{"id":3447,"date":"2023-05-26T23:28:30","date_gmt":"2023-05-26T20:28:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3447"},"modified":"2023-05-26T23:28:57","modified_gmt":"2023-05-26T20:28:57","slug":"profesyonel-mesleklerin-serbest-dususu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/05\/26\/profesyonel-mesleklerin-serbest-dususu\/","title":{"rendered":"PROFESYONEL MESLEKLER\u0130N SERBEST D\u00dc\u015e\u00dc\u015e\u00dc"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arif Ko\u015far<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u0131p, hukuk, m\u00fchendislik, \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeli\u011fi gibi profesyonel meslekler, neredeyse Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015fundan bu yana daha iyi bir ya\u015fam\u0131n g\u00fcvencesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ortalaman\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir gelir, i\u015fyeri hiyerar\u015fisinde \u00fcst konumlar, ev, araba, yazl\u0131k sahibi olmak anlam\u0131na geldi. Profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131 (profesyoneller) gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda orta ya da ortan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde yer ald\u0131. Toplumsal stat\u00fcleri y\u00fcksekti. De\u011fer g\u00f6rd\u00fcler ve onlara sayg\u0131 duyuldu.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn, bu tablo, bir anda de\u011fil ama yine de olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, k\u00f6kl\u00fc bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fti. Orta s\u0131n\u0131f ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilen mesleklerdeki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f pek de s\u00fcrpriz de\u011fildi. Y\u00fckseli\u015f gibi, mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 kendilerine olan talebi a\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f de normaldi. Ancak, s\u00fcre\u00e7, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc alabildi\u011fine h\u0131zland\u0131ran ve bunu politik bir strateji haline getiren uygulamalarla birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. 1980 sonras\u0131 neoliberal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle h\u0131z kazand\u0131, 2000 sonras\u0131 AKP\u2019li y\u0131llarda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale geldi.<\/p>\n

Pandemi ve sonras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan profesyonel meslek toplulu\u011fu hekimler oldu. Kamuda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan hekimlerin gelirleri y\u00fckselen enflasyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda eridi. Pandemi zaten a\u011f\u0131r olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 daha da \u00e7ekilmez hale getirdi. Sa\u011fl\u0131kta \u015fiddet s\u0131radanla\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 24 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki pratisyen doktor Esin K. \u201cald\u0131\u011f\u0131m maa\u015f, lise mezunu birinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Bu y\u00fczden \u015fimdi Almanca \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidece\u011fim<\/em>\u201d diyordu.[1]<\/a> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ise \u015f\u00f6yle tarif etmi\u015fti:<\/p>\n

\u201cMezun oldu\u011fumda Sancaktepe\u2019de devlet hastanesi acil b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde mecburi hizmete ba\u015flad\u0131m. \u0130lk g\u00fcnlerde her gelen hastaya g\u00fcler y\u00fczle bak\u0131p, tedavisiyle ilgileniyordum. Sonra n\u00f6betler artt\u0131. Ayda 9-10 n\u00f6bet tutuyorduk. Baz\u0131 n\u00f6betlerde 150-200 hastaya bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 biliyorum. 6 dakikada bir hasta bak\u0131yorduk neredeyse. Nefes alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zamanlar oluyordu. Bir de hastalardan azar i\u015fitiyordum, hakaret duyuyordum. Hele, \u2018Benim vergilerimle sen buradas\u0131n\u2019 s\u00f6z\u00fc beni deli etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7o\u011fu n\u00f6betten a\u011flayarak eve gittim. T\u00fckenmi\u015flik sendromu ya\u015f\u0131yordum.<\/em>\u201d[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Gen\u00e7 doktor istisna de\u011fil. Toplumsal stat\u00fcn\u00fcn en \u00fcst s\u0131ralar\u0131nda yer alan[3]<\/a> ve orta s\u0131n\u0131f konumu tart\u0131\u015fma konusu dahi edilmeyen profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n -\u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7 \u00fcyelerinin- sayg\u0131 g\u00f6rmek bir yana azar i\u015fitmesi, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccretin yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 giderek tipik bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kazand\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok profesyonel meslek benzer bir durumla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. Gen\u00e7 avukatlar asgari \u00fccretle \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, m\u00fchendisler i\u015fsizlikle cebelle\u015fiyor, \u00f6\u011fretmenler ek i\u015fler yaparak ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flayabiliyor.<\/p>\n

Bu makalenin konusu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k neoliberal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcreci ve \u00f6zellikle AKP d\u00f6nemi ile a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan, profesyonel mesleklerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile form\u00fcle edebilece\u011fimiz genel e\u011filimler olacakt\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de istihdamdaki pay\u0131 h\u0131zla artan profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 (i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme\/proleterle\u015fme), kimi kazan\u0131m, g\u00fcvence ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, b\u00f6ylece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ortalamas\u0131na yak\u0131nsamas\u0131 \u00fczerinde durulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eunu belirtmek gerekir ki, farkl\u0131 profesyonel mesleklerin ortak e\u011filimlerini incelemek ister istemez a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 genelle\u015ftirme riskini i\u00e7erir. Her meslek teknik a\u00e7\u0131dan oldu\u011fu kadar, tarihsel \u015fekilleni\u015f bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6zg\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6te yandan, yine de, kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ve neoliberal politikalar\u0131n profesyonel meslekler \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 kimi ortak etkilerinden bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2. Profesyonel meslekler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Belli bir teorik ya da pratik e\u011fitim ile kazan\u0131lan, sistemli bilgi ve becerilere dayal\u0131, insanlara yararl\u0131 mal ya da hizmet \u00fcretmek ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gelir elde etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan, kurallar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f i\u015fe meslek<\/em> denir.[4]<\/a> \u0130ngilizce literat\u00fcrde iki farkl\u0131 meslek kavram\u0131 vard\u0131r: profession<\/em> ve occupation<\/em>. Occupation<\/em> terimi t\u00fcm meslekleri kapsayacak manada kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, profession<\/em> t\u0131p, hukuk ve m\u00fchendislik gibi sistematik bilgi ve y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim gerektiren meslekleri tan\u0131mlar. Bu makalede occupation<\/em>\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda meslek <\/em>(ya da u\u011fra\u015f, me\u015fguliyet), profession<\/em> i\u00e7inse profesyonel meslek <\/em>terimleri kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Alman Sosyolog Emile Durkheim 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mda, profesyonel meslek<\/em>leri k\u00e2r ya da gelir ama\u00e7l\u0131 iktisadi meslek<\/em>lerden ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re profesyonel meslekler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir meslek ahlak\u0131na sahipti. Faaliyetlerinin temel motivasyonu kamusal faydayd\u0131. Meslek ahlak\u0131 ile profesyonel meslek topluluklar\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma halindeki toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayacak temel unsurlard\u0131.[5]<\/a> Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin -biraz farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imler alm\u0131\u015f- izlerini erken cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminin kimi tart\u0131\u015fma ve uygulamalar\u0131nda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.<\/p>\n

Bir mesle\u011fin profesyonel mesle\u011fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, ancak d\u00fczenleme, denetim, kurumsalla\u015fma, tan\u0131nma gibi belirli toplumsal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur. ABD\u2019li e\u011fitimci Abraham Flexner\u2019\u0131n, 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD ve Kanada\u2019da t\u0131p e\u011fitimi \u00fczerine haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporla, t\u0131bb\u0131 ticarile\u015fmeden kurtar\u0131p bilimsel ve standart bir kurumsall\u0131\u011fa, di\u011fer deyi\u015fle profesyonelli\u011fe kavu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015fti. 155 t\u0131p fak\u00fcltesinin 33\u2019e indirilmesini; t\u0131p e\u011fitimine giri\u015f s\u0131nav ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131; bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin t\u0131p e\u011fitiminin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirilmesini; t\u0131p fak\u00fcltelerinin kliniklerin i\u015fleyi\u015finde yetkili k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, Amerikan T\u0131p Derne\u011fi\u2019nin t\u0131p e\u011fitiminin i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve prosed\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerinde yetkili olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015f ve bu \u00f6nerilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede uygulamaya ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece ABD\u2019de t\u0131p mesle\u011fi, devlet deste\u011fiyle geni\u015f bir kurumsall\u0131k ve profesyonellik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

Flexner\u2019a g\u00f6re, profesyonel meslek sistematik bilgiye dayanmal\u0131, ticari g\u00fcd\u00fclerden uzak durmal\u0131, e\u011fitim ve mesleki faaliyetinde standartlara sahip olmal\u0131yd\u0131:[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cT\u0131p, m\u00fchendislik, edebiyat, resim ve m\u00fczik kesinlikle profesyonel mesleklerdir. S\u0131hhi tesisat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k entelekt\u00fcel olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sosyal bir sonuca y\u00f6nelmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in profesyonel de\u011fildir. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k yetersiz bir bilim \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede k\u00e2r ama\u00e7l\u0131 oldu\u011fu, eczac\u0131l\u0131k birincil sorumlulu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sosyal hizmet mesle\u011fi ise kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc teknikleri bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in profesyonel meslek olarak kabul edilemez.<\/em>\u201d[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda bat\u0131 sosyolojisinde meslek kavram\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fatan temel kayg\u0131, piyasa ekonomisinin getirdi\u011fi ticarile\u015fme, kurals\u0131zl\u0131k, yozla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 rekabet ve denetimsizlik gibi tehlikelerin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, onu toplumsal b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme ve uyumun harc\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlamakt\u0131. Meslekler, piyasa ili\u015fkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 teknik yetkinlik ve tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k gibi \u00f6zelliklerini meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ve denetimiyle korumal\u0131yd\u0131.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yap\u0131sal-i\u015flevselci miras, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ana ak\u0131m meslek sosyolojisinde de uzun s\u00fcre etkili oldu. Bu ba\u011flamda profesyonel mesleklerin tan\u0131m\u0131nda be\u015f nitelik \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131:<\/p>\n

– Profesyonel meslekler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir meslek ahlak\u0131<\/em>na sahiptir.<\/p>\n

– Genellikle dernek ve oda gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– Profesyonel faaliyeti belirleyen \u015fey bireysel menfaat de\u011fil kamu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 ile mesleki ilke ve kurallard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

– Profesyonel i\u015flerinde \u00f6zerktir, en az\u0131ndan geni\u015f bir \u00f6zerk alana sahiptir. \u0130\u015fveren ya da y\u00f6netici de\u011fil ancak meslek \u00f6rg\u00fctleri taraf\u0131ndan denetlenebilirler.<\/p>\n

– Profesyonel bireysel \u00e7\u0131kar pe\u015finde ko\u015fmasa bile onlar\u0131 mesleki a\u00e7\u0131dan motive edecek maddi ya da manevi bir \u00f6d\u00fcl sistemi vard\u0131r.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Profesyonel mesleklere atfedilen bu niteliklerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ya fazlaca abart\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131 ya da ger\u00e7eklikten \u00e7ok olmas\u0131 gerekeni vurguluyordu. Kimi d\u00f6nemsel ve ge\u00e7ici olgular profesyonel mesleklerin temel \u00f6zellikleri olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda bu nitelikler sorgulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.[11]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u015firket ve kamu kurumlar\u0131nda istihdam edildik\u00e7e, ticari \u00e7\u0131karlar ve y\u00f6netici denetimi nedeniyle profesyonellerin \u00f6zerkli\u011fi zay\u0131fl\u0131yor, hatta kimi durumlarda tamamen yok oluyordu. Meslek eti\u011fi ve kamu yarar\u0131, literat\u00fcrde, t\u00fcm faaliyetinin merkezi bir unsuruyken, silah fabrikas\u0131ndaki m\u00fchendisin, atom bombas\u0131 \u00fcretimine kat\u0131lan bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00e2r pe\u015findeki hekimin faaliyetinde kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak ya da meslek eti\u011fini izlemek kolay de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n

\u00dcst\u00fcne \u00fcstl\u00fck s\u00fcre\u00e7, profesyonel niteliklerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildi. Say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a profesyonel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc arz\u0131 y\u00fckseliyor, piyasada say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a fiyat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fen her meta gibi profesyonellerin de \u00fccretleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor, koruma ve g\u00fcvenceleri eriyordu. \u0130\u015fsizlik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret, yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve bask\u0131c\u0131 denetim gibi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 ile daha fazla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kal\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Profesyonel niteliklerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve meslek \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerinin zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, profesyonel meslekleri di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131ran temel unsur, sistematik bilgiye dayanmas\u0131 ve buna denk d\u00fc\u015fen formel e\u011fitimi gerektirmesidir. Avukatl\u0131k gibi mesleklerde diploman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bir staj da zorunludur. Bu \u015fartlar\u0131 sa\u011flamayanlar \u00e7ok becerili olsa dahi ilgili mesle\u011fi icra edemezler. Aksi halde sahte doktor ya da mimar \u00f6rneklerindeki gibi su\u00e7 i\u015flemi\u015f olurlar. M\u00fchendis, mimar, doktor, \u00f6\u011fretmen, akademisyen, bilim insan\u0131, muhasebeci, avukat, hakim, psikolog gibi profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 lisans, y\u00fcksek lisans ya da doktora sahibidir.[12]<\/a> G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n olarak kabul edilen Uluslararas\u0131 Standart Meslek S\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131na (ISCO-08) g\u00f6re, alt\u0131 temel profesyonel meslek grubu vard\u0131r:[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

– Bilim ve m\u00fchendislik alanlar\u0131ndaki profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131<\/p>\n

– Sa\u011fl\u0131k profesyonelleri<\/p>\n

– E\u011fitim ile ilgili profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131<\/p>\n

– \u0130\u015f ve y\u00f6netim ile ilgili profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131<\/p>\n

– Bilgi ve ileti\u015fim teknolojisi ile ilgili profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131<\/p>\n

– Hukuk, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr ile ilgili profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3. Profesyonellerin \u0130stihdamdaki Yeri<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130stihdam\u0131n sekt\u00f6rel ve mesleki bile\u015fimi, \u00fclkenin d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde yeri, teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin uygulanma d\u00fczeyi ve toplumsal hayat\u0131n di\u011fer alanlar\u0131ndaki taleplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak daimi bir de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7indedir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tar\u0131m istihdam\u0131 toplam istihdam\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerde %1 ila 4\u2019e kadar gerilemi\u015ftir.[14]<\/a> Otomasyon ve imalat sanayinin ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelere ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131lda, emperyalist \u00fclkelerde sanayi istihdam\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fme e\u011filimine girmi\u015f, hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ise geni\u015flemi\u015ftir.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalist bir \u00fclke olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de benzer ve farkl\u0131la\u015fan e\u011filimleri g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Tar\u0131msal istihdam 1988 ile 2021 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda %46\u2019dan %17,1\u2019e gerilemi\u015f, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde s\u0131nai istihdam %21,5\u2019ten %27,5\u2019e, hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki istihdam da %32\u2019den %55,3\u2019e \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tar\u0131mda kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretimin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, kentsel kapitalist \u00fcretimin geni\u015flemesi, iktisadi faaliyetlerde rasyonelle\u015fme ve b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fmeyi getirmi\u015ftir. Sermayenin verimlilik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve devletin yeniden \u00fcretim gereklilikleri, i\u015flerin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi, denetlenmesi ve y\u00f6netilmesini ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir i\u015fe d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar meslekle\u015fme ve profesyonelle\u015fmeyi te\u015fvik etmi\u015ftir. Sanayi ve hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki geni\u015fleme, teknolojinin yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ko\u015fullam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin Ar-Ge, tasar\u0131m, yaz\u0131l\u0131m, kontrol ve kalite standartlar\u0131 \u00f6nem kazand\u0131k\u00e7a teknolojinin \u00fcretimi ve uygulanmas\u0131yla g\u00f6revli m\u00fchendislere y\u00f6nelik talep ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc artt\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rde m\u00fchendislerin i\u015f s\u00fcrecine kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 hem i\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem de yerle\u015fik yasal prosed\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zorunlu hale geldi. Yeni teknolojilerin geli\u015fimiyle yeni m\u00fchendislik dallar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin bilgisayar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131ma girmesiyle, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 40 y\u0131l \u00f6nce bir elin parmaklar\u0131 ile say\u0131labilen bilgisayar m\u00fchendislerinin say\u0131s\u0131 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda 100 bini a\u015ft\u0131.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hizmet \u00fcretiminde de profesyonellere y\u00f6nelik talep artt\u0131. \u00dclke ve \u015firketler aras\u0131 rekabette e\u011fitimin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kritik \u00f6nem nedeniyle \u00fcniversite ve her d\u00fczeyde okulda istihdam edilen e\u011fitim profesyonellerinde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131. T\u00fcm kademelerdeki \u00f6\u011fretmen ve \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyelerinin toplam say\u0131s\u0131 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda 347 bin 592 iken 2022 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, %263 art\u0131\u015fla 1 milyon 261 bine y\u00fckseldi.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ya\u015flanan n\u00fcfus ba\u011flam\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine duyulan ihtiya\u00e7 artt\u0131, bu da sa\u011fl\u0131k profesyonellerinin say\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir art\u0131\u015f\u0131 te\u015fvik etti. Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda hekim say\u0131s\u0131 344 iken, 1928\u2019de 1.078, 1980\u2019de 27 bin 241, 1995\u2019de 67 bin 798,[19]<\/a> 2020\u2019de ise 171 bin 259 oldu.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

Profesyonellerin say\u0131s\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f sadece yerle\u015fik profesyonel mesleklerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kapitalist rasyonelle\u015fme ve b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme e\u011filimi ile \u00e7ok say\u0131da profesyonel meslek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, istihdam i\u00e7inde profesyonellerin toplam pay\u0131 h\u0131zla y\u00fckseldi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2004-2021 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fccretli emek\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131 %46,7 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oranla artarken, profesyonellerin say\u0131s\u0131 %172,7 ile \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek bir oranda artt\u0131. Buna paralel olarak profesyonellerin \u00fccretli istihdam i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde %6,6\u2019dan %12,2\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131ndaki h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015fa ra\u011fmen, bu oran, geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.[22]<\/a> Almanya\u2019da 1998-2022 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 %21 artarken profesyonellerin say\u0131s\u0131 %119 oran\u0131nda artt\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde profesyonellerin \u00fccretli istihdam i\u00e7indeki oran\u0131 da %12\u2019den %22\u2019ye, yani t\u00fcm istihdam\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birine kadar y\u00fckseldi. \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki tablo da benzerdir. 1998-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 %15, profesyonellerin say\u0131s\u0131 ise %111 artt\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llar aras\u0131nda profesyonellerin \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlara oran\u0131 %15\u2019ten %28 gibi y\u00fcksek bir rakama ula\u015ft\u0131.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4. Profesyonelle\u015fme ve profesyonelli\u011fin a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f toplumlarda, altyap\u0131 ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta teknolojinin yeri geni\u015fledik\u00e7e \u00fcretim ve ticari faaliyetlerde teknik uzmanlar\u0131n rol\u00fc artt\u0131. Sermaye i\u015flerinde profesyonellere daha fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duydu. Meslek topluluklar\u0131 da kendi i\u015f faaliyetlerini profesyonel meslekler olarak kabul ettirme ve bu yolla baz\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar sa\u011flama \u00e7abas\u0131na girdi. Mesleklerin i\u015fleri profesyonelce yapmas\u0131, i\u015fveren ya da m\u00fc\u015fterilerin de profesyonellik talep etmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bu e\u011filim profesyonelle\u015fme<\/em> s\u00fcreci olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin meslek tarihleri \u00e7ok eskilere uzanan hem\u015fireler, t\u0131p sistemi i\u00e7erisindeki yerlerini geni\u015fletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Mesleklerinin \u00f6zel bir bilgiyi gerektirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. T\u0131p geli\u015firken, hekimler teknik konular\u0131 hem\u015firelere, hem\u015fireler daha basit i\u015fleri yard\u0131mc\u0131 hem\u015firelere ve elemanlara terk ediyor. Gittik\u00e7e artan g\u00f6revlerinin \u00fcstesinden gelebilmek i\u00e7in hem\u015fireler, daha fazla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, stat\u00fc ve gelir talep ediyorlar.[25]<\/a> Psikologlar da sadece kendilerinin psikolog ad\u0131n\u0131 kullanabileceklerini savunuyor, meslek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerin mesle\u011fi icra etmeye kalkt\u0131klar\u0131nda ceza ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaklar\u0131 yasal d\u00fczenlemeler pe\u015finde ko\u015fuyorlar.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan meslek topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n profesyonelle\u015fme \u00e7abas\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor. Hekimlik ve avukatl\u0131k gibi mesleklerin profesyonelle\u015fmesinde meslek e\u011fitimi s\u0131k\u0131 kurallara tabi tutulmu\u015f, mesleki faaliyetler etik ve kamu yarar\u0131 temelinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti. Mesle\u011fe giri\u015f zor ve k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar mesle\u011fin profesyonel ve yetkin bir az\u0131nl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 getiriyordu. Bug\u00fcnse, bahsi ge\u00e7en meslek topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda, piyasadaki i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc talebinin \u00f6tesinde meslek mensubunun mezun olmas\u0131 genel ve egemen politika. Profesyonel meslek e\u011fitimi almak nispeten kolayla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, ihtiyac\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir mezun\/i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kitlesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Meslek e\u011fitiminin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve niteliksizle\u015fmesi profesyonellerin daha vas\u0131fs\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131 getirdi. \u0130\u015fsizlik sorunu ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Neoliberal politikalarla mesleki koruma ve g\u00fcvenceler piyasa kat\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcp zay\u0131flat\u0131ld\u0131. Esnek ve g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren istihdam politikalar\u0131 profesyonelleri de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde etkiledi. G\u00fcvencesiz ko\u015fullara r\u0131za g\u00f6steren profesyonellerin etik ilkeleri uygulama kapasiteleri ve kamu yarar\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 zay\u0131flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7ta, \u00e7e\u015fitli mesleklerin i\u015flerini profesyonelce yapma e\u011filimindeki art\u0131\u015fla yani profesyonelle\u015fme<\/em> e\u011filimi ile profesyonel mesleklerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, s\u0131radanla\u015fmas\u0131, \u00f6zerkliklerinin azalmas\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011funun vas\u0131fs\u0131zla\u015fmas\u0131 yani profesyonelli\u011fin a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131<\/em> ayn\u0131 s\u00fcrecin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7en iki boyutu olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Profesyonelle\u015fme varsa bile eski anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi, daha az \u201cprofesyonel<\/em>\u201d, daha fazla \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i<\/em>\u201d oldu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5. Proleterle\u015fme\/\u0130\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme<\/strong><\/p>\n

1960 ve 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda hen\u00fcz n\u00fcve halinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen profesyonelli\u011fin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme e\u011filimleri, neoliberal politikalarla sonraki y\u0131llarda tam anlam\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1980 sonras\u0131nda egemen olan neoliberal politikalarla uluslararas\u0131 sermaye hareketleri ve ticaret ad\u0131m ad\u0131m serbestle\u015ftirildi. T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi, uluslararas\u0131 rekabette d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetle (yani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretle) \u00fcretti\u011fi mallarda uzmanla\u015facak, \u201cverimsiz<\/em>\u201d \u00fcr\u00fcnler ise \u00fcretilmeyip ithal edilecekti. Bu do\u011frultuda kamu kurumlar\u0131 \u00f6zelle\u015ftirildi, g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergileri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, yerli \u00fcretimi (\u00f6zellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) destekleyen \u00f6nlemler la\u011fvedildi. Sekiz saatlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, belirsiz s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131ran d\u00fczenlemeler, toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi uygulamalar\u0131, sendikala\u015fma vb. kat\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>lar olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda esneklik hedefi ilan edildi.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ve g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fe itildi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten, do\u011fal olarak, \u00fcretimin \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelen e\u011fitimli ve vas\u0131fl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler de etkilendi. Yeni mezun profesyoneller daha g\u00fcvencesiz ko\u015fullarda istihdam edildi. Meslek \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin denetimleri h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan ad\u0131m ad\u0131m zay\u0131flat\u0131ld\u0131, etkisizle\u015ftirildi. Ancak, yine de, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar, profesyonel mesleklerin neoliberal dalga kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kendilerini koruduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131r\u0131lma, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki halk muhalefetini etkisiz k\u0131lan AKP\u2019nin, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fi norm haline getirmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Bundan profesyoneller de pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015feni ald\u0131. Kapitalistlerin profesyoneller kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda elinin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi i\u00e7in, i\u015fletme kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde profesyonellerin i\u015fsiz halde beklemesi gerekiyordu. \u0130nsan kaynaklar\u0131 portf\u00f6y\u00fcnde alternatif y\u00fczlerce CV haz\u0131r bulunmal\u0131yd\u0131. Profesyonel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda, \u00fccretlerin serbest piyasa, yani a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ile belirlenebilmesinin ko\u015fulu bol miktarda profesyonelin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok say\u0131da vas\u0131fs\u0131z \u00fcniversite ile diploma ve \u201cucuz<\/em>\u201d profesyonel enflasyonu yaratmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 ekonominin ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu \u201cucuz<\/em>\u201d profesyonel de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar gayet hedefli ve bilin\u00e7li bir politika olarak hayata ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret, i\u015fsizlik ve \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer sorunlar, bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, profesyonel mesleklerin proleterle\u015fmesi\/i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesi ile ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

Profesyonel mesleklerin i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesi g\u00fcndeminde iki farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f konumunu birbirinden ay\u0131rmak gerekir. \u0130lki, avukatl\u0131k, hekimlik gibi meslekler serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma formunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, modern \u00e7a\u011fda uzun s\u00fcre orta s\u0131n\u0131f (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva) meslekler olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ancak, son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131lda, bu meslekler i\u00e7inde \u00fccretli istihdam farkl\u0131 oranlarda olsa da h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde artt\u0131. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 orta s\u0131n\u0131f meslekler olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bir kapitaliste ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, literat\u00fcrde profesyonel mesleklerin i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme<\/em>si ya da proleterle\u015fme<\/em>si olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Hastanelere dayal\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetinin hen\u00fcz yayg\u0131nla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda hekimler kendi hesaplar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, hastalara belirli bir bedel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti sunarlard\u0131. Zengin insanlar\u0131 tedavi eden hekimlerin gelirleri daha \u00e7ok, yoksul b\u00f6lgelerdekilerin ise daha azd\u0131. Ancak, ikisi de deyim yerindeyse, kendi i\u015finin patronuydu. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerini kendisi belirleme kudretine, en az\u0131ndan esnekli\u011fine sahipti. Zaten meslekler sosyolojisinin hen\u00fcz do\u011fu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda, profesyonel meslek tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rken hekimlerden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle profesyonel mesleklerin y\u00fcksek e\u011fitimin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, \u00f6zerklik, i\u015f \u00fczerinde kontrol, mesleki etik ve kamusal yarar gibi niteliklerle tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyetin ilan\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yurt genelinde sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemini kurma \u00e7abalar\u0131yla birlikte hekimlik hem bir profesyonel meslek olarak bi\u00e7imlendi, hem de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma oran\u0131 zamanla azald\u0131. 1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 22 bin hekimin %38,5’u kendi muayenehanesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda 70 bin hekimin sadece %15’i serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131.[27]<\/a> Son y\u0131llarda bu oran iyice d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda 194 bin 910 hekimden yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 bin kadar\u0131, yani %3,6\u2019s\u0131 kendi muayenehanesinde hizmet vermektedir.[28]<\/a> Hekimlerin %96\u2019s\u0131, bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devlet, \u00fcniversite ya da \u015firket hastanesinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hekimlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesinde tek neden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck muayenehanelerin kapsaml\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k kurumlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda rekabet kapasitelerinin yetersiz olmas\u0131 de\u011fil. H\u00fck\u00fcmetler sa\u011fl\u0131k alan\u0131n\u0131 serbestle\u015ftirmek ad\u0131na \u00f6zel hastaneleri te\u015fvik etti, \u00f6nlerindeki engelleri kald\u0131rd\u0131. Bu engellerden biri, y\u0131llard\u0131r hizmet veren ve \u015fu ya da bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hastalar\u0131n g\u00fcvenini kazanm\u0131\u015f muayenehane sahibi hekimlerdi. Tam da bu nedenle 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Tam G\u00fcn Yasas\u0131\u2019yla kamuda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan hekimlerin muayenehanelerde hizmet vermesini yasaklad\u0131. Ancak, d\u00fczenleme Dan\u0131\u015ftay taraf\u0131ndan reddedildi ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 6 Ekim 2022\u2019de, AKP-MHP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan doktorlar\u0131n faaliyetlerini k\u0131s\u0131tlayan bir y\u00f6netmeli\u011fe daha imza att\u0131. Y\u00f6netmelik, muayenehane sahibi hekimlerin hastalar\u0131na sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetini sunmas\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a zorla\u015ft\u0131ran h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7eriyordu. \u0130stanbul Tabip Odas\u0131 da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, d\u00fczenlemeyi, muayenehanelerin \u00f6zel hastanelere feda edilmesi olarak de\u011ferlendirdi ve \u015funlar\u0131 ifade etti:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u00d6zel hastanelerin hekim \u00fccretlendirmesindeki hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131ran muayenehanelerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 b\u00f6ylelikle daralt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Dahili bilimler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda baz\u0131 cerrahi bran\u015f uygulamalar\u0131nda tercih edilme oran\u0131 artan muayenehaneler, hekimlerin tekrar \u00f6zel hastane b\u00fcnyesine dahil olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan bu y\u00f6netmelikle kapat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u2026 Hekimlerin kendi mali birikimleriyle kurduklar\u0131 muayenehaneler b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na kurban edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/em>\u201d[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hekimlerin i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesi hem kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetinin gerekleri hem de b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayenin sa\u011fl\u0131k piyasas\u0131na girmesi ile kendili\u011finden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin i\u015fleyen bir sa\u011fl\u0131k piyasas\u0131 olu\u015fturma ve bu piyasada sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 azami \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde koruma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bir orta s\u0131n\u0131f mesle\u011fi olan hekimlik bug\u00fcn bir i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 mesle\u011fi haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zel ve devlet hastanelerinde binlerce sa\u011fl\u0131k personeli bir arada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta, bu i\u015fletmeler adeta sa\u011fl\u0131k fabrikalar\u0131<\/em> olarak i\u015flemektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f toplumlarda profesyonelle\u015fme e\u011filimi h\u00e2l\u00e2 ge\u00e7erlidir, ancak bu art\u0131k \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d usul\u00fc bir profesyonelle\u015fme de\u011fildir. Profesyonel mesleklere atfedilen \u00f6zerklik, meslek eti\u011fi, kamu yarar\u0131 gibi niteliklerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve klasik i\u015f\u00e7i sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerlerine boca edildi\u011fi bir profesyonelli\u011fin yitimi ve i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesi s\u00fcrecidir. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde artan profesyonel oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki yald\u0131z kaz\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ortaya kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme ve kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n yitirilmesi s\u00fcreci \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6. Profesyonel Ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Erimesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hekimlik ve avukatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n aksine m\u00fchendislik, mimarl\u0131k gibi profesyonel mesleklerde modern \u00e7a\u011f boyunca \u00fccretli istihdam tipik bi\u00e7im olagelmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu meslekler i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131fsal bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm yani orta s\u0131n\u0131f iken i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Ancak, yine de ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi, orta s\u0131n\u0131f mesleklerin i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesi ile ortakla\u015fan sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Profesyonellerin say\u0131lar\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a y\u00f6netici mevkilerden uzakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, daha rutin ve yetkisiz i\u015flerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin erken Cumhuriyet rejimi, m\u00fchendisleri bilim, teknoloji, milli kalk\u0131nma ve ayd\u0131nlanman\u0131n temsilcisi olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda kurulan s\u0131nai devlet i\u015fletmelerinde m\u00fchendisler \u00e7o\u011funlukla y\u00f6netici pozisyondayd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece sanayi ve devlet y\u00f6netiminin kesi\u015fiminde bir t\u00fcr m\u00fchendis b\u00fcrokrat tabaka ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki m\u00fchendislik alg\u0131s\u0131 ve kimli\u011fi bu milli kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 ve y\u00f6netici misyon ile \u015fekillenmi\u015fti.[30]<\/a> \u00d6zel sekt\u00f6r eliyle sanayile\u015fmenin h\u0131z kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda \u00fccretli m\u00fchendis say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f olsa da \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yine yar\u0131-y\u00f6netsel pozisyondayd\u0131. Kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131. 1960 ve 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda, mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadelesi ve kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fccretli profesyoneller de \u00f6nemli kazan\u0131mlar elde etmi\u015f, sendikalar ve mesleki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mesleki d\u00fczenlemeler kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, bir\u00e7ok i\u015f mesleki yeterlili\u011fe tabi k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hen\u00fcz yeterli profesyonelin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda bu durum, profesyonellerin \u00fccret ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli avantajlara sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 getirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

1930\u2019lu y\u0131llardan itibaren olu\u015fan, 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda korunan ve bug\u00fcn de miras\u0131 az \u00e7ok s\u00fcren bu m\u00fchendis alg\u0131s\u0131na temel olu\u015fturan toplumsal ger\u00e7eklik b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kalkt\u0131. Erken Cumhuriyetin kamuda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve idealist m\u00fchendisinin yerini, \u00f6zel \u015firketlerde istihdam edilen, k\u00e2r odakl\u0131, dar teknik g\u00f6revlerle s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f m\u00fchendisler ald\u0131. Ara kademelerdeki teknik eleman a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fchendislerle kapat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131, m\u00fchendisler bilgi birikimlerinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck pozisyonlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131. \u00c7ok say\u0131da m\u00fchendislik disiplininde ya\u015fanan kitleselle\u015fme ile m\u00fchendislerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u00f6netici pozisyonlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda istihdam edildi, hiyerar\u015fideki yerleri d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Hem i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fen hem de zaten i\u015f\u00e7i konumunda olup y\u00f6netici stat\u00fc ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden profesyonel meslek topluluklar\u0131, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131ndaki di\u011fer i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 mesleklerinin y\u00fcz y\u00fcze geldi\u011fi \u201cs\u0131radan<\/em>\u201d sorunlar\u0131 daha fazla ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130\u015fsizlik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret, \u00f6zerkli\u011fin kayb\u0131 ve yo\u011funla\u015fan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.1. \u0130\u015fsizlik<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar, artan talep kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yeterince profesyonel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc arz\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan profesyoneller g\u00f6rece y\u00fcksek gelir ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu tablo, \u00fcniversite e\u011fitimindeki serbestle\u015fme, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kamu ve vak\u0131f \u00fcniversitesinin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, b\u00f6ylece talepten \u00e7ok daha fazla mezun verilmesiyle radikal bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fti. Bunun ilk ve dikkat \u00e7ekici sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birisi i\u015fsizlik oldu. 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131 %14,3\u2019t\u00fcr.[31]<\/a> Bu, hi\u00e7bir okuldan mezun olmayanlar\u0131 da kapsayan genel i\u015fsizlik oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindedir.<\/p>\n

Lisans mezunu i\u015fsiz say\u0131s\u0131 1 milyon 13 bindir ve bunun 230 bini yani %22,7\u2019si m\u00fchendis, mimar ve \u015fehir planc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dclke genelinde her sene 170 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 bin m\u00fchendis mezun olmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 2030 y\u0131l\u0131nda m\u00fchendis say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 2 milyonu bulmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Bu, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131nda ihtiyac\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesinde m\u00fchendisin bulunmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyor. TMMOB Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Emin Koramaz\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaya g\u00f6re, her 5 in\u015faat m\u00fchendisinden 2\u2019si, her 4 makine m\u00fchendisinden 1\u2019i ve her 2 \u015fehir planc\u0131s\u0131ndan 1\u2019i i\u015fsizdir.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle gen\u00e7 m\u00fchendisler i\u015fsizlik riski ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. Makine M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, 1995 ve \u00f6ncesi y\u0131llarda mezun olan m\u00fchendisler aras\u0131nda i\u015fsizlik neredeyse istisnai iken, 2006-2015 y\u0131llar\u0131nda mezun olanlarda %5,8, 2016 ve sonraki y\u0131llarda mezun olanlarda ise %19,5\u2019i bulmaktad\u0131r.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, profesyonel mesleklerin tamam\u0131 i\u015fsizlikten etkilenmi\u015f de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fclkede hekim i\u015fsizli\u011fi de\u011fil a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bu nedenle hekimlerin yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na gitmesi kamusal sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorun olu\u015fturabilmektedir. Hukuk alan\u0131nda da i\u015fsizlik hen\u00fcz dikkat \u00e7ekici boyutlara ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ama e\u011filimin bu y\u00f6nde oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. 47’si devlet ve 37’si vak\u0131f \u00fcniversitelerinde olmak \u00fczere toplam 84 hukuk fak\u00fcltesinde, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 85 bin \u00f6\u011frenci e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda, y\u0131ll\u0131k mezun say\u0131s\u0131 16 bin 37 idi. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Adli Sicil ve \u0130statistik Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc verilerine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye genelinde 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 86 bin 981 olan avukat say\u0131s\u0131, her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l artarak, 2021’de 161 bin 15’e kadar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. B\u00f6ylece sadece 7 y\u0131lda avukat say\u0131s\u0131 %85 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi.[34]<\/a> Bu h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir s\u00fcre sonra i\u015fsizlikle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.2. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00dccret<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fsizlik hen\u00fcz b\u00fct\u00fcn profesyonel meslekleri kapsayan bir sorun olmasa da, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret dayatmas\u0131 neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir problemdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda g\u00fcncel \u00fccret d\u00fczeyi ya\u015fam maliyetlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc arz\u0131 ve talebinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fimi ile \u015fekillenir.[35]<\/a> Ayn\u0131 kural alt i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131 yani meslekler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

Profesyonel mesleklerde \u00fccretler ortalama \u00fccretin \u00fczerinde seyretme e\u011filimindedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc profesyonelin hem e\u011fitim hem de kendini yeniden \u00fcretim harcamalar\u0131, onun ge\u00e7im maliyetini y\u00fckseltir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccretleri ile doktorlar\u0131n, m\u00fchendislerin ya da vas\u0131fl\u0131 kol i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00fccretleri aras\u0131nda az ya da \u00e7ok bir fark olur. Bununla birlikte mezun say\u0131s\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a ve meslek alan\u0131nda i\u015fsiz bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kitlesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131k\u00e7a, profesyonellerin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccretler de d\u00fc\u015fme ve ortalama \u00fccretlere yak\u0131nsama e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterir.[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130n\u015faat M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4 bin 47 in\u015faat m\u00fchendisi ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anketlere dayanarak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130n\u015faat M\u00fchendisleri Ger\u00e7e\u011fi: \u0130\u015f, \u0130stihdam ve \u0130\u015fsizlik<\/em> raporuna g\u00f6re in\u015faat m\u00fchendislerin %27,5\u2019i d\u00f6nemin asgari \u00fccretinin (2.825 TL) alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131.[37]<\/a><\/p>\n

2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda 941 m\u00fchendisle yap\u0131lan anket ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler temelinde haz\u0131rlanan K\u00fcresel Salg\u0131n S\u00fcrecinde M\u00fchendis Eme\u011fi, Dijitalle\u015fme ve Uzaktan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/em> raporuna g\u00f6re, yak\u0131n zamanda mezun olan m\u00fchendislerin \u00fccretleri belirgin bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015fme e\u011filimindedir. Asgari \u00fccret \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7 m\u00fchendisler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclenler asgari \u00fccretin, hatta uzun s\u00fcreli staj ad\u0131yla asgari \u00fccretin alt\u0131nda (\u00fc\u00e7te birine kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor) bir \u00fccretin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu vurguluyor. Gen\u00e7 m\u00fchendislerden biri \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026 yan masamda oturan arkada\u015f\u0131m Anadolu’da bir \u00fcniversiteden dereceyle mezundu ve ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 maa\u015f 3.700 TL idi. Hemen bir arkas\u0131ndaki 4.250 TL al\u0131yordu. Bunlar\u0131n konu\u015fulmas\u0131 yasakt\u0131r, ama biz konu\u015fuyorduk \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u015flar\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7ok yak\u0131nd\u0131 ve vaziyet ortada. Al\u0131nan paralar da b\u00fcy\u00fck paralar de\u011fil, bunu s\u00f6ylesen ne olur s\u00f6ylemesen ne olur. 3.700-4.000 \u015fu an asgari \u00fccretin alt\u0131nda.\u201d (G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda asgari \u00fccret 4250 TL idi)<\/em>.[38]<\/a><\/p>\n

Sadece m\u00fchendisler de\u011fil, neredeyse t\u00fcm profesyonel mesleklerde benzer bir durum var. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir avukat\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n

\u201c3 senedir i\u015f\u00e7i avukat olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum. \u2026 B\u00fcroda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlere vekillik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ve bunun sorumlulu\u011funu, yo\u011funlu\u011funu ve stresini ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m halde, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m \u00fccret her zaman asgari \u00fccretten hallice oldu. ‘Avukatl\u0131k gelene\u011finde’ fazla mesai kabul edilmedi\u011finden, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z \u015fekilde uzun saatler boyunca mecburen \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. \u2026 Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerim hakk\u0131nda her g\u00fcn konu\u015fulurken haklar\u0131m hakk\u0131nda zorunda kal\u0131nmad\u0131k\u00e7a konu\u015fulmad\u0131. Benden beklentiler artarken bunun bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131.<\/em>\u201d[39]<\/a><\/p>\n

Profesyonellerdeki \u00fccret d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc T\u00dc\u0130K verilerinden de izlemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda br\u00fct temel asgari \u00fccret 531 TL iken, ISCO-88\u2019e g\u00f6re profesyonel meslek grubundaki emek\u00e7ilerin ortalama br\u00fct temel \u00fccreti 1751 TL, yani asgari \u00fccretin 3,3 kat\u0131yd\u0131. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise, asgari temel br\u00fct \u00fccret 2.029 TL iken ayn\u0131 y\u0131l ISCO-08\u2019e g\u00f6re profesyonellerin ortalama br\u00fct \u00fccreti 5406 TL, yani asgari \u00fccretin 2,7 kat\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Meslekler baz\u0131nda da kay\u0131plar benzer. Profes\u00f6r maa\u015f\u0131n\u0131n asgari \u00fccrete oran\u0131 %39, ara\u015ft\u0131rma g\u00f6revlisinin %27, \u00f6\u011fretmenin %42, uzman doktorun %44 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6.3. \u00d6zerkli\u011fin yitimi<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00dccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n profesyonellerin i\u015f ve ya\u015fam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fimlerden birisi de \u00f6zerkli\u011fin yitimidir. Meslek sosyolojisinde \u00f6zerklik profesyonelle\u015fmenin temel bir unsurudur ve bu unsurun zay\u0131flamas\u0131 profesyonelli\u011fi de tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale getirir.<\/p>\n

Bir mesle\u011fin ya da profesyonelin \u00f6zerklik kayb\u0131 -en az- \u00fc\u00e7 boyutta analiz edilebilir:<\/p>\n

\u0130lki, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin sonucunda serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n giderek istisnai hale gelmesiyle hekim, avukat, hem\u015fire ve \u00f6\u011fretmen gibi meslek gruplar\u0131 kendi emeklerinin \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fc yitirirler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, emek \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve bu \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin tasarruf hakk\u0131 kendilerine ait olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, i\u015fverenin m\u00fclkiyetine girmi\u015ftir.[41]<\/a> Profesyonel kendi eme\u011finin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne yabanc\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu basit\u00e7e \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fclkiyetinin kayb\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir durum de\u011fildir. Emek s\u00fcreci kapitalistin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n hedefi azami k\u00e2r ve rekabete tabi k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in meslek toplulu\u011funu bir arada tutan meslek eti\u011fi ve mesleki denetim giderek i\u015flevsiz hale gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eirket ihtiya\u00e7 ve de\u011ferlerinin profesyonelin etik de\u011ferlerini, bu anlamda \u00f6zerkli\u011fini ask\u0131ya ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 en tipik \u00f6rneklerden birisi sa\u011fl\u0131k piyasas\u0131d\u0131r. Hastay\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fteri, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetini yat\u0131r\u0131m alan\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren \u00f6zel hastaneler, hastan\u0131n fiziksel-ruhsal sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve hastay\u0131 tedavi etmekten \u00e7ok k\u00e2r elde etmeyi \u00f6nemsemektedirler. Bu nedenle, \u00f6zel hastaneler hekimleri gereksiz tetkik ve ameliyatlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bask\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. Pahal\u0131 tetkik ve tedavilerle hastalar\u0131 daha fazla \u00f6deme yapmaya y\u00f6nlendirmesi istenen hekimler, hastaneye istenilen kazanc\u0131 sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda i\u015ften at\u0131lmakla tehdit edilmektedir. Hekimlere dayat\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yak\u0131n zamanda haberlere konu olmu\u015ftu:<\/p>\n

\u201cAlt\u0131 ay sonunda yap\u0131lan mali de\u011ferlendirmede hekimin, istenen ve i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi gere\u011fi kendisinden beklenen oranda gelir getirmesini sa\u011flayamamas\u0131 halinde, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ve hak edi\u015fler g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilir. \u0130\u015fveren, zarar eden sistemi devam ettirmeyerek s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi s\u00fcre sonunu beklemeden hakl\u0131 olarak fesih edebilir.<\/em>\u201d[42]<\/a><\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6zel hastanelerde kazanc\u0131 artt\u0131rma bask\u0131s\u0131 bu kadar a\u00e7\u0131k olmayabilir. Ancak, a\u00e7\u0131k ya da \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6zel hastanedeki bu bask\u0131n\u0131n, hekimlerin mesleklerini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde icra etmelerini az ya da \u00e7ok engelledi\u011fi ve \u00f6zerkli\u011fin zay\u0131flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zerklik kayb\u0131n\u0131n ikinci boyutu ise \u015fu: \u0130\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmeyle profesyoneller \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131 ve ritmine ili\u015fkin kontrol\u00fc kaybeder.[43]<\/a> Serbest profesyonel i\u015f zaman\u0131, tatil ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imini az \u00e7ok kendisi belirleyebiliyordu. Kendi b\u00fcrosunda faaliyet s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bir avukat, gelen i\u015fi etik olarak kabul edip etmeme, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 davan\u0131n takibini kendi zaman planlamas\u0131na g\u00f6re yapma, ofiste ya da evde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gibi kendi i\u015fini -en az\u0131ndan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde- \u015fekillendirme kapasitesine ya da \u00f6zerkli\u011fine sahipti. Ancak kapitalist hesab\u0131na \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan avukat\u0131n takip edece\u011fi davay\u0131 se\u00e7me gibi bir hakk\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yoktur. \u0130\u015f zaman\u0131 genellikle, \u00fccretsiz fazla mesailerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra standartt\u0131r ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131n\u0131 kendi planlama ve belirleme yetkisine sahip de\u011fildir. Ofise gelmeme ya da ba\u015fka bir plan\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi kapitalistin iznine ve bu izni almak i\u00e7in ya\u015fanan stres ve gerilimle ba\u015f etme performans\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Duru\u015fmada savunma bi\u00e7imi, s\u00fcre\u00e7 takibine ili\u015fkin kimi \u00f6zerk alanlar h\u00e2l\u00e2 mevcut olsa da, yasal ad\u0131yla \u201cba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131<\/em>\u201d \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumu, \u00f6zerkli\u011fin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zel hastanede hekimin, hukuk b\u00fcrosunda avukat\u0131n, mimarl\u0131k ofisinde mimar\u0131n, okulda \u00f6\u011fretmenin ve di\u011fer i\u015fletmelerdeki m\u00fchendis, psikolog, biyolog, kimyager ve neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri, s\u00fcreleri, yo\u011funluklar\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kapitalistin denetimi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r ve onun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda \u015fekillendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zerklik kayb\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc boyutu ise, profesyonelin emek s\u00fcreci ya da i\u015fin i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmesidir. \u0130stisnalar bir yana b\u00fct\u00fcn profesyonel meslekleri kapsayan genel e\u011filimleri yans\u0131tan iki boyutun aksine, bu hen\u00fcz genel bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm kazanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zerkli\u011fin bu bi\u00e7imi Sanayi Devriminin ard\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin durumu ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Makinelerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7iler zamanla i\u015fteki vas\u0131f ve becerilerini kaybedip, basit ve tekrara dayal\u0131 i\u015fleri yapar hale geldiler. Marx\u2019\u0131n deyimiyle makinenin uzant\u0131s\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.[44]<\/a> 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, b\u00fcro i\u015fi ve beyaz yakal\u0131lar\u0131n da benzer bir par\u00e7alanma ve vas\u0131fs\u0131zla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 Breverman ve takip\u00e7ileri kapsaml\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6sterdi.[45]<\/a><\/p>\n

Profesyoneller aras\u0131nda hen\u00fcz yayg\u0131n olmasa da bu t\u00fcr bir \u00f6zerklik kayb\u0131ndan bahsedilebilir. Kas\u0131m Akba\u015f\u2019\u0131n 2009-2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, \u00fccretli avukatlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f h\u0131zla d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu olan belirli bir dosya t\u00fcr\u00fcnde uzmanla\u015fman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7ok say\u0131da dosyan\u0131n par\u00e7alara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan birinde ayn\u0131 teknik i\u015fin yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle hukuk \u015firketlerindeki gen\u00e7 \u00fccretli avukatlar\u0131n \u201cm\u00fc\u015fteriyi<\/em>\u201d bile g\u00f6rmeden, ona soru sormadan, gelen dosyalara uygun bir bi\u00e7imde adeta bir teknisyen gibi belirli bir standarda uygun dilek\u00e7e yazmas\u0131 ve bunu takip etmesi, davan\u0131n tamam\u0131ndan uzakla\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Hukuksal normlar ve bunlar\u0131n uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131 tekd\u00fczele\u015ftik\u00e7e, i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 peki\u015ftik\u00e7e avukat\u0131n yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015f giderek ki\u015fili\u011fine ve yetene\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bilgisayar yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde avukat\u0131n \u015fu ya da bu ki\u015fi olmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik yaratmamaktad\u0131r.[46]<\/a> Ankara Barosu\u2019nun i\u015f\u00e7i avukatlar kurulunun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Yakal\u0131lar<\/em> dergisindeki bir yaz\u0131da ifade edildi\u011fi gibi, \u201c\u0130\u015fveren avukat\u0131n talimat\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131, kendi yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 dilek\u00e7enin puntosunu bile patron avukat\u0131n belirledi\u011fi, dilek\u00e7eyi bizzat kendi yazm\u0131\u015fken dilek\u00e7enin sonunda ya da antet k\u0131sm\u0131nda bile ad\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6remeyen bir i\u015f\u00e7i avukat\u0131n, mesle\u011fini ne kadar serbest ko\u015fullarda icra etti\u011fi ise soru i\u015fareti.<\/em>\u201d[47]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

7. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bile\u015feni\/katman\u0131 olarak profesyoneller<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ald\u0131klar\u0131 e\u011fitim ve vas\u0131flar\u0131na referansla profesyonellerin orta s\u0131n\u0131f olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 yayg\u0131n bir kabuld\u00fcr. Ancak, yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme ve mevcut kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 yitirme s\u00fcreciyle bu orta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em> alg\u0131s\u0131 giderek zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f ve bu alg\u0131y\u0131 yaratan ko\u015fullar da de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Meslek, insanlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fsal b\u00f6l\u00fcnmedeki yerini, ancak bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yans\u0131tabilir. Bir garsonun mesle\u011finden, onun bir i\u015fletmede i\u015f\u00e7i stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak, her meslek bu kadar kesin \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131fsal konumu g\u00f6stermeyebilir. Bir doktor hastanede i\u015f\u00e7i de olabilir, hastanenin sahibi de.<\/p>\n

Profesyonel meslek topluluklar\u0131 farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fsal konumlardaki insanlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Topluluk, kimi ortak mesleki sorunlarla hemhal olsa da bulunduklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fsal konum ve ili\u015fkiler nedeniyle kar\u015f\u0131t \u00e7\u0131karlara sahip olabilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan profesyonel, mesle\u011fe \u00f6zel bir asgari \u00fccret tarifesi ya da mevcut tarifenin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ederken, kapitalist pozisyonundaki profesyonel bunu uygulamaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nabilir. Meslekler tutarl\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sahip olmayan topluluklard\u0131r. S\u0131k\u0131 birlik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, genellikle mesle\u011fin g\u00f6rece avantajl\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlere \u00f6zg\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6yle ki, baz\u0131 meslek \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00fccretli oldu\u011fundan, adeta bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 gibi faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

Profesyonel meslek topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131ftan bahsedilebilir.<\/p>\n

Bir \u015firket sahibi ya da \u015firkette \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6netici olan profesyonel, kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131fa dahildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, m\u00fchendisler, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecindeki y\u00f6netici rolleri ve deneyimleri sayesinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelere i\u015f yapan alt \u015firketler kurup kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131fa kat\u0131labilmektedirler. Yine, uzun y\u0131llar alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir avukat, gen\u00e7 avukatlar\u0131 istihdam etti\u011finde b\u00fcrosu fiilen hukuk \u015firketine, kendisi de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kapitaliste d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u0130kincisi, kendi b\u00fcrosunda, \u00fccretli emek istihdam etmeksizin (ya da bir-iki yard\u0131mc\u0131 istihdam eden) kendi eme\u011fine dayal\u0131 hizmet \u00fcreten hekim, avukat, m\u00fchendis, psikolog, di\u015f hekimi gibi profesyoneller orta s\u0131n\u0131fa mensupturlar. Orta s\u0131n\u0131f olmalar\u0131 meslek, e\u011fitim ya da vas\u0131f ile ilgili de\u011fildir. Herhangi bir kapitalistin emrinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamalar\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131n kendi eme\u011fine dayal\u0131 bir hizmet \u00fcretmeleri ve piyasaya sunmalar\u0131yla ilgilidir. Bu kesim, i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7leri nedeniyle meslek topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen bile\u015fenidir.<\/p>\n

Meslek topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve onun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan, giderek de b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bile\u015feni i\u015f\u00e7i profesyonellerdir. Kapitalistin denetimi ve hizmetinde \u00fccretli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Tam da bu nedenle, zamanla, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n genel kitlesinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na benzer sorunlarla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze gelirler.<\/p>\n

Bu kesim, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n vas\u0131fl\u0131 ve e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyi en y\u00fcksek bile\u015fenidir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n genel kitlesi i\u00e7erisinde i\u015f\u00e7i profesyonelleri \u00f6zg\u00fcn k\u0131lan temel nitelik sahip olduklar\u0131 bilgi tekeli ve bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6zg\u00fcn vas\u0131flar\u0131d\u0131r. Her ne kadar dijital ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, bilgi edinmenin nispeten kolayla\u015fmas\u0131 ve zihinsel i\u015flerin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ile bu bilgi tekeli yer yer zay\u0131flama riski ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalsa da, belli ba\u015fl\u0131 profesyonel mesleklerin bunu korudu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Bu nedenle profesyonellerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131, farkl\u0131 oranlarda, i\u015fin teknik i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve s\u00fcreci \u00fczerinde kontrole ve \u00f6zerkli\u011fe sahiptir. Bu onlar\u0131 rutin i\u015fler yapan vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ilerden ay\u0131ran temel bir \u00f6zelliktir. \u00d6rne\u011fin hekimler, \u00f6zerkliklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ellerinden alan zaman ve k\u00e2r bask\u0131s\u0131na ra\u011fmen, hasta ile ili\u015fkilerinde mesleklerini \u00f6zerk bir bi\u00e7imde uygulama olana\u011f\u0131na h\u00e2l\u00e2 sahiptir. Yine dan\u0131\u015fan\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi terapi s\u00fcrecinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini kapitalist de\u011fil psikolog belirler. Her ne kadar duru\u015fmalar standart prosed\u00fcrler haline gelmi\u015f olsa da avukat, ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00f6rnek kararlar\u0131 inceler, savunmas\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u00fcslubunca yapabilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Sanayi Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan i\u015fin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7inin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve vas\u0131f gerektirmeyen g\u00f6revleri yerine getirmesi bi\u00e7imindeki \u00f6zerklik kayb\u0131\/vas\u0131fs\u0131zla\u015fma profesyonel mesleklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in -tam anlam\u0131yla- ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Profesyonelleri, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n vas\u0131fs\u0131z kesimlerinden farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan bir di\u011fer \u00f6zellik de onlar\u0131n i\u015fyeri hiyerar\u015fisinde daha yukar\u0131da olma e\u011filimleridir. Ancak bu e\u011filim, son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fme ve g\u00fcvence kayb\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zay\u0131flad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Ar-Ge merkezi ya da yaz\u0131l\u0131m firmalar\u0131nda az say\u0131da y\u00f6netici m\u00fchendise kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan profesyonellerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 hiyerar\u015finin en alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan, profesyoneller e\u011fer kendi meslekta\u015flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir ekiple \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yorsa, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman y\u00f6netici mevkilere daha yak\u0131nd\u0131rlar. Bir i\u015fletmede vas\u0131fs\u0131z ya da y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim sahibi olmayan i\u015f\u00e7ilere nazaran lisans mezunu bir beyaz yakal\u0131n\u0131n ya da profesyonelin alt ya da orta d\u00fczey y\u00f6netici olmas\u0131 daha muhtemeldir.[48]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

8. Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmeler, dijitalle\u015fme, Ar-Ge\u2019nin \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131, verimlilik bask\u0131s\u0131, ki\u015fisel ve toplumsal hizmetlerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 gibi nedenlerle i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde profesyonellerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve oran\u0131 artt\u0131. Ancak say\u0131s\u0131 kendilerine olan talebi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da profesyoneller eski g\u00fcvence ve olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Diploma enflasyonuyla eski konumlar\u0131n\u0131 yitirdiler. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret, uzun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcreleri, yo\u011fun i\u015f temposu ve g\u00fcvencesizlik gibi i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n genel kitlesinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlarla daha s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda ya da kamusal bilin\u00e7teki profesyonel meslek alg\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini yans\u0131tmaz hale geldi. Hem mesleklerin mahiyeti ve de\u011fi\u015fen emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini inceleyen literat\u00fcr hem de gen\u00e7 profesyonellerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve ya\u015fam deneyimleri bunu do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Yar\u0131m y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce y\u00fcksek stat\u00fcl\u00fc olan profesyonel meslekler adeta bir serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uzun y\u0131llar e\u011fitim sistemindeki yar\u0131\u015fta bir ad\u0131m \u00f6nde olan, \u00fcniversitelerde ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri okuyan ve bir orta s\u0131n\u0131f ya\u015fam\u0131 hayal eden gen\u00e7 profesyonellerin i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcklendi\u011fi ger\u00e7eklik, sadece meslekler de\u011fil gen\u00e7 profesyoneller i\u00e7in de bir serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe neden oldu. Yo\u011fun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma temposu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00fcvenli bir gelece\u011fin, hatta bir ev ve araban\u0131n bile ufukta g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor olu\u015fu, meslek temelli orta s\u0131n\u0131f r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 yerle bir etti. Ya\u015famlar\u0131, her g\u00fcn tekrar eden ve gelecekte de ba\u015fka bir vaadi olmayan rutin bir i\u015f temposuna hapsedildi.<\/p>\n

Bu, elbette, insanlar\u0131n adeta ya\u015fam m\u00fccadelesi verdi\u011fi \u00fclke ekonomisinde, profesyonellerin en a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. Ancak, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin \u201cg\u00fczel g\u00fcnleri<\/em>\u201dnden feyz alarak \u015fekillenmi\u015f meslek\u00e7i orta s\u0131n\u0131f ideolojisi ile ger\u00e7ek hayat\u0131n \u00e7ekilmez hale gelen ko\u015fullar\u0131, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle beklenti ile ger\u00e7eklik aras\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131, profesyonellerin sosyal y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir psikolojik boyut ekledi. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi ve i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fmesiyle profesyonel mesleklerin serbest d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, orta s\u0131n\u0131f vaatlerle uyu\u015fturulmu\u015f \u00fccretli profesyonellerde tepe taklak bir \u00e7ak\u0131lma bi\u00e7iminde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k buldu.<\/p>\n

Egemen ideoloji ve yayg\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7iminde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, gecekondu mahallelerinde ya\u015fayan marjinal bir az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak kodland\u0131. Kentleri, merkezleri ve t\u00fcm \u00fclkeyi maddi ve manevi unsurlar\u0131 ile in\u015fa eden emek\u00e7iler ve onlar\u0131n emekleri siyaset ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda at\u0131ld\u0131. Burjuvazi ve ideologlar\u0131 bunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu. Oysa, kendini \u015fimdiye kadar i\u015f\u00e7i olarak g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, beyaz yakal\u0131, profesyonel, e\u011fitimli milyonlarca i\u015f\u00e7i, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek s\u0131n\u0131f kimli\u011finin her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha fazla fark\u0131na var\u0131yor. Deyim yerindeyse bu \u201cuyan\u0131\u015f<\/em>\u201d, hen\u00fcz, orta s\u0131n\u0131f mitinin ve \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p zengin olma<\/em>\u201d umutlar\u0131n\u0131n hayat duvar\u0131na \u00e7arp\u0131p tuzla buz olmas\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131. Sosyal \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, psikolojik y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mesi ise bir politik \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme sorunudur.<\/p>\n

Burjuvazinin birbirinden ay\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n iki yakas\u0131n\u0131n bir araya gelmesi, belki bir s\u00fcre ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 m\u00fccadeleleri, bu m\u00fccadelelerin olgunla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, kendi \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini kurmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ilerlemesini gerektirebilir. Ancak, tek tek m\u00fccadeleler olgunla\u015f\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bilinciyle tek bir \u0131rmakta birle\u015fti\u011finde, burjuvazinin \u015fimdiye kadar \u00f6rmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 duvarlar da y\u0131k\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Metal, tekstil, petrokimya i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin m\u00fccadelesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hekimlerin, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin, gazetecilerin y\u00fckselen m\u00fccadelesi bunun erken bir provas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Akba\u015f, K. (2015) Avukatl\u0131k Mesle\u011finin Ekonomi Politi\u011fi<\/em>, 2. Bask\u0131, Notabene, \u0130stanbul, sf. 173.<\/p>\n

Aksu-Kaya, E. (2012) Emek S\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve M\u00fchendis Eme\u011fi<\/em>, EMO Yay\u0131n No: EK\/2012\/515, Ankara.<\/p>\n

Albayraktaro\u011flu, S. (2009) \u201cProfesyonelle\u015fme Olgusu ve Mesleki Profesyonelle\u015fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sosyal Hizmet Mesle\u011fi (Sakarya \u00d6rne\u011fi)\u201d, Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi.<\/p>\n

Barber, B. (1996) \u201cMeslekler Sosyolojisinde Baz\u0131 Sorunlar\u201d, Meslekler Sosyolojisi<\/em> i\u00e7inde, Z. Cirhinlio\u011flu (der.), G\u00fcndo\u011fan Yay\u0131mlar\u0131, Ankara, 43-62.<\/p>\n

Braverman, H. (2008) Emek ve Tekelci Sermaye<\/em>, \u00e7ev. \u00c7. \u00c7idaml\u0131, Kalkedon Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011fatay, A. (2022) \u201cMuayenehanelere hastane ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme zorunlulu\u011fu: \u2018Fiilen muayenehaneleri kapam\u0131\u015f olacak\u2019\u201d, Sputnik T\u00fcrkiye<\/em>, https:\/\/sputniknews.com.tr\/20221108\/muayenehanelere-hastane-ile-sozlesme-zorunlulugu-fiilen-muayenehaneleri-kapamis-olacak-1063188438.html<\/p>\n

Derber, C. (2010) Profesyoneller\u0131\u0307 Y\u00f6netmek: \u0130deolojik Proleterle\u015fme ve Post-End\u00fcstriyel \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc<\/em>, \u00e7ev. A. Gelmez, \u0130n\u015faat M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 Ankara \u015eubesi, Ankara, sf. 8<\/p>\n

Durkheim, E. (1986) Meslek Ahlak\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ev. M. Karasan, 3. Bas\u0131m, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

Euronews (2023) \u201cAkademisyen, doktor, \u00f6\u011fretmen ve memur maa\u015flar\u0131 asgari \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda son 10 y\u0131lda eridi\u201d, https:\/\/tr.euronews.com\/2023\/01\/16\/akademisyen-doktor-ogretmen-ve-memur-maaslari-asgari-ucret-karsisinda-son-10-yilda-hizla-e<\/p>\n

Eurostat (2022) \u201cEmployees by sex, age and occupation (1000)\u201d, https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/LFSQ_EEGAIS__custom_3497773\/default\/bar?lang=en<\/p>\n

Flexner, A. (2001) \u201cIs social work a profession?\u201d, Research on Social Work Practice<\/em>, 11(2), 152-165.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6\u00e7men, E. (2022) \u201cDoktorlara ahlaks\u0131z s\u00f6zle\u015fme… \u00d6zel hastaneler darphane, sa\u011fl\u0131k bahane\u201d, Odatv<\/em>, https:\/\/www.odatv4.com\/guncel\/doktorlara-ahlaksiz-sozlesme-ozel-hastaneler-darphane-saglik-bahane-236556<\/p>\n

Haug, M. R. (1996) \u201cProfesyonelle\u015fmeme: Gelecek \u0130\u00e7in Alternatif Bir Hipotez\u201d, Meslekler Sosyolojisi<\/em> i\u00e7inde, Z. Cirhinlio\u011flu (der.), G\u00fcndo\u011fan Yay\u0131mlar\u0131, Ankara, 129-150.<\/p>\n

Hughes, E. C. (1996) \u201cMeslekler\u201d, Meslekler Sosyolojisi<\/em> i\u00e7inde, Z. Cirhinlio\u011flu (der.), G\u00fcndo\u011fan Yay\u0131mlar\u0131, Ankara, 25-42.<\/p>\n

ILO (2023a) \u201cEmployment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) – United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France\u201d, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=US-DE-GB-FR<\/p>\n

ILO (2023b) \u201cEmployment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) – United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France\u201d, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.IND.EMPL.ZS?locations=US-DE-GB-FR<\/p>\n

\u0130MO (2021) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130n\u015faat M\u00fchendisleri Ger\u00e7e\u011fi: \u0130\u015f, \u0130stihdam ve \u0130\u015fsizlik<\/em>, Ankara.<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul Tabip Odas\u0131 (2022) \u201cHekim Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Tehdit Eden \u2018Muayenehane Hekimlerine \u00d6zel Hastane K\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u2019 Kabul Edilemez!\u201d, https:\/\/www.istabip.org.tr\/7284-hekim-bagimsizligini-tehdit-eden-muayenehane-hekimlerine-ozel-hastane-kisitlamasi-yonetmeligi-kabul-edilemez.html<\/p>\n

Koytak, E. (2020) \u201cMeslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u201d, Journal of Economy Culture and Society<\/em>, 1, 1-27.<\/p>\n

Marx, K. (1997) Kapital: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt<\/em>, \u00c7eviren: A. Bilgi, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara.<\/p>\n

Marx, K. (2014) Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/em>, \u00e7ev. N. Satl\u0131gan, Yordam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (2022) Milli E\u011fitim \u0130statistikleri 2021-2022<\/em>, Ankara.<\/p>\n

Oppenheimer, M. (1996) \u201cProfesyonelin Proleterle\u015fmesi\u201d, Meslekler Sosyolojisi<\/em> i\u00e7inde, Z. Cirhinlio\u011flu (der.), G\u00fcndo\u011fan Yay\u0131mlar\u0131, Ankara, 151-168.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ngel, F. S. (2022) K\u00fcresel Salg\u0131n S\u00fcrecinde M\u00fchendis Eme\u011fi, Dijitalle\u015fme ve Uzaktan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/em>, Yay\u0131n No: MMO\/730, Ankara.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zdem, S. (2022) \u201cSa\u011fl\u0131k personeli say\u0131s\u0131 son 20 y\u0131lda 292 bin 919 artt\u0131\u201d, ISG Haber<\/em>, https:\/\/isghaber.com.tr\/haber\/12811828\/saglik-personeli-sayisi-son-20-yilda-292-bin-919-artti#<\/p>\n

\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, K. (2022) \u201cDoktorlar neden yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidiyor?\u201d, Habert\u00fcrk<\/em>, https:\/\/www.haberturk.com\/doktorlar-neden-yurt-disina-gidiyor-3325949<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilgi Sistemleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (2022) Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130statistikleri Y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 2020<\/em>, Ankara.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fol, B. (2022) \u201cAvukat enflasyonu\u201d, Birg\u00fcn<\/em>, https:\/\/www.birgun.net\/haber\/avukat-enflasyonu-386196<\/p>\n

Sol (2022) \u201c1 May\u0131s’a giderken i\u015f\u00e7i avukatlar neler ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor\u201d, https:\/\/haber.sol.org.tr\/haber\/1-mayisa-giderken-isci-avukatlar-neler-yasadiklarini-anlatiyor-333803<\/p>\n

Soyer, A. (1998) \u201cHekimlerin Toplumsal ve S\u0131n\u0131fsal Konumu Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na Zoraki Bir Girizgah Denemesi\u201d, Toplum ve Hekim<\/em>, 13(4), 262-277.<\/p>\n

Sunar, L. (2020a) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mesleki itibar: D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131 ve mesleklerin sosyal konumu\u201d, Journal of Economy Culture and Society<\/em>, 1, 29-59.<\/p>\n

Sunar, L. (2020b) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Hayat\u0131 ve Meslekler<\/em>, Toplumsal Yap\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Program\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

T24 (2022) \u201cBilgisayar m\u00fchendisleri ve beyin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc; 10 bin mezun nerede, ne yap\u0131yor?\u201d, https:\/\/t24.com.tr\/haber\/canli-bilgisayar-muhendisleri-ve-beyin-gocu-10-bin-mezun-nerede-ne-yapiyor,1007568<\/p>\n

TDK (t.y.) \u201cMeslek\u201d, https:\/\/sozluk.gov.tr\/<\/p>\n

TMMOB (2021) \u201cDiplomal\u0131 i\u015fsiz olmak istemiyoruz! \u0130\u015fsizlik sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm istiyoruz!\u201d, https:\/\/www.tmmob.org.tr\/icerik\/diplomali-issiz-olmak-istemiyoruz-issizlik-sorununa-cozum-istiyoruz<\/p>\n

T\u00dc\u0130K (2023) \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Standart Meslek S\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131 – ISCO 08\u201d, https:\/\/biruni.tuik.gov.tr\/DIESS\/SiniflamaSatirListeAction.do?surumId=210&seviye=1&detay=H&turId=41&turAdi=%209.%20Meslek%20S%C4%B1n%C4%B1flamalar%C4%B1<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkmen, S. (2018) \u201cHayal Tacirli\u011fi, K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Yakal\u0131lar\u201d, http:\/\/avsa.org.tr\/e-yayin\/kirmiziyakalilar\/ky4.pdf.<\/p>\n

Twitter (2023) https:\/\/twitter.com\/biraz_daha_bira\/status\/1617404311788716032<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, K. (2022) \u201cDoktorlar neden yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidiyor?\u201d, Haberturk<\/em>, https:\/\/www.haberturk.com\/doktorlar-neden-yurt-disina-gidiyor-3325949<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, \u201cDoktorlar neden yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na gidiyor?<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Sunar, L. (2020a) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mesleki itibar: D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131 ve mesleklerin sosyal konumu\u201d, Journal of Economy Culture<\/em> and Society<\/em>, 1, 29-59, sf. 46.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> TDK (t.y.) \u201cMeslek\u201d, https:\/\/sozluk.gov.tr\/<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Durkheim, E. (1986) Meslek Ahlak\u0131<\/em>, \u00e7ev. M. Karasan, 3. Bas\u0131m, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul, sf. 20-21.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Koytak, E. (2020) \u201cMeslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u201d, Journal of Economy Culture and Society<\/em>, 1, 1-27, sf. 9.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Flexner, A. (2001) \u201cIs social work a profession?<\/em>\u201d, Research on Social Work Practice, 11(2), 152-165, sf. 153-155.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Albayraktaro\u011flu, S. (2009) \u201cProfesyonelle\u015fme Olgusu ve Mesleki Profesyonelle\u015fme A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Sosyal Hizmet Mesle\u011fi (Sakarya \u00d6rne\u011fi)\u201d, Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, sf. 23<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Sunar, L. (2020b) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Hayat\u0131 ve Meslekler<\/em>, Toplumsal Yap\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Program\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 35.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Barber, B. (1996) \u201cMeslekler Sosyolojisinde Baz\u0131 Sorunlar<\/em>\u201d, Meslekler Sosyolojisi <\/em>i\u00e7inde, Z. Cirhinlio\u011flu (der.), G\u00fcndo\u011fan Yay\u0131mlar\u0131, Ankara, 43-62, sf. 46.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin Haug, M. R. (1996) \u201cProfesyonelle\u015fmeme: Gelecek \u0130\u00e7in Alternatif Bir Hipotez\u201d, Meslekler Sosyolojisi <\/em>i\u00e7inde, Z. Cirhinlio\u011flu (der.), G\u00fcndo\u011fan Yay\u0131mlar\u0131, Ankara, 129-150; Oppenheimer, M. (1996) \u201cProfesyonelin Proleterle\u015fmesi\u201d, Meslekler Sosyolojisi <\/em>i\u00e7inde, Z. Cirhinlio\u011flu (der.), G\u00fcndo\u011fan Yay\u0131mlar\u0131, Ankara, 151-168.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6n lisans mezunu profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131 da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K (2023) \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Standart Meslek S\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131 – ISCO 08\u201d, https:\/\/biruni.tuik.gov.tr\/DIESS\/SiniflamaSatirListeAction.do?surumId=210&seviye=1&detay=H&turId=41&turAdi=%209.%20Meslek%20S%C4%B1n%C4%B1flamalar%C4%B1<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> ILO (2023a) \u201cEmployment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) – United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France\u201d, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=US-DE-GB-FR<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> ILO (2023b) \u201cEmployment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) – United States, Germany, United Kingdom, France\u201d, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.IND.EMPL.ZS?locations=US-DE-GB-FR<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistiklerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> T24 (2022) \u201cBilgisayar m\u00fchendisleri ve beyin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc; 10 bin mezun nerede, ne yap\u0131yor?\u201d, https:\/\/t24.com.tr\/haber\/canli-bilgisayar-muhendisleri-ve-beyin-gocu-10-bin-mezun-nerede-ne-yapiyor,1007568<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (2022) Milli E\u011fitim \u0130statistikleri 2021-2022<\/em>, Ankara, sf. 21.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> Soyer, A. (1998) \u201cHekimlerin Toplumsal ve S\u0131n\u0131fsal Konumu Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na Zoraki Bir Girizgah Denemesi<\/em>\u201d, Toplum ve Hekim<\/em>, 13(4), 262-277, sf. 275.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilgi Sistemleri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (2022) Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130statistikleri Y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 2020<\/em>, Ankara, sf. 210.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistiklerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Bunda T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin d\u00fcnya ekonomisi i\u00e7indeki yeri ile geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelere k\u0131yasla teknoloji \u00fcretme ve bunu kullanmada konusundaki daha geri konumu etkilidir.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Eurostat (2022) \u201cEmployees by sex, age and occupation (1000)<\/em>\u201d, https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/LFSQ_EEGAIS__custom_3497773\/default\/bar?lang=en<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Hughes, E. C. (1996) \u201cMeslekler<\/em>\u201d, Meslekler Sosyolojisi <\/em>i\u00e7inde, Z. Cirhinlio\u011flu (der.), G\u00fcndo\u011fan Yay\u0131mlar\u0131, Ankara, 25-42, sf. 25.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Hughes, \u201cMeslekler<\/em>\u201d, sf. 30.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Hughes, \u201cMeslekler<\/em>\u201d, sf. 32.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Soyer, \u201cHekimlerin Toplumsal ve S\u0131n\u0131fsal Konumu\u2026\u201d, sf. 275.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> \u00d6zdem, S. (2022) \u201cSa\u011fl\u0131k personeli say\u0131s\u0131 son 20 y\u0131lda 292 bin 919 artt\u0131\u201d, ISG Haber<\/em>, https:\/\/isghaber.com.tr\/haber\/12811828\/saglik-personeli-sayisi-son-20-yilda-292-bin-919-artti# ve \u00c7a\u011fatay, A. (2022) \u201cMuayenehanelere hastane ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme zorunlulu\u011fu: \u2018Fiilen muayenehaneleri kapam\u0131\u015f olacak\u2019\u201d, Sputnik T\u00fcrkiye<\/em>, https:\/\/sputniknews.com.tr\/20221108\/muayenehanelere-hastane-ile-sozlesme-zorunlulugu-fiilen-muayenehaneleri-kapamis-olacak-1063188438.html<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> \u0130stanbul Tabip Odas\u0131 (2022) \u201cHekim Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Tehdit Eden \u2018Muayenehane Hekimlerine \u00d6zel Hastane K\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fi\u2019 Kabul Edilemez!\u201d, https:\/\/www.istabip.org.tr\/7284-hekim-bagimsizligini-tehdit-eden-muayenehane-hekimlerine-ozel-hastane-kisitlamasi-yonetmeligi-kabul-edilemez.html<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Aksu-Kaya, E. (2012) Emek S\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve M\u00fchendis Eme\u011fi<\/em>, EMO Yay\u0131n No: EK\/2012\/515, Ankara, sf. 90-91.<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> T\u00dc\u0130K \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistiklerinden yazar taraf\u0131ndan hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> TMMOB (2021) \u201cDiplomal\u0131 i\u015fsiz olmak istemiyoruz! \u0130\u015fsizlik sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm istiyoruz!<\/em>\u201d, https:\/\/www.tmmob.org.tr\/icerik\/diplomali-issiz-olmak-istemiyoruz-issizlik-sorununa-cozum-istiyoruz<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> \u00d6ngel, F. S. (2022) K\u00fcresel Salg\u0131n S\u00fcrecinde M\u00fchendis Eme\u011fi, Dijitalle\u015fme ve Uzaktan \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma<\/em>, Yay\u0131n No: MMO\/730, Ankara, sf. 10.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Sa\u011fol, B. (2022) \u201cAvukat enflasyonu<\/em>\u201d, Birg\u00fcn<\/em>, https:\/\/www.birgun.net\/haber\/avukat-enflasyonu-386196<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Ancak, \u00fccret et, s\u00fct, ti\u015f\u00f6rt ya da bilgisayar\u0131n de\u011fil, bilin\u00e7 ve iradeye sahip bir \u201cmeta<\/em>\u201d olan emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyat\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu arz ve talebe m\u00fcdahil olan ba\u015fka bir \u00e7ok etken vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadelesi ve sendikalar gelmektedir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin bir araya gelip ortak taleplerde bulu\u015fmas\u0131, bunu toplu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle g\u00fcvenceye almas\u0131, \u00fccretlerin tek tek i\u015f\u00e7i ve kapitalist aras\u0131ndaki belirlendi\u011fi s\u00fcrecin i\u015f\u00e7iden yana de\u011fi\u015fmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> Marx\u2019\u0131n Kapital\u2019de bu konuda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespiti do\u011frulayan Engels \u015funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti: \u201cTicaret proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n kaderi konusunda, 1865\u2019te yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan bu tahminin, zaman i\u00e7erisinde nas\u0131l do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn ticari i\u015flemlerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6rt dil bilen y\u00fczlerce Alman b\u00fcro i\u015f\u00e7isinin, haftada 25 \u015filin \u00fccretle -ki bu \u00fccret, iyi bir tornac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretinin \u00e7ok alt\u0131ndad\u0131r- London City\u2019de bo\u015fu bo\u015funa i\u015f aramalar\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/em>\u201d Marx, K. (1997) Kapital: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt, \u00c7eviren: A. Bilgi, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 265, Engels\u2019in dipnotu.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> \u0130MO (2021) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130n\u015faat M\u00fchendisleri Ger\u00e7e\u011fi: \u0130\u015f, \u0130stihdam ve \u0130\u015fsizlik<\/em>, Ankara, sf. 17.<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> \u00d6ngel, K\u00fcresel Salg\u0131n S\u00fcrecinde M\u00fchendis Eme\u011fi<\/em>\u2026, sf. 23.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> Sol (2022) \u201c1 May\u0131s’a giderken i\u015f\u00e7i avukatlar neler ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor<\/em>\u201d, https:\/\/haber.sol.org.tr\/haber\/1-mayisa-giderken-isci-avukatlar-neler-yasadiklarini-anlatiyor-333803<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> Euronews (2023) \u201cAkademisyen, doktor, \u00f6\u011fretmen ve memur maa\u015flar\u0131 asgari \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda son 10 y\u0131lda eridi<\/em>\u201d, https:\/\/tr.euronews.com\/2023\/01\/16\/akademisyen-doktor-ogretmen-ve-memur-maaslari-asgari-ucret-karsisinda-son-10-yilda-hizla-e<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> Derber, C. (2010) Profesyoneller\u0131\u0307 Y\u00f6netmek: \u0130deolojik Proleterle\u015fme ve Post-End\u00fcstriyel \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc<\/em>, \u00e7ev. A. Gelmez, \u0130n\u015faat M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 Ankara \u015eubesi, Ankara, sf. 8.<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> G\u00f6\u00e7men, E. (2022) \u201cDoktorlara ahlaks\u0131z s\u00f6zle\u015fme… \u00d6zel hastaneler darphane, sa\u011fl\u0131k bahane<\/em>\u201d, Odatv<\/em>, https:\/\/www.odatv4.com\/guncel\/doktorlara-ahlaksiz-sozlesme-ozel-hastaneler-darphane-saglik-bahane-236556<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a> Profesyonelin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirmesi s\u00fcreci, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, tam anlam\u0131yla \u00f6zerk bir emek s\u00fcreci oldu\u011fu yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yaratmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Piyasadaki rekabet ve m\u00fc\u015fteri \u201cmemnuniyeti<\/em>\u201d bask\u0131s\u0131 profesyoneli daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya, kimi zaman meslek ilkelerinden \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeye itiyordu. Ancak, bu durumda bile, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne ve etik ilkelere yabanc\u0131la\u015fma d\u00fczeyi bir kapitalistin hizmetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma durumunda oldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyedeydi.<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a> Marx, K. (2014) Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/em>, \u00e7ev. N. Satl\u0131gan, Yordam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 45.<\/p>\n

[45]<\/a> Braverman, H. (2008) Emek ve Tekelci Sermaye<\/em>, \u00e7ev. \u00c7. \u00c7idaml\u0131, Kalkedon Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a> Akba\u015f, K. (2015) Avukatl\u0131k Mesle\u011finin Ekonomi Politi\u011fi, 2. Bask\u0131, Notabene, \u0130stanbul, sf. 173.<\/p>\n

[47]<\/a> T\u00fcrkmen, S. (2018) \u201cHayal Tacirli\u011fi, K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Yakal\u0131lar<\/em>\u201d, http:\/\/avsa.org.tr\/e-yayin\/kirmiziyakalilar\/ky4.pdf, sf. 4.<\/p>\n

[48]<\/a> \u0130\u015fyerinde orta d\u00fczey y\u00f6netici konumundaki m\u00fchendis de \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak unvan\u0131 g\u00f6stermelik de\u011filse; ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccret, i\u015fverene yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer kimi avantajlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i aristokrasine dahildir. \u00dcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticiler ise zaten kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arif Ko\u015far \u00a0 1. Giri\u015f T\u0131p, hukuk, m\u00fchendislik, \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeli\u011fi gibi profesyonel meslekler, neredeyse Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015fundan bu yana daha iyi bir ya\u015fam\u0131n g\u00fcvencesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ortalaman\u0131n \u00fczerinde bir gelir, i\u015fyeri hiyerar\u015fisinde \u00fcst konumlar, ev, araba, yazl\u0131k sahibi olmak anlam\u0131na geldi. Profesyonel meslek mensuplar\u0131 (profesyoneller) gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda orta ya da ortan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde yer ald\u0131. Toplumsal stat\u00fcleri y\u00fcksekti. De\u011fer g\u00f6rd\u00fcler ve onlara […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3448,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[568,427,291],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-59-sayi-bahar-2023","category-sinif-analizi","category-arif-kosar"],"yoast_head":"\nPROFESYONEL MESLEKLER\u0130N SERBEST D\u00dc\u015e\u00dc\u015e\u00dc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/05\/26\/profesyonel-mesleklerin-serbest-dususu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PROFESYONEL MESLEKLER\u0130N SERBEST D\u00dc\u015e\u00dc\u015e\u00dc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Arif Ko\u015far \u00a0 1. 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