{"id":348,"date":"2017-09-05T16:54:32","date_gmt":"2017-09-05T13:54:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=348"},"modified":"2022-12-07T19:21:50","modified_gmt":"2022-12-07T16:21:50","slug":"proletaryanin-sahsinda-uretici-gucleri-gelistirmek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2017\/09\/05\/proletaryanin-sahsinda-uretici-gucleri-gelistirmek\/","title":{"rendered":"Proletaryan\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri geli\u015ftirmek"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nuray Sancar<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Marx ve Engels Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019da kapitalizmi ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerini tahlil ettikten sonra proletarya partileri i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 sonucu bir yol haritas\u0131 olarak form\u00fcle etmi\u015fler ve \u201cT\u00fcm \u00f6teki proletarya partileri gibi kom\u00fcnistlerin de ilk amac\u0131 proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f olarak olu\u015fmas\u0131, burjuva egemenli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve proletaryan\u0131n siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi\u2026<\/em>\u201d[1]<\/a> diye yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ekim Devrimi de bu yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 izlemi\u015ftir. Zincirlerinden ba\u015fka kaybedecek hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi olmayan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, i\u015fverenlere kar\u015f\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczeltilmesi, yasal haklar\u0131n elde edilmesi, sosyal g\u00fcvenlik ve g\u00fcvence talepleriyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri tekil, kendili\u011finden m\u00fccadeleleriyle ba\u015flayan, giderek bu hedefleri a\u015fan hareketinin birle\u015ftirilmesi ve bu m\u00fccadeleler i\u00e7inde e\u011fitilmeleri, nihayet kapitalizmi ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 edebilecek bir g\u00fcce ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri proletarya partisinin g\u00f6reviydi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u201ckendinde s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201dtan \u201ckendisi i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, fabrika i\u00e7indeki hak m\u00fccadeleleri ile sosyalist devrim aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te, i\u015f\u00e7i partisinin kesintisiz, istikrarl\u0131 faaliyetinin ve her tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri analiz ederek geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi taktiklere i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00e7aban\u0131n sonucu olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir bilin\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fimiydi. Ge\u00e7en b\u00f6l\u00fcmde bu s\u00fcrecin ba\u015fl\u0131ca karakteristik \u00f6zellikleri Ekim Devrimi ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, Rusya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcttefikleriyle birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi devrimin ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zelliklerine de\u011finilerek, yine i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ilk m\u00fccadele program\u0131 olan Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019da yer alan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fi i\u015flenecektir. Marx ve Engels\u2019in bu \u00f6nemli \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle ifade edilmi\u015fti: \u201cProletarya kendi siyasal egemenli\u011fini, t\u00fcm sermayenin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m burjuvazinin elinden kopar\u0131lmas\u0131na, t\u00fcm \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n devlet elinde, yani egemen s\u0131n\u0131f olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f proletarya elinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olabildi\u011fince h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kullanacakt\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bu paragraf\u0131n \u00f6nemi, eski devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 par\u00e7alayarak iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n devrimi yapm\u0131\u015f olmakla tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olmayan tarihsel g\u00f6revine odaklanmas\u0131, devrim \u00f6ncesinde bilin\u00e7li ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir \u00f6zne olmay\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ba\u015faran s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yeni ve zahmetli bir s\u00fcrece girmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmesidir. Egemen s\u0131n\u0131f olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 devlet elinde toplamas\u0131, t\u00fcm sermayenin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m<\/em> burjuvazinin elinden kopar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olabildi\u011fince h\u0131zl\u0131<\/em> art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi ko\u015fullar, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar ile birlikte kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da gereksizle\u015fece\u011fi kom\u00fcnist toplumun ilk, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ise bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 gerektiren ko\u015fullar\u0131d\u0131r. Devrimden sonra da s\u0131n\u0131flar m\u00fccadelesinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yenilmi\u015f ama hen\u00fcz yok olmam\u0131\u015f eski egemen\/s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar ile i\u015finin bitti\u011fini, devrim s\u00fcresince ittifak halinde birlikte yol y\u00fcr\u00fcmek zorunda oldu\u011fu ama geleneksel egemen ili\u015fkileri her g\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretmeye te\u015fne k\u0131r ve kentin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gibi bir sorununun kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hatta proletarya ile bu kesimler aras\u0131ndaki sonsuz bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n kendili\u011finden kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011funu varsayan ve b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek sosyalizmi spek\u00fclatif bir teoriye indirgeyen \u201csosyalistler<\/em>\u201d, sosyalizmi bir gece ans\u0131z\u0131n kurulabilen bir cennet olarak tasavvur ettikleri i\u00e7in, Sovyet devrimi ve sosyalizmi hakk\u0131nda metafizik \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar yapmaya haz\u0131rd\u0131rlar. Oysa birincisi; \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fkinlik d\u00fczeyinin son derece geri, sermaye birikiminin yava\u015f, insan kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ilk sava\u015fta heba oldu\u011fu bir \u00fclkede \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri bir par\u00e7a geli\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in burjuva meta \u00fcretimi s\u00fcrecini NEP d\u00f6neminde te\u015fvik etmek durumunda kalan, iki d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f ya\u015fayan, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda en iyi kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden, k\u0131sa s\u00fcren \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca iktisad\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre \u201csava\u015f ekonomisi<\/em>\u201d istiminde tutmaktan ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 alamayan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 iktidar\u0131n\u0131n hepi topu birka\u00e7 on y\u0131la s\u0131\u011fan sosyalist in\u015fa s\u00fcreci, i\u00e7erdeki s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler ve \u00fclkenin emperyalist ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ablukalara yok h\u00fckm\u00fc verilerek de\u011ferlendirilemeyecek kadar karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130kincisi; Bu ilk sosyalist tecr\u00fcbe, k\u0131sa s\u00fcren Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019nden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan dersler bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, in\u015fa s\u00fcrecine ili\u015fkin bir deneyim hazinesine sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Sovyet i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tek e\u011fitim kayna\u011f\u0131 yine sadece kendi deneyimi olmu\u015f; sosyalizmin iktisadi, sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve politik ve\u00e7heleri ile ilgili hamleleri hem s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin niteli\u011fi, boyutu ve d\u00fczeyi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde belirlenmi\u015f hem de \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fme ivmesi taraf\u0131ndan ko\u015fullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc; NEP ile birlikte kapitalist meta \u00fcretimini te\u015fvik ederek ba\u015flayan in\u015fa s\u00fcreci \u201csosyalist birikim<\/em>\u201din ko\u015fullar\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar devlet m\u00fclkiyeti, kooperatifler, \u00f6zel \u00fcretim gibi karma ekonomik yap\u0131lar\u0131n bir arada bulundu\u011fu tarihsel anlardan ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen devletle\u015ftirilerek i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n halka mal etti\u011fi, \u00f6zel \u00fcretim ve pazarlama sisteminin giderek geriledi\u011fi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretimin kolektifle\u015ftirildi\u011fi ve bu iktisada uygun i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bilinci ve kadrolar\u0131n yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi d\u00fczeye gelinceye kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre ise, zaman birimleriyle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek kadar k\u0131sa de\u011fildir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara ra\u011fmen Sovyet i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn alt\u0131da birinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eser d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeleriyle yar\u0131\u015facak d\u00fczeydeki iktisadi geli\u015fkinli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, en k\u00f6kl\u00fc burjuva demokrasilerinden daha fazla demokratik bir sistemin olu\u015fmas\u0131, \u00e7ok uluslu, k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc ve dinli n\u00fcfusun bar\u0131\u015f ve dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde bir arada ya\u015fayabilmesini sa\u011flayan bir siyasal sistemin kurulu\u015fu ve giderek artan refah\u0131n bu birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ba\u015far\u0131lmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 ise, takvim hesab\u0131na g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist in\u015fan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki verileri Sovyet i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, davas\u0131n\u0131 ona ba\u011flayan m\u00fcttefik s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ve partisinin sab\u0131rl\u0131, kesintisiz ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7abas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130n\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f politik sorunlar\u0131n nas\u0131l a\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na, s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerinin d\u00fczeyine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kararlar vermek, bunlar\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in taktikler geli\u015ftirmek, kendili\u011finden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durumlar aras\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 bir ad\u0131m daha ileriye ta\u015f\u0131yacak ve yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeye yarayacak unsurlar\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek, bunlar\u0131 erken tan\u0131yarak gelecekle ilgili \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerde bulunmak, buna g\u00f6re \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmek, d\u00fcnya kapitalistleri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkileri y\u00f6netmek, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve ara s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda hala ya\u015fayan hurafelere ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmek, bir taktik platformdan di\u011ferine ge\u00e7erken saflardaki da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131 toparlama becerisini g\u00f6stermekten ba\u015fka sihirli form\u00fcl\u00fc yoktur.<\/p>\n

Lenin\u2019in in\u015fa s\u00fcrecine dair \u201cSosyalizm e\u015fittir elektrifikasyon art\u0131 Sovyetler\u201d form\u00fcl\u00fc ise Sovyetlerde g\u00fcndelik hayat i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen iktisadi ve siyasi m\u00fccadelenin temel y\u00f6nelimine i\u015faret etmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan k\u0131ymetlidir. Onun \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in se\u00e7ti\u011fi elektrifikasyon ve Sovyetler kavram\u0131; bir yandan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve emek\u00e7ilerin kendi kaderlerini tayin edebilmek, yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine etkin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na alabilmek i\u00e7in organlar\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na, ama bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in toplumsal zenginli\u011fin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eker. \u00d6zg\u00fcr, bilin\u00e7li, e\u011fitimli bir n\u00fcfusun \u00f6n ko\u015fulu refah d\u00fczeyinin y\u00fckseltilmesidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar maddi hayatlar\u0131n\u0131; ge\u00e7im imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131, toplumsal ili\u015fkilerini, bu ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczenleyen kurumlar\u0131, toplumsal manevi hayat\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen ilkeleri \u00fcretirken kendi iradelerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, \u00f6nceki ku\u015faklardan devrald\u0131klar\u0131 ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde hareket ederler. Bu ili\u015fkilerin yeniden \u00fcretilebilmesinin ko\u015fulu, belirli bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc toplumsal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ile insan\u0131n hem bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu hem de olu\u015fmas\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda bir denklik, uyumluluk ili\u015fkisinin bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ne var ki ne \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ne de bu ili\u015fkilerin kurulu\u015f bi\u00e7imine ba\u011fl\u0131 toplumsal hayat; donmu\u015f, insanlar\u0131n iradelerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak haz\u0131r bulduklar\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde ilelebet s\u00fcrmez. \u00dcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin maddi unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren, de\u011fi\u015ftiren bilimsel teknolojik yenilikler; bu g\u00fc\u00e7lerin canl\u0131 unsuru olan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fcretim toplumsal bir karakter ta\u015f\u0131yorken m\u00fclkiyetin \u00f6zel olmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu cendere i\u00e7inde ya\u015famay\u0131 reddederek m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrecine girmesi kurulu toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin mevcut, yeniden \u00fcretim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 sarsar. \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetine sahip burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f iktidar\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet sistemini, bunlar\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131ran politik ve ideolojik kurum ve cihazlar\u0131n\u0131 sarsacak ve nihayet ortadan kald\u0131racak bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fmesini engellemek i\u00e7in elinden geleni yapar. Sermayenin geni\u015fletilmi\u015f yeniden \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde i\u015f\u00e7ileri fabrika i\u00e7inde kurulu makinan\u0131n bir uzant\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7ark\u0131n basit bir di\u015flisi, sabit sermayenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda telafi edilen amortisman \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131s\u0131 olarak sonsuza dek tutabilmek i\u00e7in sisteminin b\u00fct\u00fcn kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin y\u00fckselip burjuvazi i\u00e7in bir hayat memat sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlarda ise egemen s\u0131n\u0131f sahip oldu\u011fu devletin olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n yeniden \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in gerekli amortisman pay\u0131n\u0131, ona toplumsal \u00f6d\u00fcnler y\u00fckleyerek y\u00fckseltebilir veya bu hareketi zorla bast\u0131rarak bu pay\u0131 eski, en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oran\u0131nda tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinin bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6d\u00fcnler ya da \u015fiddet yoluyla durdurulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i kitlelerinin \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ile \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin toplumsal karakteri aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini bir varl\u0131k yokluk sorunu olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flamalar\u0131yla karakterize olan \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f bilinci, kapitalizmin her g\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretmeden var olamayaca\u011f\u0131 temel \u00e7eli\u015fkisini ortadan kald\u0131rarak daha do\u011frusu kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7inde cereyan eden \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini y\u0131karak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir s\u00fcrece ad\u0131m atmas\u0131nda itici g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelir.<\/p>\n

Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde devrim; \u00e7arl\u0131k zaman\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan sanayile\u015fmenin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ili\u011fine kadar s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hareketin \u015fiddetle cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n zaten derme \u00e7atma \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunun \u00fclkenin tamam\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131k, yoksulluk ve i\u015fsizli\u011fin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00fckselmesine neden oldu\u011fu ko\u015fullarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fti. 1905 devrimi \u00f6ncesinde ba\u015flayan ama bast\u0131r\u0131lan, 1917 Ekim devrimi yakla\u015f\u0131rken yeniden yo\u011funla\u015fan grevler, giderek y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015f ve me\u015fruiyetini yitirmi\u015f \u00c7arl\u0131k oligar\u015fisini ayakta duramaz hale getirmi\u015f ve devrim bu iktidar\u0131 tarihin \u00e7\u00f6pl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne s\u00fcp\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 iktidara geldi\u011finde y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere aday oldu\u011fu \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 pazar i\u00e7in ancak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u00fcretime elveren fabrikalar\u0131yla, kentleri beslemesi beklenen tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc f\u0131rsata \u00e7eviren toprak aristokratlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden gasp etti\u011fi topraklarda s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmle, bu iktidar\u0131 y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in iktisadi sabotajlar d\u00fczenleyen eski s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve nihayet \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi generallerinin komutas\u0131ndaki beyaz ordular\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7 sava\u015f ile y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f, siyasi iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n eserini koruyabilmesinin yegane ko\u015fulu, \u015fimdi art\u0131k kentte ve k\u0131rda \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde tebar\u00fcz etmi\u015f \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetine son vermek gibi \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc oynayaca\u011f\u0131 tarihsel bir d\u00fczlemde, sosyalist birikimin geni\u015fletilmi\u015f yeniden \u00fcretiminin maddi olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 yarat\u0131rken ayn\u0131 zamanda sosyalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131yla uyumlu \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini, hem kuracak hem de bu ili\u015fkileri kendi geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u00fcrekli yenileyerek yeniden \u00fcretecek bilin\u00e7li ve modern \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekti. Sovyetlerde sosyalizmin g\u00fcvence ve g\u00fcvenli\u011finin d\u0131\u015far\u0131da Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerindeki proletarya devrimlerinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7eride de sosyalizmin iktisadi temellerini h\u0131zla g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmekten ge\u00e7ti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Bol\u015fevik Parti i\u00e7in, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki devrimci isyanlar\u0131n kanla bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fclkenin kapitalist-emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ku\u015fatmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yaln\u0131z kalmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bu ko\u015fullarda, ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde kurulu proletarya iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131n devrimci deste\u011finden yoksun bir sistemin ayakta kalabilmesi geleneksel s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetten ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131larak toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6lgesinin bertaraf edilmesi, sosyalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin d\u00fczenlenmesi ve nihayet toplam toplumsal refah d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltecek bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sisteminin h\u0131zl\u0131ca kurulmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lenin Sovyetlerdeki iktisadi hamleyi elektrifikasyon kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu kavram sadece \u00fclkenin en \u00fccra b\u00f6lgelerinde bile sanayile\u015febilmenin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in enerji \u00fcretiminin gereklili\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmiyor ayn\u0131 zamanda Sovyet iktisad\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fiminin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncelikleri i\u00e7inde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutan elektriklendirme ile bu kalk\u0131nma siyasetinin ilk simgelerinden birisini de olu\u015fturuyordu. Marx nas\u0131l el \u00e7\u0131kr\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 feodal \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n, buhar enerjisini de kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n simgesi olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse Lenin de Sosyalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n elektrifikasyon ile simgelendi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ancak bu sadece simgesel bir tercih olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lenin \u015f\u00f6yle yazar: \u201c2-7 \u015eubat 1920\u2019de yani bir y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir zaman \u00f6nce Rusya Sovyetleri merkez y\u00fcr\u00fctme komitesi elektrikle\u015fme \u00fczerine bir karar kabul etti. Bu kararda \u015f\u00f6yle deniyordu \u2018Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeyi, yak\u0131t ve ia\u015fe bunal\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelmeyi, salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmay\u0131, disiplinli emek ordular\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan en dolays\u0131z, en \u00f6zsel, en geciktirilmez, en \u00f6ncelikli g\u00f6revler yan\u0131nda Sovyet Rusya daha sistemli bir iktisadi kurulu\u015fa giri\u015fme, ulusal ekonomi i\u00e7in devlet plan\u0131n\u0131 bilimsel bir bi\u00e7imde haz\u0131rlama ve bu plan\u0131 a\u015fama a\u015fama ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez buluyor. Elektrikle\u015ftirmenin \u00f6ncelikli de\u011ferinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc\u2026 onun sanayi, tar\u0131m, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k\u2026vb. bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011feri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak\u2026 Rusya Sovyetler merkez y\u00fcr\u00fctme komitesi, y\u00fcksek ulusal iktisat konseyini, tar\u0131m halk komiserli\u011fi ile birlikte bir elektrik santralleri yap\u0131m projesi haz\u0131rlamakla g\u00f6revlendirmeyi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r\u2026\u201d[3]<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n

Bir y\u0131l sonra Yeni \u0130ktisat Siyaseti Ko\u015fullar\u0131nda Sendikalar\u0131n \u0130\u015flev ve G\u00f6revleri adl\u0131 Pravda\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan makalesinde ise ba\u015fl\u0131ca ko\u015fulunun elektrifikasyon oldu\u011fu sanayile\u015fmenin temel hedeflerini \u201ckapitalist boyunduruktan kurtulmak ve yeni emek d\u00fczeninin kurulmas\u0131\u201d olarak a\u00e7\u0131klar: \u201cDevlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren proletaryan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ve en temel g\u00f6revi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak, toplumun \u00fcretken g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc y\u00fckseltmektir. Bu g\u00f6rev bug\u00fcn sava\u015ftan kaynaklanan y\u0131k\u0131m, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcden dolay\u0131 \u00f6zellikle acil bir g\u00f6rev durumuna geldi. Bu nedenle b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin kalk\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 alan\u0131nda olanakl\u0131 olan en h\u0131zl\u0131 ve en sa\u011flam ba\u015far\u0131lar, eme\u011fin kapitalist boyunduruktan t\u00fcm kurtulma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ve sosyalizmin zafer kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n olmazsa olmaz ko\u015fuludur. \u2026 Genel kural olarak fabrika y\u00f6netimlerinin en y\u00fcksek bir i\u015fletme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden de yararlanarak \u00fcretimin ve verimlili\u011fin y\u00fckselmesi ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131n artmas\u0131 alan\u0131nda elde edilen ger\u00e7ek ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya denetleyerek en yetkili ve en uzman y\u00f6neticileri titizlikle se\u00e7erek, \u00fccret tutarlar\u0131n\u0131n saptanmas\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu kadar, ka\u011f\u0131t paran\u0131n, yiyecek tay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f giysilerinin ve t\u00fcm \u00f6teki gere\u00e7 bi\u00e7imlerinin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6zerk bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6netmeleri gerekir.\u201d[4]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

1925\u2019te yap\u0131lan SBKP 14. kongresinin, Stalin\u2019in okudu\u011fu faaliyet raporunda elektrifikasyon yine \u00f6nemle vurgulan\u0131r ve aradan ge\u00e7en birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde enerji santrallerinin d\u00fczeyi ile ilgili bilgi not edilir: \u201cEkim Devrimi\u2019nden \u00f6nce \u00fclkedeki elektrik i\u015fletmelerinin kapasitesi 402 bin kilovat kapasitesindeydi, \u015fimdiye dek 152 bin 350 kilovat kapasiteli santraller in\u015fa ettik ve 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda 326 bin kapasiteli yeni santraller i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lacak. E\u011fer geli\u015fme ayn\u0131 tempoyla devam ederse bu durumda SSCB\u2019nin elektrifikasyonu plan\u0131 on y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 1932\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Elektrik santrallerinin in\u015fas\u0131na paralel olarak \u00fcretim program\u0131 1925\/26 i\u00e7in sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi d\u00fczeyin y\u00fczde 165-170\u2019i olarak hesaplanan elektroteknik sanayi de geli\u015fmektedir.\u201d[5]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Ancak Elektrifikasyon sayesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilecek \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 iktisadi kalk\u0131nman\u0131n Lenin\u2019in i\u015faret etti\u011fi hedefine yani \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan disiplinli bir emek ordusu yaratmak suretiyle kapitalizmin boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulma\u201dya ula\u015fmas\u0131 Sovyetler birli\u011fi\u2019nin o zamanki tarihsel ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde engel te\u015fkil eden ba\u015fka bir dizi m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imlerinden ne\u015fet eden s\u0131n\u0131f pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ve ili\u015fkilerinin de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesini gerektiren karma\u015f\u0131k; eski s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini her g\u00fcn yeniden \u00fcretme potansiyeline sahip k\u0131rsal \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n tedrici olarak toplam kolektif \u00fcretim hazinesine eklendi\u011fi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir. O zaman halk ekonomisi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Sovyet iktisad\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7al\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131, 14. Kongre Faaliyet Raporu\u2019nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imiyle \u015fu \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7erir: birincisi; \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ancak \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde meta bi\u00e7imini alan k\u00f6yl\u00fc i\u015fletmelerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu do\u011fal iktisat; ikincisi meta pay\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6yl\u00fc i\u015fletmesinde tayin edici rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 meta \u00fcretimi iktisadi formasyonu; \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc hen\u00fcz \u00f6lmemi\u015f olan ve NEP oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece belli bir s\u0131n\u0131ra kadar tekrar canlanacak olan \u00f6zel kapitalizm; d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc proleter devletin istedi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7ine hapsedebilece\u011fi devlet kapitalizmi; be\u015fincisi ise \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde iki d\u00fc\u015fman s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n proletarya ve burjuvazinin de\u011fil de yaln\u0131zca bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, proletaryan\u0131n temsil edildi\u011fi devlet sanayisi; yani sosyalist sanayi\u2026[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

O halde Sosyalist in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinin esas\u0131; bu birbirinden farkl\u0131, bir yan\u0131yla eski kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini ve bu ili\u015fkilerin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fsal katmanlar\u0131 yeniden \u00fcretmeye te\u015fne iktisadi bi\u00e7imlerin bir an \u00f6nce a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve toplam \u00fclke ekonomisinin, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin eski s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtularak \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve sonsuz geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in kaynaklar\u0131n seferber edilebilece\u011fi bir d\u00fczeye ula\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu bak\u0131mdan; \u201cHerkesten yetene\u011fine herkese eme\u011fine g\u00f6re\u201d diye \u00f6zetlenebilen emek verimlili\u011fini art\u0131rmaya ve ihtiya\u00e7 esasl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ilkesini uygulayabilece\u011fi bir d\u00fczeye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kan Sovyet kalk\u0131nmas\u0131; i\u015f\u00e7inin emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne, ona ertesi g\u00fcn i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na gidebilmesini garanti edecek kadar bir \u00fccret verdikten sonra tamamen el koyan; kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcne yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f emek\u00e7iler \u00fczerindeki s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde art\u0131rma derdindeki, bu eme\u011fin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini daha fazla kar elde etmek \u00fczere pazarlayan ve b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcrecinde de en y\u00fcksek k\u00e2r\u0131 ve pay\u0131 elde eden kapitalistlerin d\u00fczeninin iktisadi kalk\u0131nma anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan hem i\u00e7erik hem de temel hedefler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

N\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu bir \u00fclkede sosyalist iktisat topraks\u0131z ve hi\u00e7bir tar\u0131m arac\u0131na sahip olmadan, ya\u015fayabilmek i\u00e7in miktar\u0131 do\u011fal olaylar\u0131n s\u00fcrprizlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 toprak sahibi kulaklara vermek zorunda kalan yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn kolektif \u00fcretime dahil edilmek \u00fczere kolhozlarda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme fikrine kazan\u0131lmas\u0131; kent k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvalar\u0131n\u0131n, ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n, sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nemli bir manivela durumunda olan m\u00fchendislerin, di\u011fer teknik elemanlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 davas\u0131n\u0131 benimsemesi; bir k\u0131sm\u0131 her g\u00fcn proleterle\u015firken di\u011fer yar\u0131s\u0131 kulaklara kat\u0131lan orta s\u0131n\u0131f k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131; nihayet b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak a\u011falar\u0131 ve NEP burjuvazisinin tasfiyesi gibi hedefleri olan bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi evresidir bu d\u00f6nem ayn\u0131 zamanda.<\/p>\n

Bu hedefler devrimci s\u00fcrecin 1917 Ekim\u2019inde bitmedi\u011finin g\u00f6stergesidir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi yeni bir evreye girmi\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n egemen s\u0131n\u0131f alt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fi ko\u015fullardaki s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini de t\u0131pk\u0131 devrim \u00f6ncesinde oldu\u011fu gibi uygun taktikler geli\u015ftirerek y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. Her m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imi ve arkaik s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkisi tasfiye edilip proletaryan\u0131n d\u00fczeni tahkim edilirken, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki emek\u00e7ilerin kendi deneyimleriyle \u00f6\u011frenmeleri, sosyalist iktisat geli\u015ftik\u00e7e kolektif \u00fcretimin ve ya\u015fam\u0131n nimetleriyle bireysel kapitalist \u00fcretimi k\u0131yaslama imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131, feodal-kapitalist toprak ili\u015fkilerinin kesintisiz te\u015fhiri ve b\u00f6ylelikle k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve kentli ara s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n giderek sovyetikle\u015ftirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmi\u015ftir. Bu ku\u015fkusuz iktidardaki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve partisinin s\u0131n\u0131f ili\u015fkilerini politik manevralarla y\u00f6netme becerisinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Sosyalist devlet i\u00e7in sanayile\u015fme hem bir ya\u015famsal sorundur; \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu metalar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesi, toplumsal refah\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi; kre\u015fler gibi kad\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karacak olan ve toplumsal e\u015fitli\u011fin ba\u015fl\u0131ca kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n ve eri\u015filebilir hale getirilmesi, her emek\u00e7i aileye sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 konutlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131; paras\u0131z sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitim iddias\u0131n\u0131n bo\u015f bir vaat haline gelmemesi, i\u015fsizlik diye bir sorunun kalmamas\u0131 ve nihayet sosyalist maneviyat\u0131n ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015ftirilmesi yoluyla onlar\u0131n birer \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcr geli\u015fimlerinin yolunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca ko\u015fuludur. Hem de Sosyalizmin temellerini oyan karma iktisadi tablonun d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi s\u00fcrecinde, m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n sadece bask\u0131s\u0131na maruz kalan de\u011fil, onlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hala \u00fczerlerinde ta\u015f\u0131yan, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerini ge\u00e7mi\u015f inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131n belirledi\u011fi geni\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitleleriyle kentli ora s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ve tedricen sosyalist birikimin ve hayat\u0131n unsurlar\u0131 haline getirilebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikli ko\u015fuldur.Ve elbette bir dizi ambargoya maruz Sovyet \u00fclkesinde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki m\u00fclkiyetinin tesisi ta\u015f\u0131ma suyla yani d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ithal edilerek edinilen \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan sanayile\u015fme ayn\u0131 zamanda, ku\u015fatma ve tehdit alt\u0131ndaki i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 iktidar\u0131n\u0131n olas\u0131 m\u00fcdahaleler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda askeri savunmas\u0131n\u0131 ve becerisini geli\u015ftirebilmesinin de \u015fart\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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  1. Parti kongresinin faaliyet raporu \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201cK\u00f6y yoksullar\u0131 hala yard\u0131m alan zihniyetinden kurtulamam\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r, GPU\u2019ya, h\u00fck\u00fcmet makamlar\u0131na, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan her \u015feye g\u00fcveniyor bir tek kendine, kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00fcvenmiyor. Tam da bu edilgenlik ve bu yard\u0131m alan zihniyeti k\u00f6y yoksullar\u0131n\u0131n bilincinden silinip at\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu olan kendi ayaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde durabilmeleri, Kom\u00fcnist partisinin ve devletin yard\u0131m\u0131yla gruplar halinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri, Sovyetler forumunda, kooperatifler forumunda ve k\u00f6y kamu ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131nda kulaklara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmeyi, politik ve \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bir m\u00fccadele \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde m\u00fccadele etmeyi \u00f6\u011frenmelidirler. K\u00f6y yoksullar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 a\u015fabilmesi ve onlara kom\u00fcnistlerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla kendilerini proletaryan\u0131n kulaklara kar\u015f\u0131, orta k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kazanmak i\u00e7in verdi\u011fi m\u00fccadelede k\u0131rda proletaryaya \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc destek sa\u011flamaya yetenekli ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir politik g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme olana\u011f\u0131 vermek, k\u00f6y yoksullar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m alanlar grubu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p k\u0131rda proletaryan\u0131n bir dayana\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131\u201d[7]<\/a> <\/em>i\u00e7in gereklidir\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Sovyet iktisadi kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin izlenen taktikler, di\u011fer ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n, proletaryan\u0131n ve kom\u00fcnistlerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla hem kendi g\u00fc\u00e7lerini geli\u015ftirmelerinin yolunu a\u00e7mak hem de proletaryan\u0131n iktidardaki mevzisini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdi. Ne var ki bu o kadar kolay bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 de\u011fildir. Bizzat SBKP i\u00e7inde neden \u00f6nce t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimine \u00f6ncelik tan\u0131nm\u0131yor diyenlerden, a\u011f\u0131r sanayiyi geli\u015ftirelim k\u00f6y kendili\u011finden arkadan gelir diyenlere, \u00f6nce k\u00f6yde kolektifle\u015ftirmeyi bir \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131da yapal\u0131m derken parti kongresinin \u2018\u015fimdi kolektifle\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flayabiliriz\u2019 saptamas\u0131na itiraz edenlere kadar parti organlar\u0131nda al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f taktik kararlar \u00fczerine diren\u00e7ler de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sosyalist in\u015fa sadece i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki s\u0131n\u0131f ve tabakalarla, eski s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flarla y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi e\u015fli\u011finde de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00f6nemsel taktiklerle bulu\u015fmayan fikirler ve bunlar\u0131n kitleler \u00fczerindeki etkisi ve yans\u0131mas\u0131yla da s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen bir s\u0131n\u0131f sava\u015f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6te yandan \u015fimdi \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet sistemini ortadan kald\u0131rmaya aday i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 saflar\u0131nda da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan e\u011filimlerle, ortak m\u00fclkiyetin kullan\u0131m\u0131na ve tasarrufuna ili\u015fkin bilin\u00e7sizlikle, d\u00f6nemsel taktiklerin uygulanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda partili fonksiyonerler aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen b\u00fcrokratizmle de bu m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sovyetlerin ekonomik olarak en k\u0131r\u0131lgan d\u00f6neminde emek \u00fcretkenli\u011finin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak insan g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayanmas\u0131 ve bir bak\u0131ma hen\u00fcz meta ekonomisi, meta ticaretinin hala s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iktisadi ko\u015fullarda \u201cherkesten yetene\u011fine herkese eme\u011fine g\u00f6re\u201d ilkesinin ister istemez i\u00e7erdi\u011fi bi\u00e7imsel e\u015fitlik formunun ger\u00e7ek e\u015fitlik d\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131kabilmesi i\u00e7in elzem ve gerekli sosyalist birikimin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funun hala \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde canl\u0131 \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin s\u0131rt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 saflar\u0131nda da sosyalist bilin\u00e7lenmenin aciliyetini ve \u00f6nemini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lenin i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n sosyalist e\u011fitiminin ve bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n h\u0131zla k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc bir s\u0131n\u0131f haline gelmesinin gereklili\u011fini her f\u0131rsatta vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

    B\u00fct\u00fcn bu, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki olumsuz ko\u015fullara ra\u011fmen Sovyet i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 emek g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fcretkenli\u011fini ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00fczeyde art\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Hafta sonu g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma anlam\u0131na gelen kom\u00fcnist cumartesiler, h\u00fccum tugaylar\u0131, Stahanovist hareketin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, sosyalist yar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n te\u015fvik edilmesi vb. bu bilincin geli\u015ftirilmesinde ve yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n modellerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 15. Kongrede halk iktisad\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n yerini sosyalist ekonomi kavram\u0131n\u0131n almas\u0131nda Sovyet i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kendi \u00fclkesi i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fedak\u00e2rl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nemi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc. \u201cSovyet toplumunun en varl\u0131kl\u0131 toplum haline getirmesi i\u00e7in \u00fclkemizde en geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerin emek verimlili\u011fini a\u015fan bir emek \u00fcretkenli\u011fine ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z var. Ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc besin maddeleri ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc gereksinim maddeleri bollu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez.\u201d<\/em> diyordu Stalin. \u201cAma<\/em>\u201d diye ekliyordu \u201cStahanov hareketinin \u00f6nemi bununla bitmez. Onun \u00f6nemi ayr\u0131ca sosyalizmden kom\u00fcnizme ge\u00e7i\u015fin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamas\u0131ndan ibarettir. Sosyalizmin ilkesi sosyalist toplumda herkesin yetene\u011fine g\u00f6re \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve gereksinimine g\u00f6re de\u011fil, toplum i\u00e7in harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eme\u011fe g\u00f6re t\u00fcketim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 elde etmesinden ibarettir. Bu, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve teknik d\u00fczeyinin hala yeterince y\u00fcksek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kafa ve kol eme\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin hala s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, emek \u00fcretkenli\u011finin, bir t\u00fcketim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 bollu\u011fu yaratmak i\u00e7in hala yeterince y\u00fcksek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bundan dolay\u0131 toplumun t\u00fcketim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, toplumun \u00fcyelerinin gereksinimlerine g\u00f6re de\u011fil, toplum i\u00e7in harcad\u0131klar\u0131 eme\u011fe g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131rmak zorunda oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. \u2026Bak\u0131n Stahanovistlere\u2026 cesaretle ilerliyorlar, eskimi\u015f normlar\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131yorlar ve yeni, daha y\u00fcksek normlar yarat\u0131yorlar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma verimlili\u011fini ve ekonomi planlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenliyorlar\u2026Stahanov hareketi \u00fclkemiz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve teknik geli\u015fiminin ilk -ger\u00e7i hen\u00fcz zay\u0131f- ama yine de e\u011filimlerini i\u00e7inde saklamas\u0131yla \u00f6nem kazan\u0131yor.\u201d[8]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

    Devrimi, faaliyetini s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerini do\u011fru g\u00f6zleyerek, bulundu\u011fu mevziyi bir ad\u0131m daha ilerletebilmek i\u00e7in uygun kararlar alarak bir plan dahilinde \u00f6rg\u00fctleyerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve partisi, in\u015fa s\u00fcrecini de ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Stahanovlar kendili\u011finden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan unsurlard\u0131 ama tam da planl\u0131 iktisadi faaliyet etarf\u0131nda seferber olan toplumsal hareketi yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Kapitalizmin hi\u00e7 kurtulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iktisadi krizlerden Sovyet ekonomisini muaf tutan da Stahanov\u2019lar\u0131 do\u011furan plan ekonomisi olmu\u015ftu zaten. Planl\u0131 ekonomiden ilk kez s\u00f6z eden Lenin\u2019in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc do\u011fru \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; plan Sovyet iktisadi kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n olmazsa olmaz ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftu. Y\u00fcksek emek \u00fcretkenli\u011fi, ve isabetli taktiklerle 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nem planlar\u0131n\u0131n hedeflerine ba\u015far\u0131yla ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Hatta \u00e7o\u011fu kez bu hedeflerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in 5 y\u0131l\u0131n beklenmesi gerekmemi\u015fti. O d\u00f6nem Bir \u0130ngiliz dergisi \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cBe\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k plan\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak olgulard\u0131r. Harkov ve Stalingrad\u2019da trakt\u00f6r fabrikalar\u0131, Moskova ve Nijni Novgorod\u2019da otomobil fabrikas\u0131,<\/em> Dinyeper enerji santrali, Kuznetsk\u2019te devasa \u00e7elik d\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneleri, bir Sovyet Ruhr Havzas\u0131 olma yolunda ilerleyen Ural\u2019daki makine kimya fabrikalar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131\u2026. Sovyet end\u00fcstrisinin iyi sulanan bir bitki gibi b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r\u2026\u201d[9]<\/a> <\/em>Bir Amerikan dergisinde ise \u015funlar yaz\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131: \u201c\u00dclkenin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc tam anlam\u0131yla tan\u0131mayacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fiyor\u2026 Bu y\u00fczlerce yeni asfaltlanm\u0131\u015f cadde ve meydanlar\u0131, yeni evleri, yeni banliy\u00f6leri ve varo\u015flarda yeni fabrikalar\u0131yla Moskova i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda daha az \u00f6nemli ba\u015fka kentler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bozk\u0131r ve \u00e7\u00f6l ortas\u0131nda, say\u0131lar\u0131 en az elliye varan, n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 50 binden 250 bine kadar olan kentler kurulmu\u015ftur\u2026 Sovyetler Birli\u011finde ovalarda yol g\u00f6sterici olan art\u0131k, kilise kuleleri ve ha\u00e7lar\u0131 de\u011fil, tah\u0131l konvey\u00f6rleri ve silo kulelerdir\u2026\u201d[10]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

    1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan SBKP Merkez Komitesi ve MKK Ortak Plenumunda yap\u0131lan, 1928\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren birinci be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k plan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirmesine g\u00f6re, geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi durumundaki sanayi d\u00fczeylerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oranlarla a\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Sovyetler Birli\u011fi hem sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi durumunu kat kat ge\u00e7mi\u015f hem de geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelere fark atm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Basit ve ucuz devlet, \u201cbir kopek\u2019in bile hesab\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tutumluluk\u201d sayesinde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde enerji santralleri, fabrikalar y\u00fckselmi\u015f \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim hacmi artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama bu zenginle\u015fme ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck ve kent emek\u00e7ilerinin refah d\u00fczeyini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden bir birikim s\u00fcreciyle olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yeni evler, kentler kurulmu\u015f, \u00fccretler artm\u0131\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yeniden \u00fcretiminin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ko\u015fullar\u0131 y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f ve daha \u00f6nemlisi m\u00fchendisler, doktorlar, mimarlar gibi yeni sistemin ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 ve teknisyenlerini yeti\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, s\u0131n\u0131f kollar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131vam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 eve ba\u011flayan geleneksel ve kurumsal ba\u011flar k\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin alan\u0131 geni\u015flemi\u015f, geli\u015fimlerinin \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda yerlerini alm\u0131\u015flar ve Sovyetlerde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmek ve sosyalist in\u015fan\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmak \u00fczere konumlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    \u00dclkenin \u201csosyalizmin ekonomik esaslar\u0131n\u0131n kurulaca\u011f\u0131 geni\u015f ana caddeye\u201d \u00e7\u0131kabildi\u011fi bir zaman dilimiydi bu.<\/p>\n

    Sovyetlerin iktisadi kalk\u0131nma \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc kapitalist geli\u015fmenin durumu, sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ko\u015fullar, kent ve k\u0131r s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fkinlik d\u00fczeyi gibi ay\u0131rt edici fakt\u00f6rler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, \u00f6rne\u011fin geli\u015fmi\u015f bir kapitalist \u00fclkenin veya asl\u0131nda herhangi bir \u00fclkenin devrim sonras\u0131ndaki muhtemel durumuna benzemeyebilir. Sosyalist in\u015fa \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin somut d\u00fczeyi ve s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n seyrine g\u00f6re her co\u011frafya da farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterecektir. Bu y\u00fczden i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ilk iktidar tecr\u00fcbesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00f6sterdiklerini bir \u015fablon olarak mutlakla\u015ft\u0131rmaktansa, her d\u00f6neme\u00e7te izlenen yolun al\u0131nan karar ve uygulanan taktiklerin; sosyalist iktisada kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 normlar\u0131n toplam bir tecr\u00fcbe hanesine yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 en do\u011fru y\u00f6ntem olacakt\u0131r. Sovyet i\u015f\u00e7ileri bize kapitalizmin cenderesi alt\u0131nda uyutulan g\u00fc\u00e7lerini nas\u0131l uyand\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00f6zg\u00fcr geli\u015fiminin yolunu nas\u0131l a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 nas\u0131l ve hangi y\u00f6ntemlerle defettiklerini, di\u011fer halk s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirdiklerini kendi \u00fclkelerinin \u00f6zg\u00fcl ko\u015fullar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdiler. Temel olan, bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirmenin kendisidir.<\/p>\n

    \u0130ktisadi kalk\u0131nma \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmenin elzem ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biriydi. \u0130kincisi ise, kendi kaderini art\u0131k kendisinin belirlemek istedi\u011fini bir devrim yaparak deklare eden i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131na karar verece\u011fi; \u00fcretim ve b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sisteminin nas\u0131l d\u00fczenlenece\u011fine; toplumsal hayat\u0131n nas\u0131l in\u015fa edilece\u011fine do\u011frudan do\u011fruya m\u00fcdahil olabilece\u011fi kurumlar\u0131 yaratmalar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu kurumlar 1905 devriminden bu yana s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadelede elveri\u015fli bir ara\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan Sovyet \u00f6rg\u00fctleriydi.<\/p>\n

    SOVYET: GREV KOM\u0130TELER\u0130NDEN \u0130KT\u0130DAR ORGANLARINA<\/strong><\/p>\n

    5 Ocak 1905\u2019te Putilov fabrikalar\u0131nda i\u015ften at\u0131lan d\u00f6rt i\u015f\u00e7inin geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 talebiyle ba\u015flayan grevde i\u015f\u00e7iler birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki taleplerine \u201c8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc, erkekler i\u00e7in 1 Ruble kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in 70 kopek asgari \u00fccret, mecburi fazla mesainin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, fazla mesaiye iki kat \u00fccret, sa\u011fl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi, i\u015f\u00e7ilere t\u0131bbi yard\u0131m\u201d[11]<\/a><\/em> gibi maddeler ekleyerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesini istediler. Putilov i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin bu talepleri sadece kendi i\u015fletmelerinde ilgi g\u00f6ren talepler de\u011fildi. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m Rusya\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok fabrikaya yay\u0131ld\u0131. 8 Ocak g\u00fcn\u00fc 176 fabrika ve atelyede 96 bin i\u015f\u00e7i greve \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha grevin ilk g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 miting yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu mitinglere kat\u0131lan binlerce i\u015f\u00e7i siyasal sloganlar da atmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Grev b\u00f6lgelerinde aral\u0131ks\u0131z s\u00fcren toplant\u0131larda i\u015f\u00e7iler genel oyla se\u00e7ilen bir kurucu meclisin toplanmas\u0131, Japonya ile sava\u015fa son verilmesi, siyasal m\u00fclteci ve tutuklular i\u00e7in genel af, bas\u0131n ve vicdan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, toplant\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme hakk\u0131 gibi ba\u015fl\u0131ca siyasal taleplerde uzla\u015fm\u0131\u015flar ve bunlar\u0131 \u00c7ar\u2019a sunmak \u00fczere dilek\u00e7e haline getirmi\u015flerdi. Ne var ki dilek\u00e7eyi bir miting kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla K\u0131\u015fl\u0131k Saray\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcren i\u015f\u00e7iler vah\u015fi bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya maruz kald\u0131lar. Tarihe Kanl\u0131 Pazar olarak ge\u00e7en olay s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ancak bu, i\u015f\u00e7i grevlerinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeyi ba\u015faramad\u0131. Grevler genel greve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sadece St. Petersburg\u2019da grevci i\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131 150 bine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi merkezlerine, madenlere, dokuma fabrikalar\u0131na, demiryollar\u0131na, f\u0131r\u0131n ve doklara, belediye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na, ma\u011faza ve b\u00fcro \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na kadar yay\u0131lan eylemler, Polonya ve Balt\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinden Kafkasya\u2019ya kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6lgeyi kapl\u0131yordu. Kendili\u011finden ba\u015flayan grev dalgas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda demiryolu i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin kurdu\u011fu grev komitesinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fveren zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma karar\u0131 ald\u0131ktan sonra i\u015f\u00e7iler Panrus Demiryolu i\u015f\u00e7ileri birli\u011fini kurarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler.<\/p>\n

    Belli ki uzun s\u00fcrecek bir grevi y\u00f6netme ihtiyac\u0131 giderek di\u011fer i\u015f sekt\u00f6rlerinde de yeni \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Rusya\u2019da o s\u0131ralarda grev \u00f6ncesinde veya s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f sendikal nitelikte \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler hen\u00fcz yoktu. Birbiri pe\u015fi s\u0131ra kurulan grev komiteleri kendi i\u015fyerlerindeki grevin d\u00fczenli bir bi\u00e7imde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin birli\u011finin ve eylem s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki disiplininin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdi. Yan\u0131 s\u0131ra fabrika komiteleri di\u011fer fabrikalar\u0131 da dola\u015farak hen\u00fcz grevde olmayan i\u015f\u00e7ileri eyleme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Grevin ilk g\u00fcnlerinde \u201csadece Ukrayna\u2019da Brjansker \u00e7elik fabrikalar\u0131nda, Kharkov\u2019da lokomotif fabrikalar\u0131nda, Kiev\u2019de G\u00fcney Rusya Makine \u0130malat\u0131 Fabrikas\u0131nda, Nikolayev tersanelerinde 30\u2019un \u00fczerinde i\u015f\u00e7i komitesi kurulmu\u015ftu.\u201d[12]<\/a><\/em> Bu komitelerin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 yoktu. Ancak komitele\u015fme giri\u015fimleri ilerleyen g\u00fcnlerde daha geni\u015f birlik ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin ihtiya\u00e7 haline gelmesiyle hedefini b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler art\u0131k i\u015fkollar\u0131 d\u00fczeyinde de \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar: \u201c1905 ilkbahar\u0131nda Moskova ve St. Petersburg\u2019da ve di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sendikalar\u0131n k\u00f6keninde \u00e7o\u011fu zaman fabrika i\u015f\u00e7ileri komiteleri ve i\u015fkollar\u0131 delegeleri konseyleri vard\u0131\u201d[13]<\/a><\/em> Ancak bu daha ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7t\u0131; grevler bir kentin tamam\u0131na yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli fabrikalardan se\u00e7ilen delegelerle olu\u015fturulan kent \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki bir grev komitesinde birle\u015fme e\u011filimi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve bu e\u011filim giderek yay\u0131ld\u0131. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta tek bir eylemi y\u00f6netmeyi \u00fcstlenen, kentteki b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015fletmeleri ve fabrikalar\u0131 temsil eden bu komiteler, eylem ve grevler b\u00fct\u00fcn bir y\u0131la yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn bir kentte i\u015f\u00e7i inisiyatifini \u00f6rg\u00fctleyecek bi\u00e7imde kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015ft\u0131lar. Sovyet\u2019ler, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tek tek fabrikalarda olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 grev komitelerinin delegasyon sistemiyle birle\u015ferek \u015fehir d\u00fczeyinde olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 eylem komiteleriydi.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminin sonradan uygulamaya yana\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131 vaatlerine ra\u011fmen i\u015f\u00e7i komiteleri kendilerini da\u011f\u0131tmad\u0131lar. Ekim ay\u0131nda grevler doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Lenin\u2019in 1917 Nisan\u0131\u2019ndan sonra iktidar organlar\u0131 olarak ilan etti\u011fi Sovyet sisteminin ilham al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f en geli\u015fkin halini temsil eden St. Petersburg Sovyetinin 14 Ekim toplant\u0131s\u0131nda 40 b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fyerinden 80-90 delege, ertesi g\u00fcn ise 96 fabrika ve atelyeden 226 delege haz\u0131r bulunuyordu. Kendisine i\u015f\u00e7i temsilcileri konseyi ad\u0131n\u0131 veren bu temsili olu\u015fum grevlerin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini \u00fcstlenmekten siyasi her konuda tutum belirleyen bir yerel i\u015f\u00e7i parlamentosuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. St. Petersburg modeli Rusya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer sanayi merkezleri taraf\u0131ndan izlenmekle kalmad\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i grevlerine yan\u0131t veren k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve askerler de ayr\u0131 konseyler olu\u015fturdular. B\u00fct\u00fcn Rusya halk\u0131 hem iktisadi talepleri hem de siyasi talepleri i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ederken h\u0131zla \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmekteydi. Bol\u015feviklerin \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Vperyod gazetesi ezilen uluslar\u0131n da \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7ti\u011fini yaz\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    Partinin 1905\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kongresinde Bol\u015fevikler bir kurucu meclis kurulmas\u0131 talebini y\u00fckseltme karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Lenin Haziran\u2019da, \u201cbu slogan (Kurucu Meclis) \u015fu sloganlarla ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunmaktad\u0131r\u201d<\/em> diye yazar: \u201cbirincisi; \u00c7arl\u0131k otokrasisinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, ikincisi; onun yerine demokratik bir cumhuriyetin ge\u00e7irilmesi, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc; demokratik bir anayasa ile korunan halk\u0131n egemenli\u011fi, yani en \u00fcst h\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkisinin tamamen halk temsilcilerinden olu\u015fan tek bir yasama meclisinin elinde toplanmas\u0131\u2026\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

    Bol\u015fevikler Rusya\u2019da bulunan \u00e7e\u015fitli siyasi partilere sempati duyan ya da politika ile ilgisi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmayan i\u015f\u00e7i kitleleri aras\u0131nda bu sloganlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Oscar Anweiler\u2019e g\u00f6re o s\u0131ralarda Petersburg, Odessa Baki ve G\u00fcney Rusya\u2019daki konseylerde Men\u015feviklerin; Moskova, Kostroma, Tver ve Don b\u00f6lgesinde ise Bol\u015feviklerin etkisi s\u00f6z konusuydu. 1917 \u015eubat Devrimi\u2019nden sonra liberal burjuvaziyle iktidar\u0131 payla\u015facak olan Sosyalist devrimciler ise her yerde az\u0131nl\u0131ktayd\u0131. Bu durum siyasi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sovyet\/Konsey \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinde devrimin hedefleri, \u00e7izgisi ve taktikleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015faretidir. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar baz\u0131 kentlerde, kent Sovyetlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kurulan semt ve \u00e7evre konseyleri de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yerel birimlere kadar yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler \u00c7ar\u0131n s\u00f6zde bir \u00f6d\u00fcn olarak teklif etti\u011fi liberal Bulygin dumas\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131p kat\u0131lmamay\u0131, kurucu meclisin nas\u0131l kurulaca\u011f\u0131 gibi genel ve devlet y\u00f6netimine ili\u015fkin politik sorunlar\u0131 ele ald\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, kendi semt ve mahallelerindeki g\u00fcndelik hayata ili\u015fkin sorunlar\u0131 da \u00e7\u00f6zmek \u00fczere mesai harcamakta, grev fonu olu\u015fturmakta, kap\u0131 kap\u0131 dola\u015farak b\u00fct\u00fcn semt halk\u0131n\u0131 harekete ve karar s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131lma konusunda heveslendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131na, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin grev s\u00fcresince ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, \u00c7arl\u0131k otokrasisiyle m\u00fccadele y\u00f6ntemleri, i\u015f\u00e7i ailelerinin gereksinimleri, dayan\u0131\u015fma kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme sorunlar\u0131, konseylerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u015fleyi\u015finin d\u00fczenlenmesi vb. hemen her \u015fey dahil edilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

    K\u0131sacas\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta grev ve genel grevi y\u00f6netmek \u00fczere m\u00fccadele organlar\u0131 olarak kurulan ve grevler devrimci bir dalgaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ferek b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde devrim organlar\u0131 halini alan ve 1917\u2019de birer iktidar organ\u0131 bi\u00e7imine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek olan Sovyetler, kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren h\u0131zla, pek uzak olmayan bir tarihteki bi\u00e7imleni\u015flerine dair i\u015faretleri r\u00fc\u015feym halinde b\u00fcnyelerinde bar\u0131nd\u0131maktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

    1905 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca o s\u0131ralar illegal ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bol\u015fevik Partinin sloganlar\u0131 genel bir onay g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Petersburg Sovyetinin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 genelgede \u201cSava\u015f halindeki devrimci proletarya Rus halk\u0131 sa\u011flam temellere oturtulmu\u015f siyasal haklardan yararlanmad\u0131k\u00e7a, proletaryan\u0131n sosyalizm m\u00fccadelesinin geni\u015flemesi i\u00e7in en uygun yol olan demokratik cumhuriyet kurulmad\u0131k\u00e7a silahlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmayacakt\u0131r\u201d[14]<\/a><\/em> ifadeleri yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    Rejim yasalar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok bak\u0131mdan art\u0131k pek h\u00fckm\u00fc kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i komiteleri ve Sovyetler grevin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri talepleri fabrika y\u00f6netimini ele ge\u00e7irdikleri yerlerde kendileri hayata ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdi. Kurucu Meclis ise tabanda kurulmu\u015f gibiydi. Sovyet y\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ayaklanma karar\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, o zamana kadar bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6sterileri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc bir hamle yapmaktan \u00e7ekinen \u00c7arl\u0131k otokrasisi militarist kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi. Lenin\u2019in deyimiyle \u201cMoskova Sovyeti\u2019nin y\u00f6netti\u011fi\u201d, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kahramanl\u0131k ve cesaretle kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 1905 hareketi i\u00e7inde i\u015f\u00e7iler o kadar ileri gitmi\u015fti ki kimi b\u00f6lgelerde Valiyi ve polis m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kovalayarak Cumhuriyeti fiilen ilan ettiler.<\/p>\n

    Bol\u015fevik Parti\u2019nin, \u00e7e\u015fitli siyasi partilere sempati ya da ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k duyan, \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7eli\u015fkili, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel arka planlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir kitle \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olan Sovyetler i\u00e7indeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fi, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce partinin devrimci s\u00fcrecin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi a\u015famalara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak belirledi\u011fi taktiklerle y\u00fckseltilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Partili i\u015f\u00e7iler ve fonksiyonerler te\u015fhir, ajtiasyon ve propaganda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sayesinde Sovyetlerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini, hareketin seyrini belirlemi\u015f, bunlar\u0131 politikle\u015ftirmi\u015f, devrimin seyri hakk\u0131nda liberal ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva ak\u0131mlarla kitleler \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fmalar y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Sovyetlerin sendikal nitelikte bir birlikten giderek bir ayaklanma organ\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi bu sayede ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

    Lenin parti ve Sovyet organlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki hakk\u0131nda o zamanlar \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cSovyetlerin bile\u015fimini daraltmak de\u011fil tersine geni\u015fletmek; gemici ve erat temsilcilerine, k\u00f6yl\u00fclere, devrimci ayd\u0131nlara kucak a\u00e7maya te\u015fvik etmek gerekir\u2026 Bu geni\u015f ve \u00e7e\u015fitli bile\u015fimden korkmuyoruz, hatta bunu diliyoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc proletaryan\u0131n ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ittifak\u0131 olmadan sosyal demokratlar ve devrimci demokratlar m\u00fccadelede yak\u0131nla\u015fmadan b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus devriminin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r. Belki yan\u0131l\u0131yorum ama…bana \u00f6yle geliyor ki \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Temsilcileri Konseyi, siyasal bak\u0131mdan b\u00fct\u00fcn Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7ici devrim h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin bir \u00e7ekirde\u011fi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeli ya da (farkl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ayn\u0131 kap\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kar) bir ge\u00e7ici devrim h\u00fck\u00fcmeti yaratmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u201d[15]<\/a><\/em> 1905 Devriminin ko\u015fullar\u0131nda Sovyetler i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck i\u00e7inde etkili b\u00fct\u00fcn siyasi fraksiyonlar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bol\u015feviklerin de bu kesimlerle ittifak ilkeleri ve taleplerini korurken ayn\u0131 zamanda kitle \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen ideolojik ve siyasi m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6zellikleri konusunda deneyim kazand\u0131klar\u0131 zemin oldu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin grevi y\u00f6netmek, e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcm i\u00e7inde bulunmak amac\u0131yla kurduklar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i komiteleri bir m\u00fccadele organ\u0131 olmakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 hedeflerini giderek bir ayaklanma organ\u0131 olmaya kadar geni\u015fletmi\u015fler ve sonra da, Lenin\u2019in erken \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi iktidar organ\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme potansiyelini de a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

    1905 Devrimi kanla bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sovyet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi \u00f6nemli bir miras ve deneyim b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonraki \u201ckaranl\u0131k gericilik y\u0131llar\u0131nda\u201d uzun s\u00fcre yaralar\u0131n\u0131 sarmaya ve yeniden toparlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Rus i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve emek\u00e7ileri f\u0131rsat bulduklar\u0131 ilk anda yeniden grevlere \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. En k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir grevde bile bu deneyimi hat\u0131rlayarak komitele\u015fmeye, grevleri yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131racak organlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Nihayet 1917 \u015eubat Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda 1905 Devriminin \u00fcnl\u00fc Petersburg Sovyeti yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Onu elbette di\u011ferleri izledi.<\/p>\n

    \u00d6yle ki \u015eubat Devriminden sonra ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kuran liberal burjuvazi, Men\u015fevik ve Sosyalist Devrimci ittifak\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve asker temsilcilerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Sovyet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri bu kritik d\u00f6nemde h\u00fck\u00fcmete a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan bas\u0131n\u00e7 uygulayan organlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve sonra da \u0130kili \u0130ktidar tablosunu olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmet kendilerinden beklenti i\u00e7indeki emek\u00e7ilerin taleplerini yerine getirmedi\u011fi gibi 1917 Temmuzunda y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f yapan i\u015f\u00e7ilere sald\u0131r\u0131 emri verdi\u011finde Sovyet \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcyle h\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131ndaki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ba\u011f koptu. \u0130ktidar\u0131n Sovyet i\u00e7indeki uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan Men\u015fevik ve sosyalist Devrimci partilerin etkiledi\u011fi i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Sovyetlerde \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7ilerin Bol\u015feviklere yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yd\u0131. O s\u0131ralarda Kurucu Meclis\u2019i bile toplamaya cesaret edemeyen H\u00fck\u00fcmeti y\u0131kma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapan Bol\u015feviklerin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 geni\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve asker kesimlerinden kuvvetli bir yan\u0131t alacakt\u0131. Partinin hareket slogan\u0131 \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn iktidar Sovyetlere\u201d art\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcn yurtta politik bir talep olarak yank\u0131lan\u0131r olmu\u015ftu. B\u00f6ylece art\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7i k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve asker Sovyetleri devrimci iktidar\u0131n kurucu organlar\u0131 d\u00fczeyine y\u00fckselmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

    1917 Ekim Devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi andan itibaren Sovyetler yeni devletin \u00f6rg\u00fctleyici, kurucu ve y\u00f6netici organlar\u0131 haline geldiler. Halk Komiserleri Ba\u015fkan\u0131- Lenin imzas\u0131yla devrimden hemen sonra yay\u0131nlanan bildiride \u015fu ifadeler yer ald\u0131: \u201cYolda\u015flar, emek\u00e7i halk<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u201cArt\u0131k devletin ba\u015f\u0131nda sizler, kendiniz vars\u0131n\u0131z; bunu bilin. E\u011fer sizler bir araya gelip devletin t\u00fcm i\u015flerini ellerinize almazsan\u0131z ba\u015fka kimse sizlere yard\u0131m edemez. Bu andan itibaren sizin kendi Sovyetleriniz tam yetkili bir devlet otoritesi ve yasama organlar\u0131d\u0131r. Sovyetlerinizde toplan\u0131n. Onlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirin, en tabandan ba\u015flay\u0131n, kimseyi beklemeyin. Devrimci yasall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00fczeni en s\u0131k\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kurun. \u00dcretim ve kay\u0131t i\u015fleri \u00fczerinde s\u0131k\u0131 bir denetim kurun. \u00dcretimi sabote etme, hububat y\u00fckl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 durdurma, posta telgraf ve telefon hizmetlerini ve demiryolu \u015febekelerini bozup aksatmaya y\u00f6nelme gibileri de dahil b\u00fcy\u00fck bar\u0131\u015f davam\u0131za, topraklar\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclere verme, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00fcretimi \u00fczerinde i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi kurma davam\u0131za diren\u00e7 g\u00f6steren t\u00fcm halk\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na zarar veren unsurlar\u0131 tutuklay\u0131p devrimci mahkemelere teslim edin. <\/em><\/p>\n

    Yolda\u015flar,<\/em> \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, askerler, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve t\u00fcm emek\u00e7i halk<\/em><\/p>\n

    T\u00fcm iktidar\u0131n kendi Sovyetlerinizin eline al\u0131n. Dikkatli olun bundan sonra t\u00fcm\u00fcyle sizin mal\u0131n\u0131z, kamu mal\u0131 olan topra\u011f\u0131, fabrikalar\u0131, techizat\u0131, \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve nakliye ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fcn bebe\u011fi gibi koruyun. Sonra zamanla k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun r\u0131za ve onay\u0131 ile onlar\u0131n ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin pratik deneyimleri ile uyum sa\u011flayarak sa\u011flam ve geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclemez bir bi\u00e7imde ileriye, sosyalizmin zaferine do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcyece\u011fiz. Ki bu zaferimiz en uygar \u00fclkelerin ileri i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin katk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da damgas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yacak, halklara sonsuz bar\u0131\u015f getirecek, onlar\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bask\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden kurtaracakt\u0131r\u2026\u201d[16]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

    Sovyetler art\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 demokrasisinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca organlar\u0131yd\u0131lar. Parti b\u00fct\u00fcn halk\u0131, emek\u00e7ileri Sovyetlerde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor, fabrikalardaki denetimden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme s\u00fcrecine i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetle kitleler aras\u0131ndaki organik ili\u015fkinin g\u00fcvencesini bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. \u201cSosyalist sistemi yaratmaya y\u00f6nelik yeni, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6revlerine d\u00f6rt elle sar\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d<\/em> i\u00e7in te\u015fvik edilen Sovyetler; ayr\u0131ca \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f di\u011fer halk \u00f6rg\u00fctleri olan kom\u00fcnler, fabrikalar, k\u00f6yler, t\u00fcketim topluluklar\u0131, ikmal komiteleri ile birlikte \u201ceme\u011fin ve \u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn muhasebe ve denetiminde pratik \u00f6rg\u00fctleyiciler olarak\u201d g\u00f6reve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmaktayd\u0131lar. Lenin\u2019in deyimiyle program gayet basit ve a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: Herkesin ekme\u011fi olacak, herkesin sa\u011flam bir ayakkab\u0131s\u0131, iyi bir giyece\u011fi, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sokaca\u011f\u0131 bir yuvas\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Herkes d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak ama aylak s\u0131n\u0131flara yer olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte uzman, meslekten siyaset\u00e7i ve teknokratlar\u0131n devlet y\u00f6netmenin karma\u015f\u0131k bir mekanizmay\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmek anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fine dair yayd\u0131klar\u0131 hurafeye kar\u015f\u0131n Sovyet iktidar\u0131, devleti y\u00f6netmenin \u201cherhangi bir a\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kad\u0131n\u201d\u0131n bile c\u00fcret edebilece\u011fi kadar basit ve kolay\u201d oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktayd\u0131. G\u00fcvencesi ise i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilere tan\u0131nan geni\u015f inisiyatifti. Bu bak\u0131mdan devrimin hemen ertesinde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan genelgede herhangi bir organa se\u00e7ilen temsilciyi, kendisini se\u00e7enlerin taleplerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rma hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. 1918\u2019de faaliyete ba\u015flayan Kurucu Meclisin kararlar\u0131ndan ilki \u015f\u00f6yle form\u00fcle edilmi\u015ftir: \u201cBundan b\u00f6yle Rusya i\u015f\u00e7i asker ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc vekilleri Sovyetleri Cumhuriyeti olarak an\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Merkezi ve yerel olarak t\u00fcm iktidar Sovyetlere aittir\/ Rus Sovyet cumhuriyeti \u00f6zg\u00fcr uluslar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrce birli\u011fi ilkesi \u00fczerine Sovyet ulusal cumhuriyetleri federasyonu olarak kurulmu\u015ftur.\u201d[17]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

    Bu bildirgede belirlenen ama\u00e7lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi, m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilerek sosyalist in\u015fan\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin kendilerine ait bir iktidar\u0131n yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelmesinden ge\u00e7mektedir. Sovyet demokrasisi di\u011fer kapitalist \u00fclkelerdeki, yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin birbirinden ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 prensibine dayal\u0131; bu t\u00fcrden \u00f6zel g\u00f6revlerin yetkilendirilmi\u015f b\u00fcrokratlarca y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan emek\u00e7ilerin, bile\u015fiminin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda, kendisinin belirlemedi\u011fi adaylar i\u00e7in oy kullanmak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir rol\u00fcn\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 parlamenter burjuva demokrasisinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 alternatifiydi. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019nde ilk kez uygulanan bu demokrasi kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u0131radan ve etkisiz se\u00e7menlere indirgenmiyor tersine kendi devletini y\u00f6netme, yasalar\u0131n\u0131 belirleme ve ayn\u0131 zamanda al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler \u00fcstleniyordu. B\u00f6yle bir demokratik mekanizma, se\u00e7ilmi\u015f bir temsilcinin ilelebet ayn\u0131 yerde kalarak b\u00fcrokratla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve devlet i\u015finin, giderek temsil etti\u011fi kitlelerden kopan bu ki\u015filer sayesinde bir meslek mertebesine yeniden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6nleyecekti.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lk Sovyet Anayasas\u0131 Sovyet iktidar\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini g\u00fcvenceye alan bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f; Ekim Devrimini yapan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 da belgelemi\u015ftir. Ve Lenin \u201cen burjuva demokratik \u00fclkeden daha demokratik bir \u00fclke\u201d<\/em> yaratt\u0131k derken son derece hakl\u0131d\u0131r. Sovyet sistemi; vekil adayl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve parasal g\u00fcc\u00fcn belirledi\u011fi, emek\u00e7ilerin bir burjuva partiye kar\u015f\u0131 di\u011ferini ye\u011flemeye zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kendilerini temsil eden partiler i\u00e7in dar s\u00fczge\u00e7lerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, iki se\u00e7im aras\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7te se\u00e7menlerin inisiyatifine hi\u00e7bir kanal\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 burjuva demokrasisinin tarihsel miyad\u0131n\u0131n doldu\u011funu ilan etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    B\u00f6ylece kapitalizmin canl\u0131 \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri yani bilimin, teknolojinin, sanat\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu halde b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan; Marx\u2019\u0131n deyimiyle insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisini orada yitirdi\u011fi proletarya, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc insani yetene\u011fini k\u00f6relterek inisiyatifini k\u0131ran kapitalist cenderenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, sahip oldu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn potansiyeli yo\u011fun bir enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilece\u011fi iktisadi ve siyasi zemini in\u015fa etmek \u00fczere, \u201ckimseden yard\u0131m beklemeden\u201d aya\u011fa kalkabilme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu. Bir zamanlar k\u00f6hnemi\u015f bir sistemi y\u0131karak yeni bir d\u00fczenin ilk tu\u011flas\u0131n\u0131 bu zemine kendi elleriyle koydu.<\/p>\n

    D\u00fcnya kapitalistlerinin, Ekim Devrimini ve bir zamanlar i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n egemen s\u0131n\u0131f olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f devasa ad\u0131mlar\u0131 unutturma ve onu tarihin bir kazas\u0131 veya d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f bir sapma olarak alg\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7abalara ra\u011fmen sosyalizm b\u00fct\u00fcn birikimi ve ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde duruyor. S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Rusya-Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki eski ku\u015faklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenerek aya\u011fa kalkm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6rg\u00fctsel silahlar\u0131n\u0131 ve ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015f, iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin m\u00fclk\u00fcne el koymu\u015f, yeni bir devlet kurmu\u015f ve d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck deste\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    Sovyetler Birli\u011fi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in izledi\u011fi y\u00f6ntemler, onlar\u0131n ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar ve \u201cacil g\u00f6revler\u201dle ba\u015f edebilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nlerindeki yolu katederken not d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri dersler bug\u00fcn de d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131ymetli bir k\u0131lavuz niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yor. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n iktisadi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc konumlan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sosyalist in\u015fa s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6zg\u00fcn ad\u0131mlar at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmesi bu devasa tecr\u00fcbenin, sadece ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel ko\u015fullarla a\u00e7\u0131klanan bir ger\u00e7eklik oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n

    Marx ve Engels daha 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019da kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n, onu kendi y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini analiz etmi\u015fler d\u00fcnyay\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 devrimlerinin bekledi\u011fi sonucunu bu analizden \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ekim Devrimi bu bilimsel tespiti do\u011frulayan ilk ger\u00e7ekliktir. Ama sonuncusu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, olmayacakt\u0131r da.<\/p>\n

    S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn giderek artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Sovyetlerin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan sonraki ko\u015fullar\u0131 kendisi i\u00e7in nimete \u00e7evirerek yeni sermaye birikimleri yaratmak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya emek\u00e7ilerinin al\u0131n terine ve art\u0131 de\u011ferine el koyan ve bir sava\u015f makinas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen kapitalizm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcrece burjuvazinin s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerinden kurtulmas\u0131n\u0131n imkan\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sosyalizm de bu s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin \u00e7ok uzakta durmayan hedefi olmaya devam edecektir.<\/p>\n

    Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki sosyalist in\u015fa s\u00fcreci, kapitalizmin geli\u015fmelerini k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn, \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisinde yitirildi\u011fi proletarya\u201dy\u0131 aya\u011fa kald\u0131rarak nas\u0131l ve hangi y\u00f6ntemlerle a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk tecr\u00fcbesi olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n defter-i kebirine bir kez kaydedildi. Bu tarih defterine yaz\u0131lanlar kurgusal teorilerle, bo\u015f iddialarla, kafa kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 trafik lambalar\u0131 dikmek suretiyle ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lacak hafiflikte de\u011fildir. Onu s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerinin bir sonucu, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karan \u015fekilsiz \u00fctopyaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek de i\u015fe yaramayacakt\u0131r. Madem ki kapitalizm kendi mezar kaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 her g\u00fcn yaratmak zorundad\u0131r, sosyalizm de insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fi olmaya devam edecektir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fcp bakmak, unutulan\u0131 hat\u0131rlamak gelecek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n

    Meselenin \u00f6z\u00fc Lenin\u2019in ifadeleriyle \u015fuydu, ve hep \u00f6yle de kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cKapitalistin kap\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 edildi\u011fi ya da ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir i\u015f\u00e7i denetimi sayesinde elinin kolunun ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 her fabrika, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc toprak sahibinin hakk\u0131ndan gelinip topraklar\u0131na el konuldu\u011fu her k\u00f6y, ancak bundan sonra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan insan\u0131n yeteneklerini ortaya koyabilece\u011fi, g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcn\u00fc dimdik gerebilece\u011fi ve insan oldu\u011funun fark\u0131na varaca\u011f\u0131 alanlar haline gelecektir… \u2018Alelade insanlar\u0131n\u2019, \u2018alelade i\u015f\u00e7ilerin\u2019 ve yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, sosyalist devrimin \u00fczerlerine y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck, d\u00fcnya tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekten kahramanca \u00f6rg\u00fctsel g\u00f6revleri ba\u015farmas\u0131n\u0131 olanaks\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. Kapitalistlere ve kapitalist devlete u\u015fakl\u0131k etmeye al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olanlar \u2018bizsiz yapamazs\u0131nz\u2019 diyorlar. Yaln\u0131zca \u2018\u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar\u2019\u0131n, yalnzca zenginlerin, yaln\u0131zca zengin okullar\u0131na gidenlerin devleti y\u00f6netebilece\u011fi… yolundaki o k\u00f6hnemi\u015f, sa\u00e7ma, vah\u015fi ve tiksindirici \u00f6nyarg\u0131y\u0131 ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun yerle bir etmeliyiz…\u201d[18]<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels \u2013 Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu, \u00e7ev: Y\u0131lmaz Onay, Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n, 6. Bask\u0131- 2011; sf. 62<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Agy, sf. 71<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> Lenin, Ekim Devrimi Dosyas\u0131, \u00e7ev: Kenan Somer, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131-Ekim 1999 s. 341<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> Lenin, Agy, s. 355<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> Stalin, Eserler, Cilt 7, \u00e7ev: \u0130smail Yark\u0131n, \u0130nter Yay\u0131nlar\u0131-1991, s.249<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> Stalin, Agy, s. 246<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> Stalin, Agy. S. 267<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> Stalin, Eserler Cilt 14, \u0130nter Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7ev: S\u00fcheyla Kaya, \u0130smail Yark\u0131n, Aral\u0131k 1993, s. 47<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> Stalin, Eserler Cilt 13, \u0130nter Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7ev: Saliha N. Kaya, \u0130smail Yark\u0131n, Aral\u0131k 1992, s. 153<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> Stalin, Eserler Cilt 13, \u0130nter Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00e7ev: Saliha N. Kaya, \u0130smail Yark\u0131n, Aral\u0131k 1992, s. 155<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> Lenin, 1905 Devrimi \u00dczerine Yaz\u0131lar, \u00e7ev: Rag\u0131p Zaral\u0131, Y\u00f6ntem Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Nisan 1976, (Dijital kopya)<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> Oscar Anweiler, Rusya\u2019da Sovyetler, \u00e7ev: Temel Ke\u015fo\u011flu, Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Temmiz 1990, s. 70<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> Oscar Anweiler, Agy, s. 71<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> Oscar Anweiler, Agy, s. 95<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> Oscar Anweiler, Oscar Anweiler, Rusya\u2019da Sovyetler, \u00e7ev: Temel Ke\u015fo\u011flu, Ayr\u0131nt\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Temmiz 1990, s.122-123<\/p>\n

    (Anweiler bu G\u00f6revlerimiz \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Temsilcileri Konseyi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makaleyi Lenin\u2019in Novoja Zizn\u2019de bas\u0131lmak \u00fczere kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yaz\u0131n\u0131n Pravda\u2019da 5 Kas\u0131m 1940\u2019ta yeniden yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 not d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> Lenin, Halk\u0131n Devlet Y\u00f6netimine Kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00dczerine, NK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Nisan 2003, \u00e7ev: Metin \u00c7ulhao\u011flu, s. 56-57<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> Lenin, Agy, s. 72<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> Lenin, Agy, s. 63-71<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Nuray Sancar\u00a0 Marx ve Engels Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019da kapitalizmi ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerini tahlil ettikten sonra proletarya partileri i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 sonucu bir yol haritas\u0131 olarak form\u00fcle etmi\u015fler ve \u201cT\u00fcm \u00f6teki proletarya partileri gibi kom\u00fcnistlerin de ilk amac\u0131 proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f olarak olu\u015fmas\u0131, burjuva egemenli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve proletaryan\u0131n siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi\u2026\u201d[1] diye yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ekim Devrimi de bu yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 izlemi\u015ftir. Zincirlerinden ba\u015fka kaybedecek […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":349,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,370,338],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-348","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yazilar","category-kuram","category-nuray-sancar"],"yoast_head":"\nProletaryan\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri geli\u015ftirmek<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2017\/09\/05\/proletaryanin-sahsinda-uretici-gucleri-gelistirmek\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Proletaryan\u0131n \u015fahs\u0131nda \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri geli\u015ftirmek\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nuray Sancar\u00a0 Marx ve Engels Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019da kapitalizmi ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerini tahlil ettikten sonra proletarya partileri i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 sonucu bir yol haritas\u0131 olarak form\u00fcle etmi\u015fler ve \u201cT\u00fcm \u00f6teki proletarya partileri gibi kom\u00fcnistlerin de ilk amac\u0131 proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f olarak olu\u015fmas\u0131, burjuva egemenli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve proletaryan\u0131n siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi\u2026\u201d[1] diye yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ekim Devrimi de bu yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 izlemi\u015ftir. 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\u201cT\u00fcm \u00f6teki proletarya partileri gibi kom\u00fcnistlerin de ilk amac\u0131 proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f olarak olu\u015fmas\u0131, burjuva egemenli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve proletaryan\u0131n siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi\u2026\u201d[1] diye yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ekim Devrimi de bu yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 izlemi\u015ftir. 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