildir. Bu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131ndan do\u011fmu\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye has bir sistemdir. Devlet\u00e7ili\u011fin bizce manas\u0131 \u015fudur: Fertlerin hususi faaliyetlerini esas tutmak; fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck bir milletin ve geni\u015f bir memleketin b\u00fct\u00fcn ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok \u015feylerin yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak memleket iktisadiyat\u0131n\u0131 devletin eline almak.<\/em>\u201d (Aktaran Timur, T. (2001) T\u00fcrk Devrimi ve Sonras\u0131<\/em>, Be\u015finci Bask\u0131, \u0130mge Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, sf. 58-59).<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurulu\u015funda h\u00fck\u00fcmetin elinde 1734 km ve yabanc\u0131 ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n elinde de 2352 km olmak \u00fczere toplam 4086 km demiryolu vard\u0131. \u0130zleyen 15 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elindeki demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n hemen t\u00fcm\u00fc millile\u015ftirildi ve ek olarak yeni hatlar yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda toplam uzunluk 6800 km\u2019yi a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Demiryollar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131, k\u0131rsal alanlar\u0131n pazara a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131nda rol oynuyordu.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> 1923-1926 d\u00f6neminde 178, 1927-1928 d\u00f6neminde 194, 1929-1936 d\u00f6neminde 495 yeni i\u015fletme kuruldu (Altun, \u015e. (2008) T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f adam\u0131n\u0131n Bilmesi Gereken 101 Ekonomi Hik\u00e2yesi<\/em>, Hayat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 40).<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> 1930\u2019da gelirler \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan vergi %13, servet \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan vergi %17, harcamalar \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan vergiler %70 oran\u0131ndad\u0131r. 1939\u2019da bunlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla %35,6, %8,4, %56 oran\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. 1932\u2019de \u00fccretlilerin \u00f6dedi\u011fi vergi toplam verginin %83,2\u2019i iken, ticaret ve sanayi kesimi %16,8 oran\u0131nda vergi \u00f6demekteydi. 1938\u2019de bu oran %78,6 ve %21,4 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fti. (Akbank kaynaklar\u0131ndan aktaran Sar\u0131o\u011flu, age, sf. 226-228)<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> Kepenek ve Yent\u00fcrk, age, s.65<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Varl\u0131k Vergisi Kanunu, II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde elde edilen servet ve kazan\u00e7lar \u00fczerinden al\u0131nan vergileri d\u00fczenliyordu. Tek sefere mahsus olmak \u00fczere ve miktar\u0131 komisyonlarca belirlenen verginin al\u0131nmas\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman-T\u00fcrk unsurlar\u0131 kay\u0131racak \u015fekilde, as\u0131l y\u00fck M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan az\u0131nl\u0131klara bindirildi. Vergi al\u0131nanlar\u0131n %87\u2019si \u201cgayrim\u00fcslim<\/em>\u201d iken, vergi veren M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccar ve sermaye sahipleri ancak %7 oran\u0131ndayd\u0131. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u201cToprak Mahsulleri Vergisi\u201d ise, sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan yararlanarak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri ve t\u00fcccarlardan vergi alma gerek\u00e7eli olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fc k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticiye bindiren bir rol oynad\u0131. (Bu\u011fra, Devlet ve \u0130\u015f Adamlar\u0131<\/em>, sf. 81 ve sonras\u0131).<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> 1948\u2019de ithalat\u0131n %28\u2019ini makine ve ara\u00e7lar, %36\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 hammaddeler, %25\u2019ini t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 ve %11\u2019ini in\u015faat malzemesi olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. 1948-1952 d\u00f6nemi harcamalar\u0131nda, ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve haberle\u015fme %44, sanayi %8, enerji %16 ve tar\u0131m %16 oran\u0131nda pay alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Kepenek-Yent\u00fcrk, age, sf. 51-52).<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> Bu\u011fra, Devlet ve \u0130\u015f Adamlar\u0131<\/em>, sf. 65.<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a> \u00d6zel sermaye i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lere devlet \u201ctaahh\u00fcd\u00fc\u201d bu d\u00f6nemde daha fazla g\u00fcndeme girdi. Yabanc\u0131 sermayenin %40 dolay\u0131ndaki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ABD ortakl\u0131klar\u0131na aitti. ABD\u2019yi Bat\u0131 Almanya, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Hollanda izlemekteydi. 1951-65 d\u00f6neminde giri\u015f yapan yabanc\u0131 sermaye b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda (%95) sanayi (%26\u2019s\u0131 plastik-kau\u00e7uk; %25\u2019i kimya, %13\u2019\u00fc elektrikli ev ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve y\u00fczde 11\u2019i g\u0131da-i\u00e7ki alt sekt\u00f6rleri) alan\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti. D\u0131\u015f sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ulusal gelirin y\u00fczde biri ile \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc, yerli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ise %9-13\u2019\u00fc kadard\u0131. Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n %32\u2019si makine ve donat\u0131ma, %68\u2019i in\u015faata ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (DPT (1963) Birinci Be\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Kalk\u0131nma Plan\u0131 1963-1967<\/em>, Ankara, sf. 16).<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a> Makine Kimya End\u00fcstrisi Kurumu (MKEK) (1950), G\u00fcbre, Et ve Bal\u0131k Kurumu (EBK) (1952), T\u00fcrkiye \u00c7imento, Azot (1953), T\u00fcrkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (TPAO), Devlet Malzeme Ofisi (DMO) (1954), Sel\u00fcloz ve K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t (SEKA) (1955), Demir-\u00c7elik (1955) ve T\u00fcrkiye K\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130\u015fletmeleri (1957) bu d\u00f6nemin kurulu\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[45]<\/a> \u00d6zel yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fi ilk \u00fc\u00e7 kalk\u0131nma plan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde s\u0131ras\u0131yla 115, 183 ve 362 milyon dolar olup, birinci kalk\u0131nma plan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 64, ikinci d\u00f6nemde 168, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kalk\u0131nma plan\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 346 milyon dolar k\u00e2r transferi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. (Kepenek-Yent\u00fcrk, age, s.168)<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a> 1973\u2019te 118, 1978\u2019de 97 firma \u00f6zel sermaye ortakl\u0131yd\u0131 ve ortak sermaye i\u00e7inde yabanc\u0131 sermaye pay\u0131 1973\u2019te %45,2 iken 1977\u2019de %40,5\u2019e, 1978\u2019de %35,5\u2019e gerilemi\u015ftir. Bu oran 1978\u2019de g\u0131da ve i\u00e7kide y\u00fcz de 57,81, dokuma-giyimde y\u00fczde 76,06, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tta y\u00fczde 56, kau\u00e7ukta y\u00fczde 58,85, kimyada y\u00fczde 47,41 ve ta\u015f\u0131t ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 35,81 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

[47]<\/a> Yaln\u0131zca Ocak 1980-Nisan 1983 d\u00f6neminde vergi yasalar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik getiren 46 yasa \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (G\u00f6ren, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sermaye Birikim S\u00fcreci:2002-2014 \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/em>, sf. 50).<\/p>\n

[48]<\/a> 1980 y\u0131l\u0131 ihracat\u0131nda %60 oran\u0131nda tar\u0131m ve madencilik \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yer al\u0131rken, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin gerilemesiyle de ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 1995\u2019te ihracat \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7inde sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin pay\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak %90\u2019lara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnleri-haz\u0131r giyim gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck teknolojili-d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck katma de\u011ferli \u00fcr\u00fcnler, ihracat \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u00e7inde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 kesimi olu\u015fturuyordu. Onlar\u0131 beyaz e\u015fya ve montaj\u0131 yap\u0131lan kara ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 izlemekteydi.<\/p>\n

[49]<\/a> 1994 krizi \u00f6ncesinde (1993) sabit sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 %26,3 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015firken; 1994\u2019te %24,5\u2019e geriledi. 1997\u2019de yeniden %26,3\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve 1999 sonu itibariyle de% 22,1\u2019e d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

2001 krizi ise ekonomide 50 milyar dolara yak\u0131n bir kayba ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da bankan\u0131n iflas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Devlet Denetleme Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan TBMM Yolsuzluk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Komisyonu\u2019na g\u00f6nderilen bir rapora g\u00f6re, bankalar\u0131n kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 23,4 milyar dolar harcanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l itibariyle 240,2 milyar liral\u0131k milli gelire kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k toplam bor\u00e7 189,4 milyar lirayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

[50]<\/a> K\u0131rc\u0131, R. (2022) \u201cCumhuriyet yapt\u0131 AKP satt\u0131: ’20 y\u0131lda 273 kurum ‘elden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131’\u201d, Cumhuriyet<\/em>, https:\/\/www.cumhuriyet.com.tr\/ekonomi\/cumhuriyet-yapti-akp-satti-1997428<\/p>\n

[51]<\/a> E\u011filmez, M. (2021) \u201cYabanc\u0131 Sermaye Raporu\u201d, https:\/\/www.mahfiegilmez.com\/2021\/03\/yabanc-sermaye-raporu.html<\/p>\n

[52]<\/a> T\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmet politikalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u201cele\u015ftirisi<\/em>\u201d, Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n salvolar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rken, Do\u011fan Holding\u2019e y\u00f6nelik devasa bir vergi cezas\u0131 kesildi, medya alan\u0131n\u0131 terk etmesi i\u00e7in bask\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ktidar politikalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 nedeniyle Do\u011fan Grubu ile di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u015firketler cezaland\u0131rma ve devlet ihalelerinden d\u0131\u015flama y\u00f6ntemiyle dize getirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131lar. Nitekim Erdo\u011fan, 2010 referandumu \u00f6ncesinde \u201ctaraf olmayan bertaraf olur<\/em>\u201d tehdidi savurarak ve y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc politikalar\u0131n sermaye ile ili\u015fkisini \u201csermaye el de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor<\/em>\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131yla ilan ederek T\u00dcS\u0130AD y\u00f6netimini ihanetle su\u00e7lamaya varan taarruzu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, T\u00dcS\u0130AD burjuvalar\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa burjuvazisiyle de ili\u015fkilerinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri ele\u015ftirel a\u00e7\u0131klamalara kar\u015f\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilerek \u201ci\u015fine bakmalar\u0131<\/em>\u201dyla bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde \u201coluruna b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

[53]<\/a> Anadolu Grubu\u2019nun Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ve T\u00dcS\u0130AD y\u00f6neticisi Tuncay \u00d6zilhan, bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin lokomotifinin sanayi de\u011fil in\u015faat oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekteydi. (Aktaran G\u00f6ren, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sermaye Birikim S\u00fcreci: 2002-2014 \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/em>, sf. 64)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yusuf Akda\u011f   Yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge, geri tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclke, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 21. b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi ya da \u201cyeni emperyalist-alt emperyalist\u201d gibi yap\u0131sal ve matematiksel tan\u0131mlama ve tespitlerle i\u015faret edilen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalist geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyi ve sermaye birikimi sorunu onlarca y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flayarak tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olageldi. Yayg\u0131n kabul g\u00f6ren anlay\u0131\u015flardan birine g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiyesi\u2019nin ilk yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrecinde de farkl\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3614,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[629,565,362],"tags":[695,639],"class_list":["post-3613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-62-sayi-kis-2023-2024","category-politik-ekonomi","category-yusuf-akdag","tag-bagimli-kapitalizm","tag-cumhuriyetin-100-yili"],"yoast_head":"\nKurulu\u015funun \u0130kinci Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 Kapitalizmi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/03\/04\/kurulusunun-ikinci-yuzyilinda-turkiyenin-bagimli-kapitalizmi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kurulu\u015funun \u0130kinci Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 Kapitalizmi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yusuf Akda\u011f   Yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge, geri tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclke, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 21. b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisi ya da \u201cyeni emperyalist-alt emperyalist\u201d gibi yap\u0131sal ve matematiksel tan\u0131mlama ve tespitlerle i\u015faret edilen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalist geli\u015fme d\u00fczeyi ve sermaye birikimi sorunu onlarca y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flayarak tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olageldi. 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Yayg\u0131n kabul g\u00f6ren anlay\u0131\u015flardan birine g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131\u2019da da Cumhuriyet T\u00fcrkiyesi\u2019nin ilk yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrecinde de farkl\u0131 […]","og_url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/03\/04\/kurulusunun-ikinci-yuzyilinda-turkiyenin-bagimli-kapitalizmi\/","og_site_name":"Teori ve Eylem","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/","article_published_time":"2024-03-04T18:23:01+00:00","author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_image":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/11_Yusuf-Akdag.jpg","twitter_creator":"@teoriveeylem","twitter_site":"@teoriveeylem","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":false,"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"50 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/03\/04\/kurulusunun-ikinci-yuzyilinda-turkiyenin-bagimli-kapitalizmi\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/03\/04\/kurulusunun-ikinci-yuzyilinda-turkiyenin-bagimli-kapitalizmi\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/413054853585ad4d138f2f331dfd177c"},"headline":"Kurulu\u015funun \u0130kinci Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 Kapitalizmi","datePublished":"2024-03-04T18:23:01+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/03\/04\/kurulusunun-ikinci-yuzyilinda-turkiyenin-bagimli-kapitalizmi\/"},"wordCount":11604,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2024\/03\/04\/kurulusunun-ikinci-yuzyilinda-turkiyenin-bagimli-kapitalizmi\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/11_Yusuf-Akdag.jpg","keywords":["ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalizm","cumhuriyetin 100. y\u0131l\u0131"],"articleSection":["62. 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