{"id":3572,"date":"2023-11-27T22:04:39","date_gmt":"2023-11-27T19:04:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3572"},"modified":"2023-11-27T22:04:39","modified_gmt":"2023-11-27T19:04:39","slug":"gunesin-patentini-almaya-curet-patentler-asilar-ve-ilaclar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/11\/27\/gunesin-patentini-almaya-curet-patentler-asilar-ve-ilaclar\/","title":{"rendered":"G\u00fcne\u015fin patentini almaya c\u00fcret: Patentler, a\u015f\u0131lar ve ila\u00e7lar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kaan Bi\u00e7ici<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Bilimin tarihine dair anlat\u0131lar genelde \u00e7e\u015fitli isimlerin biyografi anlat\u0131lar\u0131 gibi \u015fekillenir. Tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin \u2013toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n- \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi ya da etkiledi\u011fi de\u011fil tersine d\u00f6nemi \u015fekillendirenler ve etkileyenler\u2026 Newton, Galilei, Einstein hatta bug\u00fcn daha da pop\u00fclerlik kazanm\u0131\u015f Oppenheimer\u2026 B\u00f6ylesi fig\u00fcrler say\u0131lacaksa daha bir\u00e7ok isim s\u0131ralanabilir. Bu anlat\u0131larda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir di\u011fer \u015fey \u201cbireysel\u201d fikirler olurken fikirler \u201cvahyen\u201d gelmi\u015f\u00e7esine aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Bilimsel etkinlik de sadece se\u00e7kin, zihnen toplumun \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde bir grup insan\u0131n dahil oldu\u011fu bir u\u011fra\u015f olarak anlat\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcm tarihsel ve toplumsal ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilim insan\u0131n do\u011fay\u0131 anlama \u00e7abas\u0131, do\u011faya dair merak\u0131ndan gelen bir u\u011fra\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda evrimsel tarihinde alet kullanmas\u0131yla ve \u201ceme\u011fin\u201d tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birlikte do\u011fay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmesinden\/de\u011fi\u015ftirme \u00e7abas\u0131ndan da gelmektedir. Bu \u00e7aban\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla insan bilincinin de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 paralellik g\u00f6stermekte. \u0130nsan do\u011fay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi gibi kendi bilincini de de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Marx, Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131<\/em> (1859) kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde \u201c\u0130nsanlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen \u015fey, bilin\u00e7leri de\u011fildir; tam tersine, onlar\u0131n bilincini belirleyen, toplumsal varl\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>\u201d[1]<\/a> demesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin de \u201ckimin\u201d oldu\u011funa cevap vermektedir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bireysel olmas\u0131 da \u201cidealist\u201d bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Elbette bu ili\u015fkide birey \u00f6nemsiz de\u011fildir, birey kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini \u00fcretirken yarat\u0131c\u0131 ve etkileyici bir rol oynar. Bireyler, ald\u0131klar\u0131 toplumsal ve tarihsel etkileri kendi deneyimleri ve i\u00e7sel s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle birle\u015ftirerek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yeniden \u015fekillendirirler. Bu yeniden \u015fekillendirme s\u00fcreci, yeni fikirlerin ve yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin kayna\u011f\u0131 toplumsal ve tarihsel oldu\u011fu gibi bireyin yarat\u0131m s\u00fcreci ile de ilgidir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve birikimin devam\u0131d\u0131r. Bilimsel u\u011fra\u015f da ge\u00e7mi\u015fe nazaran \u015fimdilerde neredeyse mutlak bir zorunluluk gibi \u201ckolektif\u201d, bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de \u201ctarihsel\u201d ve \u201ctoplumsal\u201dd\u0131r. Her bilimsel geli\u015fim, d\u00f6neminin toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bilimsel etkinli\u011fin, u\u011fra\u015f\u0131n niteli\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi gibi bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin niteli\u011fi ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin \u201caitli\u011fi\u201d de de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Kapitalizmin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fimiyle birlikte bilim tarihte hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar devletin ve sermayenin y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle \u015fekillenmektedir. Hangi alanlara a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilece\u011finden hangi alanlarda nelerin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na ve geli\u015ftirilece\u011fine tamamen sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re karar verilmektedir. Kapitalizm i\u00e7erisinde, sermayenin bilimsel bilgiyi kontrol alt\u0131nda tutma mekanizmalar\u0131ndan biri de \u2013en \u00f6nemlisi- patentler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

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Patentler: Eme\u011fin mi \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmesi yoksa sermayenin mi?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Patentler, bilimsel bulu\u015f ya da ke\u015fiflerin yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na (\u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda \u015firketler) belirli bir s\u00fcre boyunca, genellikle 20 y\u0131l gibi, belirli bir co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgede o bulu\u015fu m\u00fcnhas\u0131r olarak kullanma ve satma hakk\u0131 veren mekanizmalard\u0131r. Esasen patentler yeni bulu\u015f, ke\u015fif ya da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin “ticari mal” olarak sat\u0131labilirli\u011fini kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131rken, temel amac\u0131 sahibi i\u00e7in k\u00e2r yaratmak ya da k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Esas misyonu da bilimsel ve teknolojik ilerlemeyi toplum yarar\u0131na ortaya koyma ya da bulu\u015f yapan ki\u015fileri \u201c\u00f6d\u00fcllendirmek\u201d de\u011fil aksine bu ilerlemeyi sermayenin elinde toplamak ve ticari bir avantaja, k\u00e2ra d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek bi\u00e7imindedir. Bilgiye eri\u015fim \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k\u201d de\u011fildir. “Katma de\u011fer” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda an\u0131lan fahi\u015f k\u00e2r, asl\u0131nda patentin sundu\u011fu bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 pozisyonun bir sonucudur. Serbest piyasan\u0131n alametifarikalar\u0131ndan keyfi fiyat belirleme olana\u011f\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Patentle \u201ce\u015fsiz\u201d hale gelen bilgi, sahibi i\u00e7in \u201ck\u00e2rl\u0131\u201d hale gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bir taraf\u0131yla k\u00e2r\u0131n maksimize etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir arac\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirmenin ya da ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirmenin de bir arac\u0131 haline gelmektedir. Tekelci kapitalizm ile birlikte ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkeler, emperyalistlerin ta\u015feronu\/fasonu haline gelmekte. Patentlerin de \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda emperyalist \u00fclkelerdeki \u015firketlerin elinde toplanmas\u0131 ve ba\u015fvurular\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun da bu \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u201cs\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirme\u201d s\u00fcrecini a\u00e7\u0131k etmektedir.[2]<\/a> Bilimsel bulguyu ya da \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc pazarlamak i\u00e7in bulgunun ya da \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn patentini almak piyasa i\u00e7in gereklilik, bu bulgunun ya da \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazarlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de zorunluluktur. Ancak patentlenmesi uygulamaya ge\u00e7ilmesi demek de\u011fildir. Bu da bilimin i\u015flevine dair bir tart\u0131\u015fma oldu\u011fu gibi \u201cmetala\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir strateji halini almakta.<\/p>\n

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Kapitalizm bilimi te\u015fvik mi ediyordu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Sleeper Patents”, genellikle patent sahiplerinin uzun s\u00fcre boyunca kullanmad\u0131klar\u0131 veya ticari olarak faal hale getirmedi\u011fi patenti ifade eder. \u201cSleeper patents\u201d, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck teknoloji tekelleri veya b\u00fcy\u00fck patent portf\u00f6ylerine sahip \u015firketler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Tekeller patentleri rekabet\u00e7i bir avantaj olarak tutmak veya potansiyel bir gelecekteki gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla sat\u0131n almaktad\u0131r. Bu sat\u0131n ald\u0131klar\u0131 patentleri de genellikle daha sonra, pazar ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re aktif hale getirirler. Tekeller b\u00f6ylece herhangi bir \u00fcretim yapmadan sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 patent ile pazar\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131na kapal\u0131 tutabilmekte ayn\u0131 zamanda bilimsel geli\u015fimin \u00f6n\u00fcnde de set olmaktad\u0131r. “Edison Stratejisi” olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 strateji ile de patent sahibi olan teknoloji tekelleri \u201cpotansiyel\u201d rakiplerinden \u00f6nce davranarak yeni bilimsel bulu\u015flar\u0131 patentleyerek portf\u00f6ylerine eklemektedir. Ad\u0131n\u0131 Thomas Edison’dan alan bu strateji, Edison’un bir\u00e7ok patentin sahibi olmas\u0131na ve bu patentleri ticari olarak de\u011ferlendirmesine dayanmakta. Edison, patentlerini hem kendi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini geli\u015ftirmek hem de di\u011fer \u015firketlerle lisans anla\u015fmalar\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131. Thomas Edison 1093 ABD patentine sahipken di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki yabanc\u0131 patentleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere toplam\u0131 2.332 patente sahiptir.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu y\u00f6ntemle elinde \u00f6nc\u00fc teknolojiyi ya da bilimsel bulguyu bar\u0131nd\u0131ran tekelin patent tercihini sahip oldu\u011fu bulguyla ya da teknolojiyle daha ileri bulgu elde edilmeden ya da teknoloji sa\u011flanmadan \u00f6nce sermayesini b\u00fcy\u00fctecek k\u00e2r hesab\u0131 belirlemektedir. Demek oluyor ki bir yandan da elinde bu \u00f6nc\u00fc teknoloji ya da bulguyu bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bu tekel daha ileri olan\u0131n \u2013kendisi harici- ne kadar engelleyebilirse o kadar da k\u00e2r\u0131na k\u00e2r katabilmektedir. Bilimsel ilerleme, bulu\u015f ve geli\u015fme i\u00e7in \u201clokomotif\u201d oldu\u011fu iddia edilen kapitalizm, geli\u015fmenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck set halini almakta b\u00f6ylece. Bilimsel geli\u015fmede bir \u201cpat\u201d durumu yaratan bu hamle \u201cpatenti olandan\u201d uzak duruldu\u011fu bir yerden de yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne bir set daha \u00e7ekmekte.<\/p>\n

Sadece patentleri al-sat yaparak k\u00e2r etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan \u015firketler oldu\u011fu gibi baz\u0131 \u015firketler de herhangi bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u201celini s\u00fcrmeden\u201d hi\u00e7bir geli\u015ftirme a\u015famas\u0131nda bulunmadan sadece elinde bulundurdu\u011fu ya da daha do\u011fru ifadeyle \u201csahibi oldu\u011fu\u201d kritik patentleri ihlal edenlere kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7arak gelir sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Yine burada da davay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131p s\u00fcreci uzatarak, s\u00fcr\u00fcncemede b\u0131rakarak patent ihlal bildirimi de geli\u015fimin \u00f6n\u00fcne set \u00e7ekmeye dair bir strateji halini almakta.<\/p>\n

1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uruguay Round[4]<\/a> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri sonucunda kabul edilen TRIPS Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement), D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc’n\u00fcn (DT\u00d6) \u00fcye \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir ticaret anla\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu anla\u015fmayla birlikte fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131na dair uluslararas\u0131 standartlar olu\u015fturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bu anla\u015fmayla birlikte emperyalistler fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131n ticaretteki rol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktayd\u0131lar. Tahmin edildi\u011fi gibi ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 koruyucu olurken ve bu \u00fclkelerin ila\u00e7 gibi temel ihtiya\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini daha pahal\u0131ya sat\u0131n almak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durumu do\u011furdu. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1996 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana AIDS hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kesin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak kullan\u0131yor olmasa da hastan\u0131n hayat kalitesini ve ya\u015fam s\u00fcresini art\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla kombine anti-retroviral ila\u00e7lar kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.[5]<\/a> 2005 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar, Hindistan ila\u00e7lara patent vermiyordu ve bu durum jenerik ila\u00e7 \u00fcretim end\u00fcstrisini destekliyordu. D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc anla\u015fmalar\u0131na imza atan Hindistan, ila\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri dahil olmak \u00fczere fikri m\u00fclkiyetin \u00f6zel sahipli\u011fini tan\u0131maya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce patentine sahip olunan orijinal ilac\u0131n maliyeti hasta ba\u015f\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k 10 bin dolardan fazla iken \u201cmuadilini \u00fcreten\u201d ila\u00e7 firmalar\u0131 bu maliyeti 200 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131na kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilmekteydi.[6]<\/a> B\u00f6ylesi durumlarda da ila\u00e7 tekelleri engellemeler, hukuki aray\u0131\u015flar hatta tehditler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bu durumun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta.<\/p>\n

\u0130la\u00e7 geli\u015ftirme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli nokta \u201cveri tabanlar\u0131na\u201d sahip olunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hastal\u0131\u011fa dair \u00e7e\u015fitli genetik\/t\u0131bbi bilgilerden, tedaviye dair \u00e7e\u015fitli yan\u0131tlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na kadar bu veriler \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda ara\u015ft\u0131rma merkezleri, klinikler veya hastaneler taraf\u0131ndan toplanmaktad\u0131r. Veri taban\u0131 her ne kadar bir ilac\u0131n\/tedavinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nc\u00fc rol oynasa da bir ilac\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinden piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclmesine t\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ler sermaye-yo\u011fun i\u015flerden olu\u015fur. Bu sebeple \u00e7o\u011fu \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u201d firmalar ellerindeki verilerin lisans\u0131n\u0131 tekellere devrederler yani \u201csatarlar\u201d. Bu konudaki en bilinen \u00f6rneklerinden biri de 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130zlanda parlamentosu kabul etti\u011fi yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00f6nce \u0130zlanda merkezli \u00f6zel sermayeli deCODE \u015firketinin \u0130zlanda n\u00fcfusunun sa\u011fl\u0131k bilgilerini i\u00e7eren kapsaml\u0131 bir elektronik veri taban\u0131n\u0131 elde etmesini yasal hale getirdi. Daha sonras\u0131nda da \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Amerikan yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen deCODE Genetics, zaten \u0130svi\u00e7reli ila\u00e7 \u015firketi Hoffman-La Roche ile anla\u015fma imzalayarak, 12 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n genetik k\u00f6kenlerini belirlemek i\u00e7in veri taban\u0131na \u00f6zel eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 elde etmi\u015fti.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylesi g\u00fcndemler sonras\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalarda da eksik b\u0131rak\u0131lan, has\u0131ralt\u0131 edilen bir tart\u0131\u015fma da bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u201cabart\u0131lan\u201d rol\u00fc oluyor. Her ne kadar akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rma laboratuvarlar\u0131 patent hakk\u0131n\u0131n (ya da daha geneli itibariyle fikri m\u00fclkiyetin) tavizsiz savunuculu\u011funu yap\u0131yor olsa da akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmada bir d\u00fczeyde de olsa \u201ckamusal\u201d katk\u0131s\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Ancak burada esas ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan nokta kamudaki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rdekilere \u00f6nc\u00fcl olacak bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin dolays\u0131z, do\u011fal kabul edilmesidir. Burada da bilimsel bulgu, bulu\u015f ve geli\u015fmelerin \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde yap\u0131l\u0131yor olu\u015funun \u201creklam\u0131\u201d ya da \u201cPR\u2019\u0131\u201d \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve bu olgular\u0131 ya da geli\u015fmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn kulan kamudaki \u00f6nc\u00fcl \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ger\u00e7e\u011fini sislendirmektedir. Kamudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer de \u00fcniversiteler olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u2018Bilim yuvas\u0131\u2019 olmaktan ticarethane olmaya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilim tarihinin, art arda gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi bilimsel bulu\u015flar ve kuramlar tarihi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan giri\u015fte bahsetmi\u015ftik. Her ne kadar bilim tarihi bilimsel bilginin \u00fcretimi\/ke\u015ffi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde yer alan \u00f6znelerin ki\u015fisel \u00f6yk\u00fclerinden olu\u015fuyor olmasa da bu \u00f6znelerin emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine olan katk\u0131lar\u0131 ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerdeki rolleri bilimin tarihsel geli\u015fimine ve nas\u0131l bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funa dair bilgi vermektedir. Bilimsel faaliyetin \u00f6znesi olan bilim insan\u0131 belki kapitalizmden \u00f6nce kendi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel faaliyetine dair daha s\u00f6z sahibi iken bu kapitalizmle keskin bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n (emek\u00e7isinin)[8]<\/a>, eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn hatta m\u00fclkiyetini sermayeye kapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulgu ve bulu\u015funun nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin hi\u00e7bir s\u00f6z hakk\u0131 bulunmaz. \u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck verdikleri emek sonucu ortaya ne t\u00fcr \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fi konusunda da olduk\u00e7a umursamazd\u0131rlar. Bu umursamazl\u0131k ona \u201cbah\u015fedilmi\u015f\u201d sahte \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\/\u00f6zerkli\u011fin getirisidir. Yak\u0131n zamanda vizyona giren Oppenheimer <\/em>filminde de y\u00f6netmeninin oda\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrekli bu meseleye \u00e7ekti\u011fi gibi Oppenheimer gibi \u00e7o\u011fu kendilerini \u201cbilim yapmakla u\u011fra\u015fan, bulgusunun, bulu\u015funun nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ile ilgilenmeyen<\/em>\u201d biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrler, sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n sorumlusu da de\u011fildirler. Bu s\u00f6ylem de yine bilimin s\u0131n\u0131flar-\u00fcst\u00fc bir etkinlik oldu\u011fu yan\u0131lsamas\u0131ndan do\u011fru gelmektedir. Yabanc\u0131la\u015fma en ileri d\u00fczeydeyken kendi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a ahistoriktir<\/em>, idealisttir. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda kendi h\u00fcr iradesiyle Nazilerin \u201cbilimsel\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren Heisenberg kendisini \u015f\u00f6yle gerek\u00e7elendirmi\u015fti: \u201cSar\u0131labilece\u011fimiz genel bir do\u011fru \u00e7izgi yoktur. Kendi ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za karar vermek zorunday\u0131z ve yanl\u0131\u015f m\u0131 do\u011fru mu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6nceden s\u00f6yleyemeyiz.<\/em>\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00e7ok ileri d\u00fczeyde ise s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc de benzer d\u00fczeydedir. Art\u0131k tamam\u0131yla meta ili\u015fkilerinin bir unsuru haline gelmi\u015f bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucu yarat\u0131lan de\u011fer ile bu de\u011fer \u00fczerinden elde edilen k\u00e2r kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda aradaki u\u00e7urum i\u00e7ler ac\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar nas\u0131l metala\u015ft\u0131ysa bilim insan\u0131 nas\u0131l s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa \u00fcniversiteler de ticarethaneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bug\u00fcn en yald\u0131zl\u0131 hallerde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan \u201c\u00fcniversite-sanayi i\u015fbirli\u011fi\u201d meselesi de bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn esas arac\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u015eiar\u0131na gelince \u201c\u00fcniversitelerin bilgi birikimini\u201d, \u201cyeti\u015fmi\u015f insan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d ve \u201cara\u015ft\u0131rma potansiyelini\u201d kullanarak bunlardan yararlanarak sanayinin \u201cdeneyim\u201d ve \u201cfinansal g\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d ile birle\u015ftiren faaliyet denmekte. Fiiliyatta ise \u00fcniversitedeki akademisyeni i\u015f\u00e7iye hatta \u201cesnafa\u201d \u00e7eviren, sanayideki teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin lokomotifi temel bilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sermayenin \u201cihtiyac\u0131\u201d \u00fczerinden kamusal fonlarla s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flayan, sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bulgu, bulu\u015f ya da \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de sermayenin oyunca\u011f\u0131 yapma \u015feklinde kendini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00dcniversitelerin \u015firket stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde i\u015fletilen teknoparklar kurabilmesinden akademisyenin \u015firketler kurarak daha do\u011fru tabirle \u201cesnafla\u015farak\u201d bu teknoparklar\u0131n parlak y\u00fczl\u00fc \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 haline gelmesine, hatta lisans\u00fcst\u00fc ve lisans \u00f6\u011frencilerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen projelerde\/ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak bilime katk\u0131 topluma hizmet\u201d yalanlar\u0131yla ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine kadar olan i\u015flerin tamam\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yarat\u0131lan akademinin ger\u00e7e\u011fidir. Bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u00f6z\u00fcnde potansiyel olarak yararl\u0131 olsa da sonucunda anlams\u0131z ya da yarars\u0131z olabilece\u011fi gibi temel bilimlerdeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar do\u011frudan bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 \u201chedeflemeyen\u201d \u015feyler olsa da sermaye \u201cmutlu son\u201d istemektedir. Kamu fonlar\u0131nda da \u00f6zel fonlarda da a\u00e7\u0131lan proje \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131nda projeden esas \u201cbeklentilerden\u201d biri de \u00fcr\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Bu da bilimin ne oldu\u011funa, nas\u0131l bir ara\u00e7 oldu\u011funa dair esastan bir m\u00fcdahaleyi g\u00f6stermektedir. Burada da esas fonlanan alanlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda sonucunda ortaya \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131karma potansiyeli y\u00fcksek olan \u201ckimya\u201d, \u201cbiyoloji\u201d, \u201cfizik\u201d ve \u201ct\u0131p\u201d gibi alanlar oldu\u011fu gibi en az fonlanmaya ve de ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya sahip alanlar da \u201ctarih\u201d, \u201csosyoloji\u201d gibi alanlar olmaktad\u0131r.[10]<\/a>\u00a0 <\/sup>Keza burada fonlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da kamu ve devlet fonlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmakta.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zaten \u2018bizim\u2019 olan \u015fey ne zaman \u2018sizin\u2019 oldu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cG\u00fcne\u015fi patentleyebilir misiniz?\u201d Bilim tarihinde ak\u0131llara kaz\u0131nan \u201cba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131\u201d s\u00f6zlerinden en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc belki de. Hem de Galilei\u2019ye ithaf edilen kendisini yarg\u0131layan Engizisyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geri ad\u0131m att\u0131ktan sonra mahkemeden sonra k\u0131s\u0131k sesle s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u201cEppur si muove<\/em>\u201d[11]<\/a> gibi al\u00e7ak bir sesle de ifade edilmiyor. 1955\u2019te Edward Murrow\u2019un sundu\u011fu programa kat\u0131lan \u00e7ocuk felci a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bulan Jonas Salk, Murrow\u2019un \u201cA\u015f\u0131 kime ait?\u201d sorusuna \u201c\u0130nsanlar san\u0131r\u0131m. G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019i patentleyebilir misiniz?<\/em>\u201d dedikten sonra g\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k veriyordu.[12]<\/a> Her ne kadar ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok etik ihlalde bulunmu\u015f, hatta ila\u00e7 \u00fcreticisi olan Parke Davis[13]<\/a> \u015firketine a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilmesi i\u00e7in daha fazla bilgi alabilmesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n patent hakk\u0131n\u0131 verme s\u00f6z\u00fcnde bulunmu\u015f[14]<\/a> olsa da Salk patentini almay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir tercih de\u011fil \u201czorunluluk\u201d oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok\u00e7a kez vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yine verdi\u011fi ba\u015fka bir r\u00f6portajda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya dair, \u201cKamu mal\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir \u015fey de\u011fildi\u2026 Kamu yarar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, kamu taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan fonlarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, kamu hizmeti yapan bir bilim insan\u0131yd\u0131m. Ben ne siyaset\u00e7iydim ne de oyuncuyum<\/em>\u201d diyecekti.[15]<\/a> Ancak yine de i\u015fler Salk\u2019\u0131n istedi\u011fi gibi gitmeyecekti. Amerika\u2019da k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede stok s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve a\u015f\u0131 fiyatlar\u0131 art\u0131\u015fa ge\u00e7mi\u015fti, a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kimyasal\u0131 2 dolar iken seri a\u015f\u0131lama i\u00e7in 21 dolar gerekiyordu.[16]<\/a> Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nem g\u00fcvenilirlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha problemli olsa da daha ucuz uygulama ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 olan Sabin\u2019in a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, 1970\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde de \u00e7ocuk felci halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 problemi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak 1999\u2019da (Salk\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra) ABD\u2019de uygulanmaya ba\u015flanacak olsa da Salk\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00e7abas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u201cdaha ucuz\u201d olan tercih edilmi\u015f kendisi unutulmayan olsa da \u201ci\u015fe yaramayan\u201d konumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130yi niyeti sermayenin ger\u00e7ekli\u011finde eriyip kaybolan bir tek Salk de\u011fildi. 1923 y\u0131l\u0131nda Banting, Best ve Collip ins\u00fclini yapay yollarla elde etmeyi bulacak, bulu\u015flar\u0131 sayesinde Nobel T\u0131p \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcne lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcleceklerdi. Kendilerine sunulan patenti de reddetme sebebi olarak da Banting \u201c\u0130ns\u00fclin d\u00fcnyaya aittir, bana de\u011fil<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6zleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klayacakt\u0131. Her biri 1 dolar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Toronto \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne haklar\u0131n\u0131 devredecek, Toronto \u00dcniversitesi de ins\u00fclin \u00fcretimini firmalara lisansl\u0131 olarak \u201csatacakt\u0131\u201d.[18]<\/a> Daha sonralar\u0131 direnseler de de\u011fi\u015fen bir \u015fey olmad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca uzun etkili ins\u00fclinlerin geli\u015ftirilmesi ve patentlenmesi neticesinde ins\u00fclin fiyatlar\u0131 da art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de ins\u00fclin her ne kadar devlet taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lansa da ins\u00fclin pompas\u0131 gibi ek ihtiya\u00e7lar kar\u015f\u0131lanmamakta.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rnekler m\u00fcnferit olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi b\u00fct\u00fcne dair i\u015fleyi\u015fe dair net g\u00f6stergelerdir. Bilimsel bilginin toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, tarihselli\u011finden ve kolektifli\u011finden yararlan\u0131l\u0131p \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck bir de kamusal fonlar\u0131n da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla sermayeye alt\u0131n tepside sunulan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, bulgular ve \u00fcr\u00fcnler\u2026 Yak\u0131n zamanda da resmi verilere g\u00f6re 7 milyona yak\u0131n insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kovid-19 pandemisinde de yakinen bunlara \u015fahit olmu\u015ftuk. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ortak havuz \u00fczerinden bir birikimle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde de kamu fonlar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturuyordu. \u00d6rne\u011fin AstraZeneca Kovid-19 a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fonlar\u0131n\u0131n %95,5\u2019ini Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k fonlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.[19]<\/a> Mart 2021\u2019e gelindi\u011finde tamam\u0131 kamusal fon olmak \u00fczere Pfizer 800 milyon, Moderna 956,3 milyon, Janssen ise 910,6 milyon dolar fon kullanmaktayd\u0131.[20]<\/a> Daha sonras\u0131nda ABD Pfizer\u2019dan 650 milyon doz a\u015f\u0131 sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f toplam\u0131nda 15 milyar dolar \u00f6deme yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Moderna\u2019dan da 566 milyon doz a\u015f\u0131 sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f, 10 milyar dolar \u00f6deme yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ayn\u0131 zamanda emperyalist \u00fclkeler n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n kat be kat \u00fcst\u00fcnde a\u015f\u0131 sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f, yoksul \u00fclkelerin sadece \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesiminin a\u015f\u0131ya ula\u015fabilir olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc de \u201ctoplumsal ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k\u201d sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[22]<\/a> Bu sebepten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc hala bug\u00fcnlerde de Kovid-19 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na sebep olan vir\u00fcs\u00fcn \u201cvaryantlar\u0131\u201d g\u00fcndemimizde. Tabii burada pandemi s\u00fcrecinde geli\u015fen \u201cpatentlerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d talebini de konu\u015fmak gerekiyor. M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res (MSF) S\u0131n\u0131r Tan\u0131mayan Doktorlar<\/em> ile Hindistan ve G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti hen\u00fcz a\u015f\u0131lar geli\u015ftirilmeden kullan\u0131lacak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ila\u00e7, a\u015f\u0131 ve di\u011fer teknolojinin s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kazan\u0131lana dek D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne TRIPS Anla\u015fmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 talebinde bulunmu\u015f hatta \u00f6nerileri Esvatini, Kenya, Mozambik, Pakistan, Mo\u011folistan, Venezuela, Bolivya, Zimbabve ve M\u0131s\u0131r taraf\u0131ndan da desteklenmi\u015fti. Ancak Avrupa Birli\u011fi, \u0130ngiltere, ABD, Japonya, \u0130svi\u00e7re, Brezilya, Kanada, Ekvador, El Salvador ve Avustralya gibi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir DT\u00d6 \u00fcye grubu buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[23]<\/a> Hakl\u0131, zorunlu ve fazlas\u0131yla gerekli olan bu talebin kendisinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ne yaz\u0131k ki tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmayacakt\u0131. Hem yeni tekniklerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc hem de patentleme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde a\u015f\u0131ya ya da genlere dair de\u011fil esas olarak \u201c\u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemine\u201d dair patent i\u00e7ermesi tekeller a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u201ctaviz\u201d verilmesi gerekene dair karar vermelerini olduk\u00e7a zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Bunun yan\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimine dair t\u00fcm patentleri kald\u0131rsalar dahi a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli teknik yeterlilikten \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yine k\u0131sa vadede yayg\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi de pek ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i g\u00f6z\u00fckm\u00fcyor. A\u015f\u0131ya dair e\u015fitsizlik sadece o g\u00fcne dair de\u011fil d\u00fcnden gelen e\u015fitsiz ko\u015fullarla da katmerleniyordu.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar s\u00fcrecin kendisi bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan e\u015fitsizlikleriyle kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda duruyor olsa da \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n eradikasyonu hala insanl\u0131k tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir yerde konumlan\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyada yine milyonlarca insan\u0131n uzun y\u0131llar boyunca \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olmu\u015f \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc’n\u00fcn 1948’de kurulmas\u0131 ile birlikte hemen g\u00fcndeme al\u0131nd\u0131. \u0130lk toplant\u0131da \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubu olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. Gelecek y\u0131llarda da farkl\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rneklerinin etkinliklerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131ld\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemlerinin geli\u015ftirilmesine y\u00f6nelik de \u00e7abalara destek verildi. 1955 y\u0131l\u0131nda da a\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n talep edilmesi karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olumlu yan\u0131t bulurken 1959-1966 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Sovyetler Birli\u011fi toplamda 450 milyon doz \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131. 8 May\u0131s 1980\u2019e gelindi\u011finde 30. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bulu\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7i\u00e7ek vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tamamen yok edildi\u011fi duyuruldu.[24]<\/a> Bu deneyim insanl\u0131k tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hala (muhtemelen her zaman da \u00f6yle olacak) halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir olayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Patentler elbette sadece a\u015f\u0131lar g\u00fcndeme gelince \u00f6nem kazanmamaktad\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn tekellerin \u201ctekel\u201d olma sebeplerinden de olan belirli ila\u00e7lar \u00fczerindeki patentleri d\u00fczenli k\u00e2r sa\u011flama unsurlar\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00f6rneklerden bir tanesi var ki bir s\u00fcredir T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de neredeyse her otob\u00fcs dura\u011f\u0131nda kent meydan\u0131nda yard\u0131m\/ba\u011f\u0131\u015f kampanyalar\u0131na \u015fahit oldu\u011fumuz SMA hastas\u0131 olan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n eri\u015femedi\u011fi milyon dolarl\u0131k gen terapisi ilac\u0131 Zolgensma\u2026<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Patent insanl\u0131k su\u00e7udur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spinal M\u00fcsk\u00fcler Atrofi Tip 1 (SMA Tip 1) genetik bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r ve bebeklik d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flayan ciddi bir kas hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. SMA, kas hareketlerini kontrol eden sinir h\u00fccrelerini, omurilikteki motor n\u00f6ronlar\u0131 etkileyen bir durumdur. SMA Tip 1, en \u015fiddetli formudur ve genellikle bebeklerin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda belirtiler g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flar. T\u00fcrkiye toplumunda da di\u011fer yerlere g\u00f6re daha yayg\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6steren bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r.[25]<\/a> SMA, Zolgensma haricinde tedavi edilebilir bir durum de\u011fildir ve genellikle bebekler ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda veya y\u0131llar\u0131nda bu hastal\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 komplikasyonlardan dolay\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kaybedebilirler. 2016’dan sonra geli\u015ftirilen nusinersen etken maddeli Spinraza<\/em> gibi baz\u0131 tedaviler, semptomlar\u0131n hafifletilmesine ve ya\u015fam s\u00fcresinin uzat\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilmektedir. Ancak Spinraza <\/em>da her \u00fclkede sosyal g\u00fcvence kapsam\u0131na dahil de\u011fildir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2017\u2019de ruhsatland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da ilac\u0131n temininde kamu b\u00fct\u00e7esi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle problemler de ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

Zolgensma, Food and Drug Administration <\/em>(FDA) ve European Medicines Agency<\/em> (EMA) taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015f olan g\u00fcvenilir ve etkili bir gen terapi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u015eu ana kadar onaylanan da d\u00f6rt gen terapisi ilac\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma mekanizmas\u0131 olarak da gen terapileri bir vir\u00fcs\u00fcn h\u00fccrelere bula\u015fmas\u0131 gibi, istenilen geni ifade etmek i\u00e7in biyolojik y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00f6zel olarak \u00fcretilen \u201cvir\u00fcsler\u201d hastalara uygulanarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130la\u00e7 \u0130svi\u00e7re ila\u00e7 tekeli Novartis patente sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in muadili \u00fcretilememektedir. Patentin getirdi\u011fi \u201ckoruma\u201d ile de ilac\u0131n fiyat\u0131 yasal olarak tamamen firman\u0131n kendi iste\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. En ba\u015f\u0131nda bahsetti\u011fimiz gibi kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel oldu\u011fu kadar geli\u015fimin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir settir de ayn\u0131 zamanda. \u015eu an i\u00e7in \u015firketle anla\u015fmas\u0131 olmayan bir \u00fclkenin vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tedaviye eri\u015fimi 2,4 milyon dolar. Bu fiyat tedavi s\u00fcrecindeki ba\u015fkaca masraflarla daha da katlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Novartis, ilac\u0131n sadece klinik deneylerini ve \u00fcretimini yapm\u0131\u015f olan AveXis\u2019i 8,7 milyar dolara 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda sat\u0131n ald\u0131. Bu sat\u0131n alma i\u015fleminin esas olarak maliyeti art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleseler de ilac\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde ve konuya dair ba\u015fkaca ara\u015ft\u0131rma projelerinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini de sa\u011flayacak 500 milyon dolar\u0131 a\u015fan fona sahip olmu\u015ftur.[27]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca maliyet hesab\u0131nda da yine yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 600 bin dolar civar\u0131 olabilece\u011fi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Novartis biyoloji bilimini, medikal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015ftan yaratmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yeni ba\u015ftan yazmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma binlerce belki on binlerce Novartis \u015firketi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n\u0131n ortak eme\u011fiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Newton\u2019\u0131n hakk\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi \u201comuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckseldi\u011fi devler\u201d sermayenin kendi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durumda yok h\u00fckm\u00fcndedir.<\/p>\n

Gelelim d\u00fczenlenen ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\/yard\u0131m kampanyalar\u0131na\u2026 Her stantta vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bu kampanyalar da \u00f6zellikle \u201cvalilik izni\u201d ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Bug\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Novartis k\u00e2r\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7medi\u011fi gibi devlet de sorumlulu\u011fu \u00fczerinden atmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lac\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131labilir olmamas\u0131 sadece bebe\u011fin hayat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011fil aile a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da bir\u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k getirmekte, toplumsal huzursuzlu\u011fu art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.[28]<\/a> Kalemin durmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir cinayet listesi! Patent tam olarak bu sebeple \u201cinsanl\u0131k su\u00e7udur\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bilimin ve bilimsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tarih boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7ler oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de \u201ctoplum yarar\u0131na bilimin\u201d kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel bir\u00e7ok arac\u0131yla birlikte kapitalizmin ta kendisidir. \u201cG\u00fcne\u015fin patentini\u201d almaya c\u00fcret edenlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u2013zaten- bizim olan\u0131 daha \u00e7ok savunmaya, korumaya ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Bilimin nesnesi olan do\u011fayla bilimin hem nesnesi hem de \u00f6znesi olan insan\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesiyle ancak bilim de \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015febilecektir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Marx, K. (1979) Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisine Katk\u0131, \u00e7ev. S. Belli, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 9.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> IP5, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen fikri m\u00fclkiyet ofislerinin be\u015fini ifade eden bir terimdir. IP5 \u00fcyeleri, patent ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flenmesi, de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve koordinasyonu gibi konularda i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparlar. Be\u015fli Patent Ailesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan IP5, en fazla ba\u015fvuru alan be\u015f s\u0131nai m\u00fclkiyet kurulu\u015funun bir araya gelmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Avrupa Patent Ofisi, ABD Patent ve Marka Ofisi, \u00c7in Fikri M\u00fclkiyet Ofisi, Japon Patent Ofisi ve G\u00fcney Kore Fikri M\u00fclkiyet Ofisi\u2019nin bir araya geldi\u011fi bu yap\u0131 d\u00fcnyada yap\u0131lan patent ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Edison Innovation Foundation (n.d.) \u201cThomas Edison Patents\u201d, https:\/\/www.thomasedison.org\/edison-patents<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Uruguay Round, 1986 ile 1994 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc’n\u00fcn (DT\u00d6) kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an \u00f6nemli \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 ticaret g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleridir. 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan DT\u00d6, 2000’li y\u0131llarla birlikte d\u00fcnya ticaretini tamamen liberalize etmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u00d6zdemir, A. (2016) \u201cPatent y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ticaretle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 Fikri M\u00fclkiyet Haklar\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n temel ila\u00e7lara ula\u015f\u0131mda getirdi\u011fi k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u201d, Uluda\u011f Journal of Economy and Society<\/em>, 35(2), 25-54.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Washington, J. (2017) \u201c’This is about life and death’: Pharmaceutical patents threaten India’s generic drug industry\u201d, https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2017-09-28\/what-india-pfizer-patent-decision-means-for-region-health\/8981206<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Berger, A. (1999) \u201cPrivate company wins rights to Icelandic gene database\u201d, https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/9872872\/<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u201cBilim emek\u00e7isi\u201d tabiri bahsi ge\u00e7en kesime dair daha iyi bir tan\u0131mlama olmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle bilim ve bilim insan\u0131 deyince akla gelen fig\u00fcrler ya da stereotipler b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda bug\u00fcn\u00fcn sermaye sahibi, kapitalist ki\u015filer olmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zlem T\u00fcreci, U\u011fur \u015eahin, Elon Musk vb. gibi isimler \u201cbilim insan\u0131\u201d olmak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belki belli gereklilikleri kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor olsalar da (kesinlikle) bilim emek\u00e7isi de\u011fillerdir.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Woods, A ve T. Grant (2018) Akl\u0131n \u0130syan\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ev. U. Demirsoy, \u00d6. Gemici, 1. Bas\u0131m, Yordam Kitap, \u0130stanbul, sf. 141.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Yin, Y., Y. Dong, K. Wang, et al (2022) \u201cPublic use and public funding of science\u201d, Nat Hum Behav,<\/em> 6, 1344\u20131350.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Latince \u201cAma yine de d\u00f6n\u00fcyor.\u201d<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> R\u00f6portajdan bu kesitin oldu\u011fu kay\u0131t. Could you patent the sun?, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=erHXKP386Nk<\/em><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda Parke-Davis, Warner-Lambert \u015firketi taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nacakt\u0131. Birle\u015fme 1974’te tamamland\u0131. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Warner-Lambert’i en b\u00fcy\u00fck ila\u00e7 tekellerinden Pfizer sat\u0131n ald\u0131. Salk\u2019\u0131n \u201cs\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getirdi\u011fi\u201d bir ihtimalde \u00e7ocuk felci a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n patenti bug\u00fcn t\u00fcrl\u00fc skandallarla g\u00fcndeme gelen en b\u00fcy\u00fck ila\u00e7 tekellerinden Pfizer\u2019\u0131n elinde olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Medicine Makers of History: Salk and Sabin, https:\/\/themedicinemaker.com\/manufacture\/could-you-patent-the-sun-jonas-salk-albert-sabin-and-the-polio-vaccine<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Jacobs, C. (2015) Jonas Salk: A life<\/em>, Oxford University Press, USA. sf. 119-120.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Jacobs, age, sf.182.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Jacobs, age, sf. 448.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Science History Institute (n.d.) \u201cFrederick Banting, Charles Best, James Collip, and John Macleod\u201d, https:\/\/sciencehistory.org\/education\/scientific-biographies\/frederick-banting-charles-best-james-collip-and-john-macleod<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Cross, S., Y. Rho, at al (2021) \u201cWho funded the research behind the Oxford\u2013AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine?\u201d, BMJ Global Health<\/em>, 6(12).<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Forbes (2021) \u201cWhich Companies Received The Most Covid-19 Vaccine R&D Funding?\u201d, https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/niallmccarthy\/2021\/05\/06\/which-companies-received-the-most-covid-19-vaccine-rd-funding-infographic<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Kates, J., C. Cox, J. Michaud (2023) \u201cHow much could COVID-19 Vaccines cost the US after Commercialization\u201d, https:\/\/www.kff.org\/coronavirus-covid-19\/issue-brief\/how-much-could-covid-19-vaccines-cost-the-u-s-after-commercialization\/<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Pilkington, V., S. M. Keestra, A. Hill \u00a0(2022) \u201cGlobal COVID-19 vaccine inequity: failures in the first year of distribution and potential solutions for the future\u201d, Frontiers in Public Health<\/em>, 10.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> MFS (2021) \u201cMSF urges wealthy countries not to block COVID-19 patent waiver\u201d, https:\/\/www.msf.org\/msf-urges-wealthy-countries-not-block-covid-19-patent-waiver<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> History of smallpox vaccination. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/spotlight\/history-of-vaccination\/history-of-smallpox-vaccination<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> \u00d6zdemir, Y., R. Ar\u0131soy vd. (2022) \u201cCarrier frequency of spinal muscular atrophy in Turkish population\u201d, Perinatal Journal<\/em>, 30(1), 57-60.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Sol (2020) \u201cTek doz SMA ilac\u0131 2,4 milyon dolar: Bilimin \u00fcretti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7are ila\u00e7 tekellerinin elinde nas\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7aresizli\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor?\u201d, https:\/\/haber.sol.org.tr\/haber\/tek-doz-sma-ilaci-24-milyon-dolar-bilimin-urettigi-buyuk-care-ilac-tekellerinin-elinde-nasil<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> KEI (2019) \u201cCharity and NIH funding related to Zolgensma\u201d, https:\/\/www.keionline.org\/charity-nih-funding-related-to-zolgensma<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Cumhuriyet (2021) \u201cEski\u015fehir\u2019de SMA hastas\u0131 bebe\u011fin annesi can\u0131na k\u0131yd\u0131\u201d, https:\/\/www.cumhuriyet.com.tr\/turkiye\/eskisehirde-sma-hastasi-bebegin-annesi-canina-kiydi-1886257<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kaan Bi\u00e7ici   Bilimin tarihine dair anlat\u0131lar genelde \u00e7e\u015fitli isimlerin biyografi anlat\u0131lar\u0131 gibi \u015fekillenir. Tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin \u2013toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n- \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi ya da etkiledi\u011fi de\u011fil tersine d\u00f6nemi \u015fekillendirenler ve etkileyenler\u2026 Newton, Galilei, Einstein hatta bug\u00fcn daha da pop\u00fclerlik kazanm\u0131\u015f Oppenheimer\u2026 B\u00f6ylesi fig\u00fcrler say\u0131lacaksa daha bir\u00e7ok isim s\u0131ralanabilir. Bu anlat\u0131larda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir di\u011fer \u015fey \u201cbireysel\u201d fikirler olurken fikirler \u201cvahyen\u201d […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3573,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[655,626,530],"tags":[656,657,658,659,609],"class_list":["post-3572","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kaan-bicici","category-61-sayi-guz-2023","category-bilim","tag-patent","tag-asi","tag-ilac","tag-kaan-bicici","tag-bilim"],"yoast_head":"\nG\u00fcne\u015fin patentini almaya c\u00fcret: Patentler, a\u015f\u0131lar ve ila\u00e7lar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/11\/27\/gunesin-patentini-almaya-curet-patentler-asilar-ve-ilaclar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"G\u00fcne\u015fin patentini almaya c\u00fcret: Patentler, a\u015f\u0131lar ve ila\u00e7lar\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kaan Bi\u00e7ici   Bilimin tarihine dair anlat\u0131lar genelde \u00e7e\u015fitli isimlerin biyografi anlat\u0131lar\u0131 gibi \u015fekillenir. 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Tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin \u2013toplumsal ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n- \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi ya da etkiledi\u011fi de\u011fil tersine d\u00f6nemi \u015fekillendirenler ve etkileyenler\u2026 Newton, Galilei, Einstein hatta bug\u00fcn daha da pop\u00fclerlik kazanm\u0131\u015f Oppenheimer\u2026 B\u00f6ylesi fig\u00fcrler say\u0131lacaksa daha bir\u00e7ok isim s\u0131ralanabilir. 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