{"id":3559,"date":"2023-11-27T21:31:28","date_gmt":"2023-11-27T18:31:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3559"},"modified":"2023-11-27T21:31:28","modified_gmt":"2023-11-27T18:31:28","slug":"bir-millet-yaratmak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/11\/27\/bir-millet-yaratmak\/","title":{"rendered":"Bir millet yaratmak"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ayd\u0131n \u00c7ubuk\u00e7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d6nce burjuvazi<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk d\u00f6nemlerinin bir \u201cburjuvazi yaratma\u201d s\u00fcreci oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc tamamlayan tez ise \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 dinamizminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, oysa \u00f6zellikle \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u201cKemalist Devrimler\u201d yolunun bir burjuvaziyi gerektirmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Cumhuriyet kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n bu eksikli\u011fi \u201cburjuvaziyi yaratarak<\/em>\u201d gidermeye giri\u015ftikleri bi\u00e7imindedir. Kemalistlerin toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 yaratma ya da aksine yok sayarak ortadan kald\u0131rma kudretine sahip olduklar\u0131 iddias\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcrokrasinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131yla da ilgilidir. \u015eu kadar\u0131 ger\u00e7ektir ki, Kemalist kadrolar bir \u201cmilli burjuvazi\u201d ar\u0131yorlard\u0131 ve yine bir s\u0131n\u0131f tavr\u0131 olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n da yok say\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyorlard\u0131. Do\u011frusu, bir burjuvazi t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yoklu\u011fu, en az\u0131ndan milli bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n da yoklu\u011funu gerektirirdi ve bu bilim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Basit\u00e7e, burjuvazinin do\u011fu\u015funa ili\u015fkin temel bilgileri \u00f6zetleyelim. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada kapitalizmin ilk \u00e7ekirdekleri say\u0131labilecek ticaret ve tefeci bankerli\u011fin do\u011fu\u015fu bin y\u0131llar \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131r. Modern burjuvazinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ise Avrupa\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Emek\u00e7i zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n sermaye birikimin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yaratmalar\u0131, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle zaten dola\u015f\u0131mda olan paran\u0131n, \u00fccretli emek g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sermayeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi ve buna paralel olarak yeni s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131, sonra da siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi y\u00fcz y\u0131llara yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00fcrecin sonucunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu tarihsel s\u00fcreci di\u011fer k\u0131talara nispetle Avrupa\u2019da h\u0131zland\u0131ran, Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi ve orada el konulan tonlarca alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ekonomik hayata sokulmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zetle burjuvaziyi \u201cyaratan\u201d, tarihsel ve ekonomik ko\u015fullard\u0131r. Bu ko\u015fullar, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete dayanan \u00fcretim ve ticaret yapan her toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 \u00fczerinde vard\u0131r. Ama \u201ce\u015fitsiz geli\u015fme yasas\u0131\u201d gere\u011fi, yine her \u00fclkede farkl\u0131 geli\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri izlemi\u015f, farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeylerde farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Kapitalizmin farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerde farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7im ve d\u00fczeylerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 her \u00fclkenin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu karma\u015f\u0131k etkile\u015fmelerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve ba\u015fka Asya, Afrika \u00fclkelerinde kapitalizmin geli\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerine \u201csay\u0131s\u0131z\u201d denilebilecek miktarda inceleme ve tart\u0131\u015fma vard\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bunlar\u0131 ele alma imk\u00e2n\u0131 yoktur. Ancak \u015fu kadar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemekle yetinebiliriz, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, yakla\u015f\u0131k 600 y\u0131l boyunca askeri- merkezi feodal bir devlet olarak var olmu\u015ftur ve bu temel yap\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in devlet zoru d\u00e2hil, pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nlem geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte, geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerle olan askeri, siyasi, diplomatik ve ticari ili\u015fkiler, bir ilerilik-gerilik k\u0131yaslamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mali imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131klar, sermaye ve teknik destek aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na h\u0131z vermi\u015f, art\u0131k emperyalizm yolunda ilerlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerin zenginli\u011fini T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fta \u0130ngiltere olmak \u00fczere, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkeleriyle ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde \u201cbat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d e\u011filimin ilk sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birisi Tanzimat Ferman\u0131 (3 Kas\u0131m 1839) olmu\u015ftur. Ancak bunun \u00f6ncesinde, 1838\u2019de Baltaliman\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ya da \u0130ngiliz Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan ve Osmanl\u0131 geleneksel sanayisinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tasfiye olmas\u0131na sebep olan anla\u015fma bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya kapitalizmiyle ekonomik ve siyasi bak\u0131mdan ili\u015fki geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik ikinci ciddi ad\u0131m, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak bu sefer yaln\u0131zca sermaye ve teknik bilgi de\u011fil, sosyal ve siyasal kurumlar da bekleniyordu. \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lara g\u00f6re, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n gerisinde kalmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, milli (bundan T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmay\u0131 anl\u0131yorlard\u0131) bir burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yoklu\u011fuydu. Ger\u00e7ekte, T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman sanayici denilebilecek bir burjuva katman\u0131 son derece c\u0131l\u0131zd\u0131. \u00d6yleyse iktisatta esas e\u011filim, bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek, yeni yat\u0131r\u0131mlar yapacak hale getirmek ve ekonominin h\u00e2kim unsuru k\u0131lmak olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yani, \u201cburjuvazi yaratmak\u201d de\u011fil, mevcut oldu\u011fu kadar\u0131yla burjuvaziyi yeni bir kimli\u011fe y\u00fckseltmekti. Ticaret ve sanayinin \u00f6zellikle gayri M\u00fcslim az\u0131nl\u0131klar elinde toplanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na son vermenin yolunu da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve T\u00fcrk olarak tan\u0131mlanan bir \u201cmilli burjuvazi\u201dnin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde yeniden canlanacak olun bu politikan\u0131n temellerini, Mustafa Kemal, \u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131nda ifade etmi\u015ftir. \u201cMilli iktisat\u201d kavram\u0131, sanayide, ticarette, tar\u0131mda \u201cT\u00fcrk milletinin h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Kemalist kadrolar, nesnel olarak burjuvazinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ink\u00e2r etmiyor, ama var olan\u0131n \u201cmilli\u201d olmamas\u0131 canlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131yordu. Milliden kas\u0131t bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yabanc\u0131\/emperyalist olmayan idi, ama daha \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan anlam\u0131na geliyordu ve bu tan\u0131mlama, \u00fclke i\u00e7inde a\u00e7\u0131klanmam\u0131\u015f, ama kapsaml\u0131 bir \u201cservet transferi\u201d niyetiyle birlikte dile geliyordu. Yine \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131larla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f bulunan \u00f6zellikle Ermeni d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yunan i\u015fgaliyle katmerlenmi\u015f bir Rum d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da i\u015fleyen ideolojik propaganda da ku\u015faklar boyu T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirilecekti.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Burjuvazi yok da millet var m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kemalist Kadro hareketinin \u00f6nde gelen isimlerinden Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu \u201cYaban\u201d adl\u0131 roman\u0131nda, bir k\u00f6ye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f \u0130stanbullu ayd\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fz\u0131ndan, T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kendisinin T\u00fcrk oldu\u011funu bilmedi\u011fini anlat\u0131r. Mustafa Kemal bunu \u015f\u00f6yle ifade etmi\u015fti: \u201c\u00d6zellikle bizim milletimiz, milliyetini bilmemezlikten gelmesinin \u00e7ok ac\u0131 cezalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc<\/em>.\u201d Egemen kimlik, Osmanl\u0131l\u0131k ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kt\u0131r ve halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, belki de T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fc ayd\u0131nlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herkes, kendisini b\u00f6yle tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yleyse, bir \u201cT\u00fcrk Milleti\u201d in\u015fa etmek ve T\u00fcrk\u2019e T\u00fcrk oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011fretmek ihtiyac\u0131 da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ulusal kimlik, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren, d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131n\u0131n ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ilgi konular\u0131ndan biri halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gerek kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tarihsel ulusla\u015fma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin tamamlanmas\u0131 gerekse politik olarak \u201culus\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n etkin bir bi\u00e7imde geli\u015ftirilmesi ve bu eksende \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 halini almas\u0131, yeni ulus devletler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ba\u015flatt\u0131. Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r s\u00fcren burjuva-kapitalist sosyal devrim, siyasal ideolojik \u00f6zelliklerle de tamamlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmede, tarihsel-maddi temeller kadar, bunlara bi\u00e7im veren ve toplumsal hareket unsuru haline getiren politikan\u0131n ve ideolojinin de son derece \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Genel olarak \u201culusal kimlik\u201d kendili\u011finden, salt maddi temellerden do\u011fan bir olgu de\u011fildir. Tarihsel ve nesnel \u00f6zelliklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, deyim yerindeyse, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde nesnelli\u011fin \u201cyukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131\u201d yeniden tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ve politik bir mahiyet kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Etnik k\u00f6ken, dil birli\u011fi gibi kimi kriterler, Misak-\u0131 Milli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131 tam olarak kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, Kemalist milliyet\u00e7ilik ideolojisinin kurucusu olarak tan\u0131mlanan Ziya G\u00f6kalp \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcr milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. K\u00fcrt\u2019\u00fc, Laz\u2019\u0131, \u00c7erkes\u2019i, Arap\u2019\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc ancak ortak bir \u201cmilli k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde birle\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Peki, milli k\u00fclt\u00fcr neydi? Mustafa Kemal, onun da in\u015fa edilmesi gereken politik bir kurum olarak ele ald\u0131. Ortak bir tarihi k\u00f6ken ve ortak bir dil bulmak farkl\u0131 milliyetlerden halklar\u0131 birle\u015ftirmenin bir yolu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Avrupa\u2019daki geli\u015fmelerden de \u00f6\u011frenerek milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin esaslar\u0131 belirlendi. 1935\u2019te yap\u0131lan CHP kongresinde a\u00e7\u0131k bir millet tan\u0131m\u0131 geldi: \u201cUlus, dil, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve \u00fclk\u00fc birli\u011fi ile birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 yurtta\u015flardan meydana gelen siyasal ve sosyal bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr<\/em>.\u201d \u201cSiyasal bir b\u00fct\u00fcn<\/em>\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.<\/p>\n

Milli burjuvazi yarat\u0131lacak, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yok say\u0131lacak, hepsi yeniden siyasal olarak in\u015fa edilecek \u201cmillet<\/em>\u201d i\u00e7inde, \u201cimtiyazs\u0131z, s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir kitle<\/em>\u201d halinde birle\u015ftirilecekti. T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu, ortak bir tarih bulmak i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu da ortak bir dile sahip oldu\u011fumuzu kan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flad\u0131. Asya steplerinden Ege Denizine kadar, Mezopotamya d\u00e2hil, tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f pek \u00e7ok uygarl\u0131k \u201cT\u00fcrk Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131. S\u00fcmerler, Hititler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, Anadolu ve Mezopotamya, bin y\u0131llard\u0131r T\u00fcrk yurdunun asli sahipleri olarak kayda ge\u00e7ti. \u201cG\u00fcne\u015f Dil Teorisi\u201d, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerin ortak k\u00f6keni oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Soyad\u0131 kanunuyla birlikte Atat\u00fcrk soyad\u0131n\u0131 alan Mustafa Kemal, antik Amerika uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak \u00fczere \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6revli atad\u0131. Tahsin Mayatepek, 1935-1937 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 3 y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcre Meksika’da tarih ve dil \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapt\u0131. Orta Amerika’da Maya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki g\u00fcne\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fc ve g\u00fcne\u015fe tap\u0131nma eyleminin Orta Asya’daki g\u00fcne\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fc ile olan ili\u015fkisini, Maya dili ile T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve di\u011fer Asya dillerinin ili\u015fkisini inceledi.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019daki ulusal kimlik ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n zaten T\u00fcrk oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stererek a\u015fmak istiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

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S\u0131n\u0131flar da yok!<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130zmir \u0130ktisat Kongresinin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 birbiriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen s\u0131n\u0131flar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, her biri di\u011ferini tamamlayan farkl\u0131 meslek gruplar\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn, t\u00fcccar\u0131n, sanayicinin, hepsi bir di\u011feri i\u00e7in, birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131! 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Mustafa Kemal Cumhuriyet Halk F\u0131rkas\u0131 ad\u0131na bir bildiri yay\u0131nlad\u0131. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti halk\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flardan m\u00fcrekkep de\u011fil ve fakat ferdi ve i\u00e7timai hayat i\u00e7in i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc itibariyle muhtelif mesai erbab\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir camiad\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da bu c\u00fcmleden olmak \u00fczere \u201cmilliyet\u00e7i T\u00fcrk amelesi ve i\u015f\u00e7ileri mevcudiyetleri ve emekleriyle T\u00fcrk camias\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131ymetli uzuvlar\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7e\u011fin bu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, toplumsal ve siyasal \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131 belirledi\u011fini elbette kendisi de biliyordu.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet tarihi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 yazar ve \u00f6zellikle 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda kimi sol hareketler, Kemalist hareketin s\u0131n\u0131f karakteri \u00fczerine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 birbirine benzer tespitler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Asker sivil b\u00fcrokrasi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazinin sol kanad\u0131 gibi tan\u0131mlar en yayg\u0131n olanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Cumhuriyet\u2019in bir burjuva devrimi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekte zorlananlar, hareketi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirenler aras\u0131nda fabrikat\u00f6r, banker, t\u00fcccar gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye sahibi ki\u015filer olmamas\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Do\u011fan Avc\u0131o\u011flu\u2019nun deyimiyle, \u201cAsker sivil ayd\u0131n z\u00fcmre<\/em>\u201dnin bu devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi tezi genel ge\u00e7er kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u201cz\u00fcmre\u201dnin hangi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 temsil etti\u011fi, hangi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savundu\u011fu ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ciddi olarak inceleyenler ise \u00e7ok azd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tarihi \u00fczerine de\u011ferli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan gazeteci H\u00fcseyin Avni \u015eanda \u015fu tarihi bilgileri verir:<\/p>\n

\u201cBizde Adana b\u00f6lgesinde, ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n hesab\u0131na al\u0131n teri d\u00f6kerek kazma sallayan pamuk i\u015f\u00e7ileri, end\u00fcstri tarihinden \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r… Daha sonra II. Mahmut zaman\u0131nda kurulmaya ba\u015flayan sava\u015f end\u00fcstrisinde, maden ocaklar\u0131nda ve demir yollar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. … <\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cDaimi i\u015f\u00e7i tiplerini demiryollar\u0131nda bulabiliriz. Anadolu’da ilk demiryolu, \u0130ngiliz sermayecileri taraf\u0131ndan 1856’da kurulmu\u015ftu. Bu tarihten beri, \u00e7e\u015fitli kapitalistlerce kurulan hatlar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde \u00f6nemli denecek kertede bir i\u015f\u00e7i kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolmu\u015ftu. Gard\u00f6fren, makas\u00e7\u0131, ate\u015f\u00e7i, ge\u00e7it bek\u00e7isi, hat muhaf\u0131z\u0131… az \u00fccret alan ve az \u00fccret almalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k en \u00e7ok, hatta daima tehlikelere g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs geren bi\u00e7arelerdir. \u0130dareyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda ihtil\u00e2f \u00e7\u0131karsa, iki taraf birer hakem se\u00e7erler. Bu ikisi m\u00fcttefikan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir hakem se\u00e7emezlerse: \u0130\u015fbu se\u00e7im, Almanya Fehametli Devletinin Dersaadet Konsolosu cenaplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r… 1908 Eyl\u00fcl’\u00fcn\u00fcn 10. g\u00fcn\u00fc, H\u00fcrriyetin birinci ay\u0131 dolarken, \u015eark Demiryollar\u0131 grevi biterken; \u015eirket’i Hayriye Fabrika i\u015f\u00e7ileri harekete ge\u00e7tiler. Grevciler Sirkeci’deki \u0130darehaneyi abluka etmi\u015fler, i\u00e7erideki memurlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kartmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle i\u015f\u00e7ilere zam yap\u0131lmas\u0131na itiraz eden \u0130dare Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n \u015eirketten at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir… \u0130kdam gazetesi bu olaydan konu a\u00e7arken i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bu hareketinin \u00e7irkin oldu\u011funu, \u2018\u0130dare Meclisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek hakk\u0131 \u015eirket payc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Amelenin \u015firketin i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ay\u0131pt\u0131r\u2019 diye yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yok say\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tarihi, asl\u0131nda \u201cmilli burjuvazi\u201dnin tarihinden daha eskidir. \u00d6zellikle madenlerin, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n sahipleri emperyalist \u00fclkelerin patronlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dr. Hikmet K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n sosyal ve siyasal de\u011fi\u015fimlerdeki rol\u00fcne vurgu yapar:<\/p>\n

\u201cHi\u00e7 bir ideolojik iddia yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n, s\u0131rf o sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n tarihte a\u011f\u0131r basan i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc gidi\u015fi ile, T\u00fcrkiye’de ilk defa sosyal anlaml\u0131 h\u00fcrriyet hareketinin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f t\u00f6renini can\u0131yla kutlad\u0131. Ve ister istemez, 1908 hareketi yald\u0131zlar\u0131ndan ar\u0131n\u0131nca, T\u00fcrkiye i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, T\u00fcrk milleti ad\u0131na k\u0131sa ve mutsuz da olsa, sonraki Kuvayi Milliyecili\u011fe \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan sahici h\u00fcrriyet k\u0131m\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131 olarak tarihimize girdi. \u00c7\u0131karc\u0131 yabanc\u0131 ajan\u0131 i\u015fverenler, kulis aras\u0131nda emperyalist \u015firketlerle T\u00fcrk milletine suikastlar kumkumalar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlarken, \u015fa\u015fk\u0131na \u00e7evrilmi\u015f yoksul kalabal\u0131klara Abd\u00fclhamit hafiyesinin: \u2018H\u00fcrriyet-Adalet-M\u00fcsavat-Uhuvvet\u2019 nutuklar\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131rarak yeni soygunlara oy toplarken, yaln\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131m\u0131z, o yabanc\u0131 sermayenin T\u00fcrkiye’yi k\u00f6lele\u015ftirerek, Birinci Cihan Sava\u015f\u0131, Kuva-i Milliye bo\u011fu\u015fu gibi en kanl\u0131 alanlarda kurbanl\u0131k koyun etmeye giri\u015fece\u011fini sezmi\u015f\u00e7e b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk milleti ad\u0131na \u00d6zel Sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7ti.<\/em>\u201d[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

1908 Devriminden Cumhuriyete kadar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fanan her ileri burjuva hareketinde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n

Hikmet K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Sosyal Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dnda \u015fu istatistikleri veriyor: \u201c10 ki\u015fiden fazla i\u015f\u00e7i kullanan sanayi i\u015fletmeleri 1913 y\u0131l\u0131 269 iken, 1921 y\u0131l\u0131 342 ve 1923 y\u0131l\u0131 1509 olur. 1915 istatistiklerince sanayi te\u015fvikten yararlanan b\u00fct\u00fcn sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ileri 16,309 iken, 1927 y\u0131l\u0131 sanayi istatistiklerine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye sanayinde me\u015fgul e\u015fhas 256,855’tir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7ocuk say\u0131s\u0131, resmi rakamlara g\u00f6re 22.676’d\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu kadar\u0131 bile, sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n nesnel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye yeterdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimci siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ise, Ermeni ayd\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan 1887\u2019de \u0130stanbul\u2019da kurulan ve hamallar\u0131n, mavnac\u0131lar\u0131n, kundurac\u0131lar\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f olan Sosyal Demokrat H\u0131n\u00e7ak Partisi\u2019dir. T\u00fcrk kom\u00fcnistleri ise, \u00f6nce 22 Eyl\u00fcl 1919 tarihinde \u015eefik H\u00fcsn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Berlin’den gelen T\u00fcrk Spartakistleri ile birlikte kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ve \u00c7ift\u00e7i Sosyalist F\u0131rkas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u0131l sonra 10 Eyl\u00fcl 1920’de Bak\u00fc’de yap\u0131lan kongre ile Mustafa Suphi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan TKP kurulmu\u015ftur. T\u0130\u00c7SF, daha sonra TKP\u2019ye kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her iki \u00f6rg\u00fct de, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde Kemalistleri desteklemi\u015f, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k TKP \u00f6nderleri katledilmi\u015f, \u015eefik H\u00fcsn\u00fc \u00f6nderli\u011findeki d\u00f6neminde ise destek\u00e7i durumunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesine ra\u011fmen daima \u015fiddetli bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutulmu\u015ftur. Tutuklamalar, yasaklamalar, komplolar a\u011f\u0131r cezalar TKP ile Kemalistler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin as\u0131l \u00f6zelli\u011fi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Sendikal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler, yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131klar\u0131 da yasakl\u0131 ya da s\u0131k\u0131 denetim alt\u0131nda g\u00fcya \u201cserbest\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Fakat daima devlet politikalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, \u201cdevletine ve milletine ba\u011fl\u0131\u201d kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. En basit i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131n\u0131n savunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bile asla hareket etmeyen bu \u00f6rg\u00fctler, yar\u0131 resmi devlet kurulu\u015flar\u0131 gibi hareket etmi\u015fler, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 denetim alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131na hizmet etmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece, sendikalar\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmam\u0131\u015f, ancak 1925’te \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve Takriri S\u00fck\u00fbn Kanunuyla, bakanlar kuruluna \u201cgerekti\u011fi hallerde kapat\u0131lmalar\u0131\u201d yetkisi verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren ve \u00f6zellikle 30\u2019lu y\u0131llarda, \u201cimtiyazs\u0131z s\u0131n\u0131fs\u0131z kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir kitle\u201d olarak \u201cbir millet yaratmak\u201d ad\u0131na burjuvazinin \u201cmilli karakterde yeniden in\u015fas\u0131\u201d \u00e7abas\u0131na girilmi\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 daima s\u0131k\u0131 bir denetim ve k\u0131s\u0131tlama alt\u0131nda tutulmu\u015f, devlet\u00e7ilik, halk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, milliyet\u00e7ilik bunun i\u00e7in ekonomik ve ideolojik bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ku\u015fkusuz bunlara devlet \u015fiddeti e\u015flik etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u015eanda, H. A. (1966) Yar\u0131 M\u00fcstemleke Olu\u015f Tarihi<\/em>, 1908 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Hareketleri<\/em>, G\u00f6zlem Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131ml\u0131, H. (2015) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Kapitalizmin Geli\u015fmesi<\/em>, K\u00f6x\u00fcs Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, https:\/\/radikalhareket.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/12\/hikmet-kivilcimli-turkiyede-kapitalizmin-gelisimi.pdf<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ayd\u0131n \u00c7ubuk\u00e7u   \u00d6nce burjuvazi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk d\u00f6nemlerinin bir \u201cburjuvazi yaratma\u201d s\u00fcreci oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc tamamlayan tez ise \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 dinamizminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, oysa \u00f6zellikle \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u201cKemalist Devrimler\u201d yolunun bir burjuvaziyi gerektirmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Cumhuriyet kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n bu eksikli\u011fi \u201cburjuvaziyi yaratarak\u201d gidermeye giri\u015ftikleri bi\u00e7imindedir. Kemalistlerin toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3560,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[626,627,292],"tags":[645,639,631,628,580],"class_list":["post-3559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-61-sayi-guz-2023","category-100-yilin-bakiyesi","category-aydin-cubukcu","tag-millet","tag-cumhuriyetin-100-yili","tag-kemalizm","tag-cumhuriyet","tag-aydin-cubukcu"],"yoast_head":"\nBir millet yaratmak<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/11\/27\/bir-millet-yaratmak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bir millet yaratmak\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ayd\u0131n \u00c7ubuk\u00e7u   \u00d6nce burjuvazi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, Cumhuriyet\u2019in ilk d\u00f6nemlerinin bir \u201cburjuvazi yaratma\u201d s\u00fcreci oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc tamamlayan tez ise \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 dinamizminin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, oysa \u00f6zellikle \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u201cKemalist Devrimler\u201d yolunun bir burjuvaziyi gerektirmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Cumhuriyet kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n bu eksikli\u011fi \u201cburjuvaziyi yaratarak\u201d gidermeye giri\u015ftikleri bi\u00e7imindedir. 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