{"id":3403,"date":"2023-03-27T23:17:56","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T20:17:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3403"},"modified":"2023-03-27T23:17:56","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T20:17:56","slug":"emperyalizm-sermaye-ihraci-uluslararasilasma-ve-dunyanin-paylasilmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/03\/27\/emperyalizm-sermaye-ihraci-uluslararasilasma-ve-dunyanin-paylasilmasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Emperyalizm: Sermaye ihrac\u0131, uluslararas\u0131la\u015fma ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mustafa Yal\u00e7\u0131ner<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131 emperyalizmin tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda sayan Lenin, \u201cSermayenin ihra\u00e7 zorunlulu\u011fu, kapitalizmin birka\u00e7 \u00fclkede fazla-olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olgusundan ve (tar\u0131m\u0131n geri kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n yoksullu\u011fu nedeniyle) sermayenin \u2018k\u00e2rl\u0131\u2019 yat\u0131r\u0131m alan\u0131 bulamamas\u0131 olgusundan ileri gelir<\/em>\u201d[1]<\/a> der.<\/p>\n

Lenin\u2019in 20. yy ba\u015f\u0131ndaki rakamlar\u0131n\u0131 aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli ba\u015fl\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist emperyalist \u00fclkelerin sermaye ihra\u00e7 e\u011filimi ve ihra\u00e7 ettikleri sermayenin miktar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7eklere ula\u015ft\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, temel bir nedeni, unsuru ve g\u00f6stergesi sermaye ihrac\u0131 olan 1) kapitalizmin uluslararas\u0131la\u015fma e\u011filimi ve 2) ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00fccra k\u00f6\u015felerinde bile kapitalizmin \u201cderinlemesine ve geni\u015flemesine<\/em>\u201d geli\u015fmesi, 3) mali sermaye a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 her yan\u0131na yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131, geli\u015fmi\u015f bir avu\u00e7 zengin \u00fclkeyle ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f d\u00fcnyada bi\u00e7imi de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte s\u00f6m\u00fcrge tekeli ve emperyalizmle halklar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki s\u00fcrerken, 4) d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ekonomik olarak payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn boyutlanarak yenileniyor ve 5) sermaye ihrac\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda, emperyalistler aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerinin hem dayanaklar\u0131ndan birini hem de temel bir verisini sunuyor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

SERMAYE \u0130HRACI: KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ST ULUSLARARASILA\u015eMANIN TEMEL ETKEN\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tekellerin egemen oldu\u011fu kapitalist d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131nda sadece metalar dola\u015f\u0131p de\u011fi\u015filmez, metalar\u0131n yan\u0131na eklenip \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7en sermayenin uluslararas\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bask\u0131n ve belirleyici durumdad\u0131r. Sermaye birikimi ve geni\u015fletilmi\u015f kapitalist yeniden \u00fcretim, sadece metalar\u0131n dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve ticaret arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla de\u011fil, ama ihra\u00e7 edilip ili\u015fkilerini s\u0131n\u0131r-\u00f6telerine ta\u015f\u0131yan sermaye ve \u00fcretimin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ya da daha \u00e7ok belirli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelere yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. \u00c7in ve Asya pazar\u0131nda satmak \u00fczere \u00c7in\u2019de yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olmayan otomotiv tekeli neredeyse yoktur. Ve Apple, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin belirli b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini \u00c7in ve di\u011fer Asya \u00fclkelerinde do\u011frudan, ortak ve ta\u015feron yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla \u00fcretmektedir.<\/p>\n

BM Ticaret ve Kalk\u0131nma Konferans\u0131 (UNCTAD) 2000 Raporu, uluslararas\u0131 \u00fcretimin 690 bin ba\u011fl\u0131 ve 63 bin ana \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmakta oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131yor. 1998\u2019de, finans-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck 100 uluslararas\u0131 \u015firketin 2 trilyon dolara ula\u015fan d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerinin varl\u0131klar\u0131, toplam varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n 1\/8\u2019ini olu\u015fturuyor. 100 b\u00fcy\u00fck tekel d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde 6 milyondan fazla i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor ve \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerinin sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 2 trilyon dolar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131yor. Ve 1990\u2019lar, hen\u00fcz neo-liberalizmin oturmakta oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem. D\u00fcnyada, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 liberalize eden o g\u00fcne kadarki 1035 yasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin %94\u2019\u00fc 1991-1999 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131yor.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerinin sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n 1980\u2019deki 3 trilyon dolardan \u20135 kata yak\u0131n artarak\u2013 1999\u2019da 14 trilyon dolara y\u00fckselmesi, \u00fcretimin uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin geni\u015flemesi ve h\u0131z\u0131 hakk\u0131nda fikir verici. Uluslararas\u0131 geni\u015flemenin \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, eklenmeli ki, ayn\u0131 tarihler aras\u0131nda \u201culuslararas\u0131 \u00fcretimin iki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olan bu \u00fcretimin gayr\u0131 safi has\u0131las\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerin sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131, toplam d\u00fcnya gayr\u0131 safi has\u0131las\u0131yla toplam d\u00fcnya ihracat\u0131ndan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerin d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011findeki sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 toplam d\u00fcnya ihracat\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse iki kat\u0131\u2026 kadard\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f sermaye stokunun d\u00fcnyan\u0131n toplam gayr\u0131 safi has\u0131las\u0131na oran\u0131 1982\u2019deki %5\u2019ten 1999\u2019da %16\u2019ya f\u0131rl\u0131yor.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Raporun bir di\u011fer verisi, 1999\u2019da \u2013kredi, bor\u00e7 vb. d\u0131\u015fta tutularak\u2013 do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015flerinin \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re %27 artarak, d\u00fcnya gayr\u0131 safi has\u0131las\u0131n\u0131n %14\u2019\u00fcne ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, oysa yirmi y\u0131l \u00f6nce bu oran\u0131n\u0131n sadece %2 oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin. \u00d6te yandan do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n temel bir unsuru olan s\u0131n\u0131r-\u00f6tesi sat\u0131n almalar\u0131n 1987\u2019de 100 milyardan az olan miktar\u0131, 1999\u2019da 720 milyar dolarla toplam\u0131n %80\u2019ine ula\u015f\u0131yor.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 1. Ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015eirketleriyle Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye Hareketleri (1982-1999)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
 <\/td>\n <\/td>\nPiyasa fiyatlar\u0131yla<\/p>\n

(Milyar Dolar olarak)<\/td>\n

 <\/td>\n <\/td>\nY\u0131ll\u0131k Art\u0131\u015f oran\u0131<\/p>\n

(%)<\/td>\n

 <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\n1982<\/td>\n1990<\/td>\n1999<\/td>\n1986-1990<\/td>\n1996-1999<\/td>\n1998<\/td>\n1999<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toplam \u0130hra\u00e7 Sermayesi<\/td>\n37<\/td>\n245<\/td>\n800<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n31.9<\/td>\n43.8<\/td>\n27.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ul.ar. Birle\u015fme-Yutmalar<\/td>\n\u2026<\/td>\n151<\/td>\n720<\/td>\n26.4<\/td>\n46.9<\/td>\n74.4<\/td>\n35.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yabanc\u0131 Ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015erk. \u00dcret.<\/td>\n565<\/td>\n1.419<\/td>\n2.045<\/td>\n16.4<\/td>\n15.3<\/td>\n25.4<\/td>\n17.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yab. Ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015erk. Sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131<\/td>\n2.462<\/td>\n5.503<\/td>\n13.564<\/td>\n15.8<\/td>\n11.5<\/td>\n21.6<\/td>\n17.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yab. Ba\u011f. \u015erk. Varl\u0131klar\u0131<\/td>\n1.886<\/td>\n5.706<\/td>\n17.680<\/td>\n18<\/td>\n16.5<\/td>\n21.2<\/td>\n19.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yab. Ba\u011f. \u015erk. \u0130hracat\u0131<\/td>\n637<\/td>\n1.165<\/td>\n3.167<\/td>\n13.2<\/td>\n12.7<\/td>\n13.8<\/td>\n17.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u00fcnya Mal-Hizmet \u0130hrac<\/td>\n2.041<\/td>\n4.173<\/td>\n6.892<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n9.5<\/td>\n-1.8<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fakt\u00f6r fiyatlar\u0131yla GSH<\/td>\n10.611<\/td>\n21.473<\/td>\n30.061<\/td>\n11.7<\/td>\n0.6<\/td>\n-0.9<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kaynak: UNCTAD 2000, sf. 4, Table I.1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sermaye ihrac\u0131 y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde h\u0131z kesmedi, kriz ve durgunluk y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki belirli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flere ra\u011fmen geli\u015fme e\u011frisi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcnde olmad\u0131; 2002-2003, 2007-2009 ve 2012-2014\u2019deki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerle ilerleyerek, her y\u0131l 1.5 trilyon dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde sermaye giri\u015fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.[6]<\/a> 2019\u2019da ba\u015f g\u00f6steren durgunluk ve pandeminin a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 krize paralel olarak sermaye ihra\u00e7 ve ithali de azal\u0131\u015fa ge\u00e7ti.[7]<\/a> Buna ra\u011fmen 1982\u2019deki 37 milyar dolarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u201320 kat\u0131 a\u015fan\u2013 boyut \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sermaye ihrac\u0131, ithalci \u00fclkelerde biriken yabanc\u0131 sermaye stokunu durmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7o\u011faltt\u0131. D\u00fcnyada 1990\u2019da 2.196 trilyon olan ithal edilmi\u015f yabanc\u0131 sermaye toplam\u0131, on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde katlanarak, 2000\u2019de 7.377\u2019ye, 2008 Krizi \u00f6ncesinde yine katlanarak, 2007\u2019de 18.634\u2019e, 2015\u2019te 24.983\u2019e, pandemi \u00f6ncesi 2019\u2019daysa 36.470 trilyona y\u00fckseldi. On y\u0131lda bir \u00fc\u00e7 kattan fazla, sonuncusunda 2 kat b\u00fcy\u00fcme.<\/p>\n

Finansal olmayan en b\u00fcy\u00fck 100 uluslararas\u0131 tekelin varl\u0131klar\u0131yla sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yurt-i\u00e7i ve yurt-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin 2018 rakamlar\u0131 da, sermaye ve kapitalizmin uluslararas\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n boyutunu ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 2. 100 B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015eirket: Uluslararas\u0131 \u00dcretim Verileri (2018)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
 <\/td>\nVARLIK<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\nSATI\u015e<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n\u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
 <\/td>\nYERL\u0130<\/td>\nYABAN.<\/td>\nTOPL.<\/td>\nORAN<\/td>\nYERL\u0130<\/td>\nYABAN<\/td>\nTOPL<\/td>\nORAN<\/td>\nYERL<\/td>\nYAB.<\/td>\nTOPL.<\/td>\nORAN<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
D\u00fcnya<\/td>\n6.710<\/td>\n9.335<\/td>\n16.045<\/td>\n%58<\/td>\n3.919<\/td>\n5.916<\/td>\n9.836<\/td>\n%60<\/td>\n8.548<\/td>\n9.604<\/td>\n18.152<\/td>\n%53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Geli\u015fmekte olan<\/td>\n5.430<\/td>\n2.581<\/td>\n8.011<\/td>\n%32<\/td>\n2.751<\/td>\n2.559<\/td>\n5.311<\/td>\n%48<\/td>\n9.248<\/td>\n4.693<\/td>\n14.211<\/td>\n%35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Kaynak: UNCTAD 2020, sf. 25, Table I.8.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck tekellerin \u201canavatanlar\u0131<\/em>\u201d d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki varl\u0131k ve sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n daha fazla oldu\u011fu, \u00c7in gibilerin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclke<\/em>\u201d kategorisindekilerin ise, d\u0131\u015far\u0131da \u00fcrettikleri mallar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda neredeyse \u00fclke i\u00e7inde \u00fcrettiklerinin sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 yakalad\u0131klar\u0131, varl\u0131k ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclke i\u00e7indekilerin 1\/3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

SERMAYE \u0130HRA\u00c7\u00c7ISI GEL\u0130\u015eM\u0130\u015e \u00dcLKELER DE SERMAYE \u0130THALAT\u00c7ISI<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130hra\u00e7 edilen sermayenin \u00fclkelere da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131la\u015fma k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemez. Sermaye ihrac\u0131nda, \u201csermaye[nin] pek az, toprak fiyat\u0131[n\u0131n] nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck, \u00fcc\u00adretler[in] az, hammadde[nin] ucuz<\/em>\u201d olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda altyap\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fi, teknolojik ilerleme gibi ko\u015fullar da etkili olmakta ve son yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131lda net olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler ihra\u00e7 olunan sermayenin b\u00fcy\u00fck kesimini \u00e7ekebilmektedir. Sermaye i\u00e7in belirleyici \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct k\u00e2rd\u0131r ve nerede y\u00fcksek getiri sa\u011flayacaksa oraya akmaktad\u0131r. Sermaye ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelere de ihra\u00e7 olmakta; ancak ba\u015fl\u0131ca ihra\u00e7\u00e7\u0131lar olan geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler, ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sermaye ithal etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin 1999\u2019da d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde ithal edilen 865 milyar dolar tutar\u0131ndaki sermayenin %73.5\u2019unu olu\u015fturan 636 milyar dolarl\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. BM\u2019nin aralar\u0131na \u00c7in\u2019i de dahil etti\u011fi (bu, \u00c7in\u2019in de resmi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131) \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler<\/em>\u201d ise, toplam yabanc\u0131 sermaye girdisinin ancak %24\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan 208 milyar dolar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7i giderek \u201cgeli\u015fmi\u015f<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan<\/em>\u201d \u00fclkelere giri\u015f yapan yabanc\u0131 sermaye miktarlar\u0131nda bir dengelenme oluyor ve \u2013\u00c7in\u2019in de dahil edildi\u011fi\u2013 \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan<\/em>\u201d \u00fclkeler 2012 (729\u2019a 517 milyar dolar) ve 2013\u2019te (778\u2019e 566 milyar dolar) sermaye ithalinde \u201cgeli\u015fmi\u015f<\/em>\u201d \u00fclkeleri ge\u00e7iyor. 2017\u2019de tersi olurken, 2018\u2019de \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan<\/em>\u201d \u00fclkelere giren sermaye (706\u2019ya 557 milyar dolar) yine \u00f6nde. 2019\u2019da \u201cgeli\u015fmi\u015f<\/em>\u201d \u00fclkeler, 800 milyar dolar ve %52\u2019lik pay\u0131yla ithalatta yeniden \u00f6ne ge\u00e7iyor. Geride kald\u0131klar\u0131nda bile geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda yabanc\u0131 sermaye \u00e7ekiyor ve aralar\u0131ndan \u00c7in \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan<\/em>\u201d \u00fclkelerin geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin fazlas\u0131yla gerisinde kalacaklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclecektir.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere 2006\u2019da 857 milyar sermaye giri\u015fi oluyor ve \u00e7o\u011fu sat\u0131n almalar yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor; en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki giri\u015f, 175 milyarla ABD, 140 milyarla \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye. 2019\u2019da ise, %52\u2019lik payla, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler 800 milyar dolar yat\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7ekiyor. En b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye giri\u015fi, 246 milyarla ABD\u2019ye.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin kendi t\u00fcrlerinden \u00fclkelere sermaye ihra\u00e7 etmeleri birbirlerinin pazarlar\u0131na g\u00f6z diktiklerini g\u00f6sterirken, nedeni, sermaye ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 tekellerin ku\u015fkusuz geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131 k\u00e2rl\u0131 bulmalar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130hra\u00e7 sermayesi, rakipleriyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc rekabetin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00f6rece geri \u00fclkelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sahip olduklar\u0131 belirli \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri nedeniyle geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere de y\u00f6nelmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u201cS\u0131cak para<\/em>\u201d olarak vurguna gelmesinin yan\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerde sermaye genellikle<\/u><\/em> emek-yo\u011fun \u00fcretimle, maden ve petrol vb. \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla elektrik\/gaz da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k vb. hizmet alanlar\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r; tekel bir\u00e7ok sorunun \u00fcstesinden gelmeyi sa\u011flasa bile, ula\u015f\u0131m vb.ni de kapsayarak \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan<\/em>\u201d \u00fclkelerin ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131 genellikle y\u00fcksek teknolojili yat\u0131r\u0131mlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha az uygundur. Oysa geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler bu olana\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fcretilecek \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in geni\u015f bir pazar olana\u011f\u0131 da sunar. Yine de \u2013teknolojik egemenli\u011fi garanti edecek olanlar bir yana\u2013 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc uzun zamana yay\u0131lacak sermayenin organik bile\u015fimi y\u00fcksek yat\u0131r\u0131mlar geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bile tercih edilmemektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin ABD\u2019nin 2007\u2019de 1.770 milyar dolarl\u0131k sermaye ihra\u00e7 stoku i\u00e7inde ancak 371 milyar\u0131 imalat sanayi ve 85 milyar\u0131 petrol\/madencilik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, 1.177 milyar\u0131 maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\/geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc h\u0131zl\u0131 hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[8]<\/a> 2015\u2019te ise, d\u00fcnya genelinde ithal edilmi\u015f toplam 25.6 trilyon dolarl\u0131k sermayenin ancak 7 trilyonu imalata, 2 trilyonu maden ve petrole, 16 trilyonluk aslan pay\u0131 ise finansal i\u015flemler ve ticaret de i\u00e7inde olmak \u00fczere \u201chizmet<\/em>\u201d sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[9]<\/a> Bu stokun geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde yat\u0131r\u0131lan 1.266 milyar\u0131n\u0131nsa 836 milyar\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Dikkat \u00e7ekici bir di\u011fer veri, do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n %70-80\u2019ini olu\u015fturan birle\u015fme ve yutmalar\u0131n, ayn\u0131 \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fenler i\u00e7inde olmak \u00fczere, \u2013\u00c7in ve Rusya hari\u00e7\u2013 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler 2018 toplam\u0131 702 milyar dolar ve bunun finans ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k etkinliklerini de kapsayarak 449 milyar\u0131 (%64\u2019\u00fc) \u201chizmetler<\/em>\u201d sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde. \u00c7in\u2019in aralar\u0131nda say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cgeli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler<\/em>\u201d a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan 2017\u2019de ise, toplam sat\u0131n almalar 194 milyar dolarken, bunun 128 milyar\u0131 (%66\u2019s\u0131) \u201chizmetler<\/em>\u201d sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye ihracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 olduklar\u0131ysa tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz. \u0130ki y\u0131l \u00f6rnek olarak al\u0131n\u0131rsa, 2006\u2019da geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden sermaye ihrac\u0131, bu \u00fclkelerin ithal ettikleri sermayeyi 165 milyar a\u015farak, 1.023 milyar dolar olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor. En b\u00fcy\u00fck ihracat\u00e7\u0131 217 milyarla ABD. Ard\u0131ndan Fransa, \u0130spanya, \u0130svi\u00e7re, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya s\u0131ralan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

2017 ve 18\u2019de toplam sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n %50 ve 60\u2019\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden. 2017\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan vergi yasas\u0131 nedeniyle d\u0131\u015far\u0131daki ABD sermayesinden bile \u00fclkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f oluyor ve 2018\u2019de ABD negatif sermaye ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131. Japonya iki y\u0131l da ilk s\u0131rada.[11]<\/a> Takip\u00e7ileri \u00c7in, Fransa, Almanya. OECD verilerine g\u00f6re 2021\u2019de ise, geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerin sermaye ihra\u00e7 stoklar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 3. Sermaye \u0130hra\u00e7 Stoklar\u0131yla \u00dclkeler (2020)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\u00dclke<\/td>\nABD<\/td>\nHollanda<\/td>\n\u00c7in<\/td>\n\u0130ngiltere<\/td>\nKanada<\/td>\nAlmanya<\/td>\nJaponya<\/td>\nFransa<\/td>\nD\u00fcnya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2021<\/td>\n8.241<\/td>\n3.759<\/td>\n2.413<\/td>\n2.055<\/td>\n1.962<\/td>\n1.954<\/td>\n1.837<\/td>\n1.548<\/td>\n34.344<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Kaynak: <\/strong>OECD Data (2021); FDI Stocks <\/strong>(https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/fdi\/fdi-stocks.htm#indicator-chart<\/a>)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkalar\u0131 s\u0131ralamaya giremiyor ve g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, sermaye ihrac\u0131 as\u0131l emperyalistlerin i\u015fi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ARACILAR: \u0130RLANDA, HONG KONG, S\u0130NGAPUR, L\u00dcKSEMBURG\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sermaye ithal ve ihrac\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte olmasa bile, K\u0131br\u0131s ile Virgin ve Cayman Adalar\u0131 gibi ba\u015fkalar\u0131 bu \u00fclkelerin yan\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. K\u0131br\u0131s \u00f6zellikle Rusya ve Orta Asya \u00fclkeleriyle i\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Rus mali sermayesinin arac\u0131s\u0131 rol\u00fc oynuyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2019\u2019da 24 milyar dolarla d\u00fcnyada en y\u00fcksek sermaye giri\u015fi olan 17. \u00fclke,[12]<\/a> ancak K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n bu b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki bir sermayeyi emme yetene\u011fi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Ger\u00e7ekte, K\u0131br\u0131s, bir ba\u015fka \u00fclkeye ihra\u00e7 edilmek \u00fczere giri\u015f yapan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclke sermayelerinin transit ge\u00e7i\u015f \u201cistasyonu<\/em>\u201d. Kan\u0131t\u0131 ayn\u0131 raporda: K\u0131br\u0131s, Rusya ve Orta Asya \u00fclkelerine a\u00e7\u0131k arayla en \u00e7ok sermaye ihra\u00e7 eden \u00fclke g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor (2014\u2019te 84, 2019\u2019da 115 milyar dolar);[13]<\/a> oysa \u00c7in bile, bu \u00fclkelere 2014\u2019te 20, 2019\u2019da 31 milyar dolarl\u0131k sermaye ihra\u00e7 ediyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130rlanda da, daha geli\u015fmi\u015f bir \u00fclke olmakla birlikte, sermaye ihra\u00e7 ve ithaline arac\u0131l\u0131k etmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a benziyor. \u0130rlanda, 2018\u2019de ekside kalmakla birlikte, 2019\u2019da 78 milyar dolarla d\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok sermaye ithal eden 5. \u00fclke. \u0130rlanda, 2015\u2019te ise 188 milyar dolarl\u0131k sermaye ithal edip 166 milyarl\u0131k ihra\u00e7 yap\u0131yor.[14]<\/a> Oysa bu \u00fclkenin bu miktarda sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131yla ihrac\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun ko\u015fullara sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilebilir. A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 rakamlar, \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n 2013 ve 2017\u2019de sadece geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerdeki ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f sermaye stoklar\u0131d\u0131r: 428 ve 717 milyar dolar.[15]<\/a> \u0130hra\u00e7 edebilece\u011fi b\u00f6yle bir birikimi olmayan \u0130rlanda, a\u00e7\u0131k ki, bir arac\u0131 ya da transit \u00fclke.<\/p>\n

L\u00fcksemburg, farkl\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

Hollanda, Singapur ve Hong Kong g\u00f6rece farkl\u0131 \u00fclkeler. Hollanda ilk kapitalist \u00fclkelerden ve ciddi sermaye birikimine sahip emperyalist bir \u00fclke. Di\u011fer iki \u00fclke ise, 20. yy ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist \u00fclkelerce Asya\u2019ya \u201catlama tahtalar\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak rol oynamak \u00fczere dizayn edildi, ancak bu rollerini oynarken farkl\u0131la\u015fma s\u00fcrecine girdiler ve farkl\u0131la\u015fmaktalar.<\/p>\n

Sermaye stoklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin tabloda g\u00f6rd\u00fck ki, Hollanda ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131. Bu ihracat\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ola\u011fan Hollanda ihracat\u0131 ya da Hollanda men\u015feili tekellerin d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fuyor; ancak bu \u00fclke de, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclke mali sermayelerinin kendi \u00fczerinden ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere transferlerine arac\u0131l\u0131k ediyor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kent-devletleri olan Singapur ve art\u0131k \u00f6zel stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle \u00c7in\u2019e ba\u011flanan Hong Kong da, arac\u0131l\u0131k rolleri daha fazla olmak \u00fczere onu and\u0131r\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

2017 ve 2018\u2019de ABD ve \u00c7in\u2019in ard\u0131 s\u0131ra bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc en \u00e7ok sermaye ithal eden \u00fclkeler: 111 ve 116 milyarla Hong Kong, 76 ve 78 milyarla Singapur ve 58 ve 70 milyar dolarla Hollanda.[16]<\/a> Sermaye ihrac\u0131nda da \u00f6n s\u0131radalar. 87 ve 85 milyar dolarla Hong Kong 4., 28 ve 59 milyarla Hollanda 6. ve 44 ve 37 milyarla Singapur 10. \u00fclke.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Arac\u0131 rolleri, ihra\u00e7 ve ithal ettikleri sermaye miktar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131llar i\u00e7indeki ciddi dalgalanmas\u0131ndan da g\u00f6r\u00fclebiliyor. Sermaye ithalinde 2015\u2019te Singapur 71 milyarla d\u00fcnya 6.s\u0131yken 2019\u2019da 92 milyarla 3.; Hong Kong 174 milyarla 3. iken 2019\u2019da 68 milyarla 7.; Hollanda ise 69 milyarla 7. iken 2019\u2019da 84 milyarla 4. \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n dalgalanmas\u0131 ise m\u00fcthi\u015f: Sermaye ithalinde 2015\u2019te 188 milyarla d\u00fcnya 2.si, 2018\u2019de -28 milyarla 189., 2019\u2019da ise 78 milyarla yine y\u00fckseli\u015fte.[18]<\/a> Bu \u00fclkeler ihra\u00e7ta da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde dalgalanmadalar: \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n 2015\u2019teki 166 milyarl\u0131k sermaye ihracat\u0131, 2017\u2019de 1 milyar oluyor. Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n 2015\u2019teki 138 milyarl\u0131k ihracat\u0131ysa, 2018\u2019de -19\u2019a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp 2019\u2019da 125 milyarla ABD ile birlikte yine 2. s\u0131raya y\u00fckseliyor.<\/p>\n

K\u0131br\u0131s ve Singapur d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ihra\u00e7 ve ithal ettikleri sermaye stoklar\u0131n\u0131n GSY\u0130H\u2019lar\u0131na oran\u0131na ili\u015fkin OECD\u2019nin verdi\u011fi 2020 rakamlar\u0131[19]<\/a>, bu \u00fclkelerin \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n arac\u0131 \u00fclkeleri olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. (Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma olana\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ekledi\u011fimiz son 5 \u00fclkenin i\u00e7e ve d\u0131\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fck sermaye ak\u0131\u015f rakamlar\u0131 g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olsa bile, yine de kapitalist uluslararas\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n boyutunu veriyor. L\u00fcksemburg olanca anormalli\u011fiyle GSY\u0130H\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n 12 kat\u0131n\u0131 ihra\u00e7 ederken, \u0130ngiltere GSY\u0130H\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n \u00be\u2019\u00fc, Almanya ise yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar sermaye ihra\u00e7 ediyor.)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 4. Sermaye \u0130hra\u00e7 ve \u0130thallerinin GSY\u0130H\u2019ya Oranlar\u0131yla \u00dclkeler (2020)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u00dclke<\/td>\nL\u00fcxemb<\/td>\nH.Kong[20]<\/a><\/td>\nHoll.<\/td>\n\u0130rlanda<\/td>\n\u0130svi\u00e7re<\/td>\nKanada<\/td>\nBel\u00e7.<\/td>\n\u0130ng.<\/td>\nAlman<\/td>\nABD<\/td>\nJapon<\/td>\n\u00c7in<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130hra\u00e7%<\/td>\n856<\/td>\n486.5<\/td>\n455<\/td>\n302<\/td>\n183<\/td>\n120<\/td>\n115<\/td>\n76<\/td>\n51<\/td>\n39<\/td>\n35<\/td>\n16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130thal%<\/td>\n1.211<\/td>\n506.5<\/td>\n356<\/td>\n338<\/td>\n158<\/td>\n67<\/td>\n92<\/td>\n81<\/td>\n31<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bu \u00fclkelerin bunca b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye ihra\u00e7 ve ithalleriyle dalgalanmalar\u0131 nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klanmal\u0131?<\/p>\n

Birbiriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 konuya de\u011finmek gerekiyor: 1) off-shore finans, 2) sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 vergi kolayl\u0131klar\u0131 ve 3) \u201cshell<\/em>\u201d (paravan) ve \u201cconduit<\/em>\u201d (nakledici) denen \u201c\u00f6zel ama\u00e7l\u0131<\/em>\u201d do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131m \u015firketleri.<\/p>\n

Off-shore<\/em> finansal merkezler \u00f6nce kapitalizm ve bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca merkezleri ABD ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye yak\u0131n ada ve k\u0131y\u0131larda belirip \u015firketlere vergi kolayl\u0131klar\u0131 ve gizlilik sa\u011flamalar\u0131yla \u00fcnlendiler: Karayipler\u2019de Cayman ve Virgin Adalar\u0131, Bahamalar, Hollanda Antilleri, Nevis, \u0130rlanda a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Man ve Man\u015f\u2019ta Channel Adalar\u0131, Belize, K\u0131br\u0131s ve i\u00e7 sava\u015fla L\u00fcbnan\u2019\u0131n de\u011fer kayb\u0131 ard\u0131ndan Bahreyn, Singapur ve Hong Kong gibi. Giderek bunlara Lihten\u015ftayn, L\u00fcksemburg, \u0130rlanda, hatta gizlilik y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u0130svi\u00e7re ve en son \u00f6zel durumuyla Hollanda da eklendi.<\/p>\n

Guardian, Paradise Papers\u2019da Nevis\u2019te kay\u0131tl\u0131 70 bin \u015firketin ad\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fini, bunlar\u0131n yasal koruma alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu ve adalarda 2012\u2019den 2018\u2019e finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00bc b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yazd\u0131.[21]<\/a> \u00dcnl\u00fc Man Adas\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmaya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran hizmet sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar var, bu \u201cvergi cenneti<\/em>\u201dnde online \u015firket kurabilece\u011finizi, tam koruma alt\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 taahh\u00fct ediyor ve adan\u0131n off-shore getirilerini balland\u0131rarak anlat\u0131yorlar.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

Off-shore bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015flevi, ba\u015fta finansal fonlar olmak \u00fczere yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131, ABD, Almanya ve \u0130ngiltere gibi yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerini de vergilendiren \u00fclkeler yerine elde ettikleri gelirleri t\u00fcrl\u00fc yollarla transfer ettikleri off-shore hesaplar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla vergi \u00f6demekten kurtarmas\u0131 ve merkez \u00fclkelerinin kurallar\u0131yla yarg\u0131lanmalar\u0131n\u0131 by-pass etmesidir. Off-shore bankac\u0131l\u0131k, \u201ckara para<\/em>\u201d aklama i\u015flevi de g\u00f6r\u00fcr, ama as\u0131l olan, dev tekellerin bilan\u00e7o oyunlar\u0131 ve yasalara uydurulmu\u015f vergisizle\u015ftirme operasyonlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Vergi kolayl\u0131klar\u0131na<\/em> gelince, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin kurumsal gelir vergisi oranlar\u0131ndan \u00f6rnekler a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131. ABD\u2019de oran, 2017\u2019deki indirimle %35\u2019ten 21\u2019e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, ancak yine de y\u00fcksek. Almanya, vergi oran\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerden ve eyaletlere g\u00f6re %22.8-36.8 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

Man ve Cayman adalar\u0131 bir yana, neden Hong Kong, Singapur, Hollanda, L\u00fcksemburg ve \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcksek miktarlarda sermaye ihrac\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ya da ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde b\u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak \u00fczere, d\u0131\u015f \u00fclke gelirlerini de kapsayan vergi oranlar\u0131 Singapur\u2019da %17; Hong Kong\u2019da %15-16,5.[23]<\/a> \u0130rlanda ve L\u00fcksemburg\u2019ta sadece \u00fclke i\u00e7inde elde edilen gelirler vergiye tabi, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yat\u0131r\u0131m ve faaliyetlerinin geliri vergi d\u0131\u015f\u0131. Hollanda\u2019da finansal yat\u0131r\u0131m fonlar\u0131 vergi d\u0131\u015f\u0131! \u00c7in\u2019de oran %25, ancak kalifiye yat\u0131r\u0131mlarda %15\u2019e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor, yabanc\u0131larsa vergiden muaf ve sadece \u00fclke i\u00e7i faiz, kira, telif vb. gelirleri %10 vergiye tabi.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

Buradan geli\u015fen ili\u015fkiler; Apple, Microsoft, General Electric, Gasprom, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Black Rock gibi tekellerin uluslararas\u0131 niteliklerinin, yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok \u00fclkede \u00fcretip d\u00fcnyaya sat\u0131\u015f yapmalar\u0131ndan \u00fcreyen ili\u015fkileri a\u015f\u0131yor ve t\u00fcm i\u015flemlerinin uluslararas\u0131 niteli\u011finde beliriyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rnek olarak, bu tekeller, biri, ana karargahlar\u0131 olan ABD ya da Almanya, di\u011feriyse, geri kalan \u00fclkelerdeki sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan elde ettikleri gelirleri telif, copyright, know-how vb. \u00f6dentisi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda aktarmak i\u00e7in \u0130rlanda\u2019da iki ayr\u0131 \u201c\u015firket<\/em>\u201d kuruyorlar. \u0130rlanda\u2019daki \u015firkete yap\u0131lan telif vb. \u00f6demeleri nedeniyle gelirleri giderlerini kar\u015f\u0131lay\u0131p \u201ck\u00e2r etmedikleri<\/em>\u201d i\u00e7in \u00f6rne\u011fin ABD\u2019de vergi \u00f6demiyorlar. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde de gelirleri giderleri dengeliyor ve yine vergi \u00f6demiyorlar. Arada, finansal fonlara tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 %0\u2019l\u0131k vergi kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131p hatta \u00fcste te\u015fvik bile almak \u00fczere, ellerindeki y\u00fckl\u00fc mebla\u011flar\u0131 \u0130rlanda ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fclkelerden Hollanda\u2019ya transfer edip geri al\u0131yorlar. Zaten \u201caklanm\u0131\u015f<\/em>\u201d ve yasal olarak tertemiz olan k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 ya off-shore hesaplar\u0131nda veya herhangi bir banka ya da hisse senedinde varl\u0131k olarak biriktiriyor ya da Hollanda\u2019dan yat\u0131r\u0131m fonu olarak y\u00f6nlendirip tekelin ABD ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki yeni yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131yorlar. Bu i\u015flemler, \u0130rlanda, L\u00fcksemburg ve bir yan\u0131yla da Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n sermaye ihracat ve ithalat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klarken, ekonomilerini de ileri d\u00fczeyde uluslararas\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Singapur ve \u00f6zellikle art\u0131k \u00c7in\u2019in \u00f6zel bir eyaleti olan Hong Kong, bat\u0131 devletleriyle tekelleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7in\u2019i de kapsayarak, Asya\u2019daki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n atlama tahtas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, \u00c7in\u2019in geli\u015fip g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesiyle, ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7la \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 ve Bat\u0131\u2019dan Asya\u2019ya do\u011fru tek yanl\u0131 ili\u015fki az \u00e7ok dengelendi. 2005 rakamlar\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda bile bu dengelenmeye i\u015farettir: Hong Kong \u00c7in\u2019e toplam sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n %61.1\u2019ini olu\u015fturan 18 milyar dolar yat\u0131r\u0131rken, \u00c7in\u2019in ihrac\u0131 9.4 milyard\u0131r (toplam\u0131n %28\u2019i). Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Hong Kong\u2019un \u00c7in\u2019deki sermaye stoku 241.5, \u00c7in\u2019in bu \u00fclkedeki stoku ise 164 milyara ula\u015f\u0131r.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n

Yat\u0131r\u0131m \u015firketi<\/em> olarak, \u00f6zellikle bu \u00fclkelerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen iki t\u00fcr \u00f6rnekten biri \u201cshell<\/em>\u201dler ve OECD K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi bunlar\u0131 \u201cresmi olarak kay\u0131tl\u0131, kurulmu\u015f ya da belirli bir ekonomide yasal olarak organize olmu\u015f, fakat bu ekonomide arac\u0131l\u0131k yetene\u011finden ba\u015fka herhangi i\u015flem y\u00f6netmeyen \u015firket<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor. \u201cConduit<\/em>\u201dler ise, \u201cgenellikle ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan i\u015fletmelerden fon edinen ya da bor\u00e7 alan ve bu fonlar\u0131 do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131na ya da bir di\u011fer ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015fletmeye havale eden \u015firketler<\/em>\u201d.[26]<\/a> \u0130kisi de, \u0130rlanda\u2019da kurulanlar t\u00fcr\u00fcnden ve hemen sadece ka\u011f\u0131t-\u00fcst\u00fc i\u015flemler i\u00e7in faaliyetteler.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

SERMAYE \u0130HRACI VE KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ZM\u0130N D\u00dcNYA-\u00d6L\u00c7EKL\u0130 GEL\u0130\u015eMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kapitalizmin d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011findeki geli\u015fmesi az ya da \u00e7ok kapitalistle\u015fmemi\u015f bir \u00fclke b\u0131rakmad\u0131; y\u00fcksek k\u00e2r pe\u015finde geri \u00fclkelere akan yabanc\u0131 sermaye bu \u00fclkelerde kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesinin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmez bir dinami\u011fi oldu.<\/p>\n

Emperyalizm, tekel ve mali sermaye egemenli\u011finin serbest rekabetin yerini almas\u0131d\u0131r ve para ticareti olarak tefecili\u011fin geli\u015fmesine, \u201ckupon kesicili\u011fine<\/em>\u201d, durgunluk ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye yol a\u00e7ar. Ancak ge\u00e7en say\u0131m\u0131zda \u00fczerinde durulan bir durgunluk ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme e\u011filimi olu\u015fu, emperyalizmin, kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesine set \u00e7ekti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Lenin, y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u201c\u2026 bu \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme e\u011filiminin, kapitalizmin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fmesini \u00f6nleyece\u011fini sanmak yanl\u0131\u015f olur. \u00d6nlemez. Em\u00adperyalist d\u00f6nemde, baz\u0131 sanayi kollar\u0131, burjuvazinin baz\u0131 katmanlar\u0131, baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler, bu e\u011filimlerden birini ya da \u00f6teki\u00adni, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00f6sterirler. Genel olarak, kapi\u00adtalizm, eskiye g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla geli\u015fmektedir.<\/em>\u201d[27]<\/a> demi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Ve bizzat geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerde olu\u015fmu\u015f bir \u201cfazlal\u0131k<\/em>\u201d olarak sermayenin ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere ihra\u00e7 edilmesi, bu geli\u015fmenin etkenidir: \u201c\u0130hra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f sermaye, ihra\u00e7 edildi\u011fi \u00fclkelerde, kapitaliz\u00admin geli\u015fmesini etkiler, h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, sermaye ihrac\u0131, ihracat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki geli\u015fmeyi bir par\u00e7a durdurma e\u011filimi ta\u015f\u0131sa da, bunun, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyadaki kapitalizmi derinlemesi\u00adne ve geni\u015flemesine geli\u015ftirmek pahas\u0131na oldu\u011funu unutma\u00admal\u0131.<\/em>\u201d[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

Vehbi Ko\u00e7\u2019un an\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6z atmak bile, ithal edilen sermayenin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesinde tuttu\u011fu yeri, \u00f6rne\u011fin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn devlerinden Ko\u00e7\u2019un sermaye birikim s\u00fcrecinin bir y\u00f6n\u00fc ve par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak nas\u0131l Amerikan Ford vb. sermayesinin kendisini yeniden \u00fcretmesi s\u00fcrecine ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 sermayenin nas\u0131l bu geli\u015fmenin bir dayana\u011f\u0131 ve karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n

Tekellerin \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesini engelleyici karakterine kar\u015f\u0131n, bu engelleme mutlak de\u011fildir; mali sermaye k\u00e2r ve rant i\u00e7in ihra\u00e7 oldu\u011fu alanlarda pazar ili\u015fkileriyle<\/em> kapitalizmi geli\u015ftirici bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Serbest rekabet tekele ve emperyalizme g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde hen\u00fcz baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde kapitalizm hemen hi\u00e7 geli\u015fmemi\u015f ya da \u00e7ok az geli\u015fmi\u015fti. \u0130ran ve T\u00fcrkiye ile \u00f6rne\u011fin Kore, Malezya, Endonezya gibi Asya\u2019daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler bu \u00e7ok az geli\u015fenlerdendi. \u00c7in ve Hindistan gibi \u00fclkelerse kapitalizmin az geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00fclkelerdi. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc grubu, sahip olduklar\u0131 yar\u0131-feodal ili\u015fkiler ve orta d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalizmleriyle do\u011fu Avrupa ve Balkan \u00fclkeleri; bir di\u011ferini ise, Portekiz ve Arjantin t\u00fcr\u00fc belirli bir d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fmi\u015f emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131.[29]<\/a> G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sanayile\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler; ve geli\u015fmeleri belirli \u201culusal<\/em>\u201d \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131makla birlikte, sadece kendi ulusal kapitalist geli\u015fmeleriyle bug\u00fcne gelmediler, ama emperyalist sermaye ile ili\u015fkilenerek ekonomilerinin esasta uluslararas\u0131 kapitalizmin bir bile\u015feni olarak \u015fekillendi\u011fi bir geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci izlediler. Emperyalizm \u00f6ncesi hemen hi\u00e7 geli\u015fmeyen ya da az geli\u015fen bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin kapitalizmi, ba\u015fl\u0131ca, tekelci nitelikleriyle birlikte ihra\u00e7 olunan mali sermaye a\u011flar\u0131nca \u00e7evrelenip ku\u015fat\u0131larak geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u0130hra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f sermaye stokuyla ba\u011fl\u0131 yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin 2006 rakamlar\u0131, ihra\u00e7\u00e7\u0131 tekellere ba\u011fl\u0131 ne denli geni\u015f bir tekelci kapitalist ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131 ve \u201cyerli-milli<\/em>\u201d varl\u0131k olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor: Toplam 12.5 trilyon dolarl\u0131k ihra\u00e7 sermaye stokuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerin 51 trilyonluk varl\u0131klar\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 kat.[30]<\/a> Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde olsa bile, yine de bu rakam\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelere ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f sermaye dolay\u0131m\u0131yla bu \u00fclkelerde olu\u015fmu\u015f varl\u0131klara dair. Ve bu rakamlar, yaln\u0131zca do\u011frudan ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131na ili\u015fkin, ama ihra\u00e7 sermayesinin hisselerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sahip olup belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kontrol etti\u011fi ya da ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerine y\u00f6nelik par\u00e7a, yedek par\u00e7a vb. \u00fcretimi yapan ya da kredi, bor\u00e7, know-how yoluyla ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f \u015firketlerin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapsam\u0131yor.[31]<\/a> \u0130hra\u00e7 edilen sermayeyle ili\u015fkili t\u00fcm varl\u0131klarsa, T\u00fcrkiye t\u00fcr\u00fcnden \u00fclkelerin GSY\u0130H\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir y\u00fczdesini kapsayacak, hatta a\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011fl\u0131 \u201cyerli<\/em>\u201d \u015firketlerin \u00fcrettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnlere katt\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011ferle ilgili rakamlar, ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f sermayenin ithalci \u00fclkelerde kapitalizmi geli\u015ftirmesinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc ve g\u00f6stergesi: 2016\u2019da toplam ithal yabanc\u0131 sermaye stoku 26.7 trilyon, ihra\u00e7\u00e7\u0131 tekellerin \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerinin toplam sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 37.6 trilyonken, bunun 8.4 trilyon dolar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlere bu \u00fclkelerde kat\u0131lan de\u011ferlerden olu\u015fuyor.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n

Geli\u015fme \u00f6zellikleri ve siyasal rejimleri bir yana; ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda kapitalizmi olduk\u00e7a az geli\u015fen \u00c7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ileri maddi teknik temeliyle kapitalist emperyalist bir \u00fclkeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fken, kapitalizmi \u00e7ok geri olan T\u00fcrkiye ise olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fen kapitalist ekonomisiyle bir G20 \u00fclkesi.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

Sermayenin ihra\u00e7 oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde kapitalizmin geli\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 ili\u015fkinin bir yan\u0131yken, sermaye ihrac\u0131, di\u011fer yandan ihra\u00e7 oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerin emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca etkeni.<\/p>\n

Genel kural durumundaki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise, belirli adalar ve k\u0131y\u0131larla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 istisnalar bir yana \u00fclkeler ve b\u00f6lgeleri kontrol edip ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirmek amac\u0131yla hala do\u011frudan i\u015fgallere ba\u015fvurulmuyor de\u011fil, ancak bu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik bi\u00e7imi art\u0131k genel olarak ge\u00e7ici uygulama durumunda. \u00d6zellikle II. Sava\u015f i\u00e7inde ba\u015flayan halklar\u0131n uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelelerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez hale getirdi\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik sistemi \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc. ABD bu \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015ften yararlanarak rakiplerinin bo\u015faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da onlar\u0131 bo\u015faltmaya zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlara girerken, bir yandan kapitalizm-\u00f6ncesi t\u00fcm gericilik bi\u00e7imleriyle temsilcilerini destekleyerek onlarla birle\u015fti, di\u011fer yandan geli\u015fen kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin temsilcilerinden edindi\u011fi i\u015fbirlik\u00e7iler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00fclkeleri kendisine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131lmaya y\u00f6nelerek onlar\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin dayanaklar\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131. \u015eimdi eski bi\u00e7imler alt\u0131nda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez olan emperyalist egemenli\u011fin yeni s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci bi\u00e7imleri, b\u00fct\u00fcn di\u011fer emperyalistler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Ekonomik ilhak\u0131n kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 siyasi ilhak\u0131 mutlak olarak d\u0131\u015flamayan, \u2013t\u00fcm\u00fc siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmesi demek olan\u2013 ikili ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 ekonomik, siyasi, askeri, mali, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel vb. anla\u015fmalar, yayg\u0131nla\u015fan ve siyasi-askeri unsurlar\u0131 da kapsayan TTP, ASEAN vb. t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fclke birlikleri, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131n\u0131 saran askeri \u00fcsler ve gerekti\u011fi her durumda vekiller de kullan\u0131larak ba\u015fvurmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmayan askeri m\u00fcdahalelerle takviye edilmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa sahip \u00fclkelerin ekonomik ve mali bak\u0131mdan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131 ve hammadde, ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc ve pazar olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n emperyalistlerce de\u011ferlendirilmesi \u2013bu, \u015fimdi as\u0131l s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p>\n

Bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015fti, ama s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n az\u0131nl\u0131kta olan belirli say\u0131da emperyalist \u00fclkeyle \u00e7o\u011funluktaki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkeler olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi s\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve emperyalizmle d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fki hala d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinden biri.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

EMPERYAL\u0130STLER VE PAZAR KAVGASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kapitalizm, ba\u015fta \u201ck\u00fcreselle\u015fme<\/em>\u201d ve onunla ili\u015fkili olanlar olmak \u00fczere, ger\u00e7e\u011fi ba\u015fkala\u015ft\u0131ran ya da tamamen hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok say\u0131da tez ve teorinin hareket ettirici \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f zeminini sunarak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde art\u0131k \u00e7ok daha uluslararas\u0131. Kapitalizm daha tekel-\u00f6ncesinde evrensel bir pazar yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tekelle birlikteyse bu pazar\u0131n asli unsuru halinde durmaks\u0131z\u0131n bir ak\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde olan mali sermaye ve en \u00fccra yerlere bile yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011flarla hi\u00e7bir \u00fclkenin ba\u011flan\u0131p entegre olmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam bir d\u00fcnya ekonomisi durumunda.<\/p>\n

Revizyonizmin egemenli\u011fiyle birlikte \u2013sonradan \u201990\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 egemenli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Arnavutluk\u2019tan ba\u015fka\u2013 kapitalist d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda duran \u00fclke kalmad\u0131; h\u0131zla t\u00f6rp\u00fclenmekte olu\u015fu bir yana, K\u00fcba gibi kimi \u00fclkelerin \u00f6rne\u011fin yabanc\u0131 ortakl\u0131 i\u015fletmeler i\u00e7in koydu\u011fu %51\/49 \u015fart\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcnden s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar[33]<\/a> ise mali sermaye ve kapitalizmin egemenli\u011fini engelleyebilecek t\u00fcrden de\u011fil ve \u00f6rnekleri ABD\u2019nin g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini y\u00fckselterek a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cticaret sava\u015flar\u0131<\/em>\u201dnda g\u00f6r\u00fclen, hemen her \u00fclkenin hala ba\u015fvurabildi\u011fi korumac\u0131 \u201culusal<\/em>\u201d s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar kategorisinden. Kapitalizmin uluslararas\u0131 e\u011filimi tekellerle birlikte tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde bask\u0131n halde ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ileri boyutlar kazand\u0131; ancak bu, do\u011fumundan beri ona e\u015flik eden ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta bask\u0131n olan ulusal e\u011filiminin yok oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. Tersine, uluslararas\u0131 e\u011filimi geli\u015fmekle birlikte, iki e\u011filim de kapitalizme i\u00e7kin; uluslararas\u0131 kapitalizm, birbirleriyle amans\u0131z m\u00fccadele halindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli \u201culusal<\/em>\u201d mihraklara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f \u00e7eli\u015fkili bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fturuyor.<\/p>\n

Bilinmeyen bir pazar i\u00e7in \u00fcretimin tek tek fabrika ve i\u015fletmelerde \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc olmas\u0131ndan t\u00fcreyen rekabet, bu kez \u2013tekellerle tekel-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kesimler ve tekel-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kesimlerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki rekabetin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ve as\u0131l olarak\u2013 pazar \u00fczerinde belirli bir denetim kuran tekeller aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ve sermaye ve \u00fcretimin y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde artan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerle uluslararas\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131yla \u00e7oktan uluslararas\u0131 alana ta\u015fan rekabet, art\u0131k tek tek tekeller ve mali sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda onlar\u0131n siyasal egemenlik ayg\u0131tlar\u0131 olan emperyalist devletler aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi olarak s\u00fcrer. Tekeller, mali sermaye gruplar\u0131 ve emperyalist devletler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkiler, \u00fcstelik eskisinden daha \u015fiddetli ve zaman zaman iyice keskinle\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

Tekeller, mali sermaye gruplar\u0131 ve emperyalistler aras\u0131ndaki rekabetle m\u00fccadele ve geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecini ko\u015fullayan etmenler s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fim halindedir.<\/p>\n

Lenin \u201cMali-sermaye ve tr\u00f6stler, d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin farkl\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin ritimleri aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 azaltmaz, \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131r<\/em>\u201d[34]<\/a> dedi\u011finde ger\u00e7e\u011fi dile getirmi\u015fti. Tekellerle birlikte artarak, tek tek i\u015fletmeler ve sekt\u00f6rlerden ba\u015flayarak, tekeller ve mali sermaye gruplar\u0131 kadar egemeni olduklar\u0131 kapitalist ekonomiler (ve koruyucu-kollay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 emperyalist devletlerle olanaklar\u0131) e\u015fit olmayan s\u0131\u00e7ramal\u0131 bir geli\u015fim seyri izler. Eskinin g\u00f6rece g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz bir mali sermaye grubu ya da emperyalist ekonomi ve devlet, \u00f6zellikle maddi teknik temelinin geli\u015fkinli\u011fiyle modern \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7im ve tekniklerine dayanarak, s\u0131\u00e7ramalar ve ataklarla rakiplerini yakalay\u0131p ge\u00e7ebilir. Tarih \u00f6rnekleriyle dolu.<\/p>\n

Bir zamanlar \u0130ngiltere \u201c\u00fczerinde g\u00fcne\u015f batmayan<\/em>\u201d imparatorluktu. \u00dcretken ekonomisiyle, \u201cat\u00f6lyesi<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011fu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ekonomik ve toprak olarak ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Ancak ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131nda, tekelci devlet kapitalizmi olarak merkezile\u015fmi\u015f ekonomisinin yeni teknik temeldeki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine dayanarak Almanya, ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yaymaya y\u00f6neldi\u011fi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeni bir payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 talep etti ve I. Emperyalist Sava\u015f buradan patlad\u0131. \u0130kincisine de benzer nedenle gidildi. Ve sava\u015flar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131ndan etkilenmedi\u011fi gibi, h\u0131zla geli\u015fen ekonomisini \u00fcstelik askerile\u015ftirerek ve sava\u015fta sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckle elde etti\u011fi olanaklarla yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen ABD, sosyalist SSCB kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kapitalist d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca hegemonu haline geldi. Ard\u0131ndan kapitalizmin restorasyonuyla emperyalizme y\u00f6nelen modern revizyonizmin egemenli\u011findeki SSCB ile girdi\u011fi hegemonya yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, \u2013i\u00e7 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesinin yan\u0131nda\u2013 kapitalist bat\u0131n\u0131n merkezile\u015ftirdi\u011fi birli\u011finin ba\u015f\u0131nda bu \u00fclkeyi ku\u015fat\u0131p \u00e7\u00f6kerterek kazanan Amerikan emperyalizmi, giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lenseler bile hen\u00fcz hala zay\u0131f rakipleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131, ancak bu g\u00f6rece \u201crakipsiz<\/em>\u201d d\u00f6nemi on y\u0131l bile s\u00fcrmedi.<\/p>\n

ABD, Sovyet sosyal emperyalizmiyle d\u00fcnya hegemonyas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde, sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 n\u00fckleer koruma kalkan\u0131, NATO ittifak\u0131 ve II. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi y\u00fcz milyarlarca dolar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcce dayanarak pe\u015finden s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n emperyalist \u00fclkelerine \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 dikte edebildi. \u0130ttifak i\u00e7inde Avrupal\u0131lar \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n ikincil kalmas\u0131na uzun s\u00fcre katlanamazlard\u0131; \u00e7eli\u015fmeli bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015ftursa bile \u2013sonradan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zorunluluktan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin de kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2013 kurduklar\u0131 birlikten (AB) de ald\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7, ama ba\u015fl\u0131ca ekonomisini h\u0131zla yeni ve geli\u015fkin temeller \u00fczerinde \u00f6rg\u00fctleyen Almanya\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fckleyicili\u011fiyle, daha ABD-Rusya hegemonya \u00e7eki\u015fmesi d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flayarak, hen\u00fcz ittifak\u0131 g\u00f6zetseler de, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k veren \u00f6zel politikalar izlemeye ve ABD\u2019den ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6zel ili\u015fkiler geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6neldiler. Ancak Avrupal\u0131 mali sermaye gruplar\u0131 ve emperyalist \u00fclkelerle Amerikan mali sermaye gruplar\u0131 ve emperyalizmini birbirine ba\u011flayan ba\u011flar hala \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere, ABD ile \u00f6zel bir ili\u015fkiye sahip, hemen her durumda onunla birlikte tutum al\u0131yor ve bu yak\u0131nl\u0131k girift ekonomik ili\u015fkilerinden kaynaklan\u0131yor. \u0130kisi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en y\u00fcksek yabanc\u0131 sermaye stoklar\u0131 bulunduruyor ve mali sermaye gruplar\u0131 birbirleriyle \u00e7ok s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili, hatta bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u00e7 i\u00e7e girmi\u015f durumda. Sermaye ihrac\u0131nda ilk iki s\u0131ray\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 1999\u2019da 199 milyar dolarla birinci olan \u0130ngiltere, tek ba\u015f\u0131na ABD\u2019nin ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi sermayenin 1\/5\u2019ini \u00e7ekiyor. Ve tersinden, ABD\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ihrac\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak 1999\u2019da 276 milyar dolara ula\u015fan sermaye ithalinin %39\u2019unu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren en b\u00fcy\u00fck yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 \u0130ngiltere.[35]<\/a> \u0130ki \u00fclkenin \u00f6zel ili\u015fkisine sa\u011flam bir temel sa\u011flayan bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 trend s\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve \u00f6rne\u011fin 2005\u2019te iki yanl\u0131 sermaye ihra\u00e7 stoklar\u0131yla bu iki \u00fclke yine ilk s\u0131ralarda. \u00c7in\u2019deki 242 milyarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131yla 2. s\u0131rada olan Hong Kong bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, d\u00fcnyadaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye stoku ABD\u2019de toplam 282 milyar dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131ma sahip \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin, \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki 234 milyarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131yla ABD ise \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc.[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ancak sermaye ihrac\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f stoklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130ngiltere gerileme i\u00e7inde. Sermaye stoklar\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere; ABD, Fransa, Hollanda, Almanya, G. Afrika, Avustralya ve \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te g\u00f6rece y\u00fcksek yat\u0131r\u0131mlara sahip. Ancak 1985\u2019ten 2005\u2019e art\u0131\u015f y\u00fczdeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, sadece ABD ve h\u0131zla y\u00fckselen \u00c7in\u2019in de\u011fil, ama Almanya, Japonya ve hatta Hollanda ile Fransa\u2019n\u0131n bile gerisinde.<\/p>\n

2006\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin sermaye ihrac\u0131 79 milyar dolarla ABD\u2019nin yar\u0131s\u0131na bile yakla\u015fam\u0131yor, Fransa, \u0130spanya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019nin bile gerisine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.[37]<\/a> \u0130ngiltere giderek yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n eskisi kadar tercih etmedikleri bir \u00fclke haline geliyor; sermaye ithalinde 7. olabildi\u011fi 2014\u2019te 52, 12. olabildi\u011fi 2015\u2019te ise ancak 40 milyar dolar \u00e7ekebiliyor ve \u015eili bile listedeyken, \u0130ngiltere bu iki y\u0131l da ABD, Japonya ve \u00c7in\u2019in ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sermaye ihracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 20 \u00fclke aras\u0131na giremiyor.[38]<\/a><\/p>\n

Gerileme e\u011filimi 2018-2019\u2019da da s\u00fcr\u00fcyor; yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yine pek tercih edilmiyor, ABD\u2019nin 250, \u00c7in\u2019inse 140 milyar dolay\u0131nda sermaye \u00e7ekti\u011fi y\u0131llarda \u0130ngiltere 60 milyar dolarla d\u00fcnya 8.si. Sermaye ihrac\u0131nda 11. s\u0131rada; Japonya 227, ABD, Hollanda, \u00c7in ve Almanya 100 milyar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeyken, \u0130ngiltere 30 milyar dolarda kal\u0131yor.[39]<\/a><\/p>\n

Gerilemesinin temel nedeni, en eski sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclke olan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana \u00e7o\u011fu kez eklemelerle yetinerek, teknik temelini olduk\u00e7a yava\u015f yenileyebilmesi. Bir\u00e7ok emperyalist \u00fclke sava\u015f nedeniyle ya da \u00c7in gibi neredeyse s\u0131f\u0131rdan ba\u015flayarak yeni\/yeniden kurmakta olduklar\u0131 sanayileriyle ekonomilerini geli\u015fkin teknolojilere yaslanarak in\u015fa ederlerken, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge getirileriyle beslenen \u0130ngiliz ekonomisi bunu ba\u015faramad\u0131 ve Almanya ile Japonya \u00f6rne\u011fi bir sanayi geli\u015ftiremedi. Finanse etti\u011fi geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n getirileriyle ilgilendi, ancak hala bir \u0130ngiliz valinin y\u00f6netti\u011fi ama resmi paras\u0131 dolarken \u0130ngiliz poundunun ge\u00e7medi\u011fi Cayman Adalar\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi bu alanlar\u0131 giderek \u00f6zellikle ABD\u2019ye kapt\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere Parlamento K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re, 2019\u2019da \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin sermaye ihra\u00e7 stoku 1.50, ithal stoku ise 1.60 trilyon dolar.[40]<\/a> OECD 2020 rakamlar\u0131yla, \u00fclkenin ihra\u00e7 sermaye stokunun GSY\u0130H\u2019ya oran\u0131 %76, ithal sermaye stokunun oran\u0131ysa %81 ki, bu rakamlar \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin, 2016\u2019da yat\u0131r\u0131m promosyon ajanslar\u0131nca olas\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlara ev sahipli\u011fi yapabilecekler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 4. \u00fclke olarak g\u00f6sterilmesinin abart\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ama ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde finans fonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u2013en y\u00fcksek say\u0131da ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firket kurarak\u2013 tercih ettikleri bir \u201ci\u015flemler \u00fclkesi<\/em>\u201d ya da bir \u201cfinansal arac\u0131l\u0131k \u00fclkesi<\/em>\u201dne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Brexit sonras\u0131ndaysa \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin finans gruplar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemi azal\u0131yor ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n finans merkezi Londra\u2019dan Frankfurt\u2019a kay\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Sermaye ihrac\u0131ndaki g\u00f6reli azalma, bu \u00fclke ekonomisinin g\u00fcc\u00fcyle d\u00fcnya ekonomisi \u00fczerindeki etkisi ve elde etti\u011fi pay\u0131n azalmakta olu\u015funun hem nedeni hem de g\u00f6stergesi. Ayn\u0131 \u00f6nem kayb\u0131ndan, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin azalmakta olan siyasal ve \u00f6zellikle askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 ve etkinli\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da s\u00f6z etmek yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Buradan, ABD ile ittifak\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmezli\u011fi t\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Avrupa<\/strong><\/p>\n

Beraberinde Fransa\u2019yla as\u0131l olarak Almanya\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi Avrupa, i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkileriyle bir birlik ve daha 2000 \u00f6ncesinde sermaye ihrac\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k ara \u00f6ndeydi. (1999\u2019da \u0130ngiltere 199, ABD 151, AB 510 milyar dolarl\u0131k sermaye ihra\u00e7 etti.[41]<\/a>) Bu geli\u015ferek devam etti. AB, \u00c7in hari\u00e7 geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerin ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi sermayenin 2011\u2019de %55.7, \u2013vergi yasas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ABD\u2019nin negatif ihracat\u0131yla\u2013 2018\u2019de %75\u2019ini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. 2019\u2019daysa, Avrupa\u2019dan sermaye ihrac\u0131 %13 artmakla birlikte, ABD\u2019nin pozitife d\u00f6nmesi ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Avrupa ve K. Amerika\u2019ya ihrac\u0131n\u0131 ikiye katlamas\u0131yla bu oran g\u00f6rece dengelendi. Hollanda, L\u00fcksemburg ve \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ABD orijinli olan finansal fonlar\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na \u201carac\u0131l\u0131k<\/em>\u201d ettikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bu sermaye ihra\u00e7 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc t\u00f6rp\u00fclenecektir, ancak yine de birlik olu\u015fturmu\u015f Avrupal\u0131 emperyalistlerin d\u00fcnya ekonomisindeki etki ve pay\u0131 y\u00fckseli\u015fte ve giderek g\u00fc\u00e7 topluyorlar.<\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bu y\u00fckseli\u015finin iki verisinden ilki, ABD\u2019nin giderek kendi \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne almakta olan Avrupa kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda izledi\u011fi dalgal\u0131 siyasettir.<\/p>\n

Avrupal\u0131 emperyalistler, AB\u2019nin y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve modern revizyonizmin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle ittifak ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 azal\u0131nca, ABD\u2019den ayr\u0131\u015fan \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, Rusya ve \u00f6zellikle \u00c7in gibi olas\u0131 rakiplere y\u00f6nelik ondan farkl\u0131la\u015fan tutumlar geli\u015ftirmeye koyuldular. Almanya, asl\u0131nda Rusya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda izledi\u011fi \u201costpolitik<\/em>\u201dle esnekli\u011fi \u00f6nceden ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonra 2011\u2019de Rus do\u011falgaz\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131yan boru hatt\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7an G. Schr\u00f6der\u2019in lokomotifli\u011finde devam eden ve Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 bypass etti\u011fi i\u00e7in tepkileri t\u0131rmand\u0131ran \u201cKuzey Ak\u0131m\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n ikinci hatt\u0131yla yeni bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm alan Rusya\u2019yla ili\u015fkiler ABD\u2019nin sert ele\u015ftirilerini al\u0131r oldu. Trump, artmakta olan ABD\u2019den farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na uygun ekonomik ve politik tutumlar geli\u015ftirmekte olan Avrupal\u0131lara \u00f6rne\u011fin NATO harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmay\u0131 dayat\u0131p \u00e7elik vergisini y\u00fckseltir ve Transatlantik Ticaret ve Yat\u0131r\u0131m Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (TTIP) ask\u0131ya alarak fiilen da\u011f\u0131t\u0131rken, bu zorlama, kendi \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015finde ABD ile aras\u0131na mesafe koyma e\u011filimindeki Avrupal\u0131 emperyalistlerin y\u00f6nelimini geli\u015ftirici etki yapt\u0131.[42]<\/a> Yeni ba\u015fkan Biden, Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 ABD\u2019den uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmakta olan Trump\u2019\u0131n bu politikas\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6zel taleplerini tan\u0131y\u0131p Avrupal\u0131 emperyalistlerle ili\u015fkilerini yenilemeye y\u00f6nelerek de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve \u015fimdilik ABD ile AB \u00fclkelerinin ortak rakipler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yan yana durmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 denebilir.<\/p>\n

Buna ra\u011fmen, Biden sonras\u0131nda da s\u00fcren \u201cKuzey Ak\u0131m\u0131-2<\/em>\u201d restle\u015fmesi, ABD-Avrupa ili\u015fkilerini bozmaya aday. Yeni ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131, 15 Temmuz 2021 sonras\u0131nda projenin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi halinde, Gazprom\u2019la ortak boru hatt\u0131 in\u015fa eden iki Alman, bir Avusturyal\u0131, Frans\u0131z Engie ve Royal-Dutch Shell ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u201cNord Stream-2 AG<\/em>\u201d \u015firketiyle y\u00f6neticilerine a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Haziran\u2019daki G7 ve ABD ziyaretinde Merkel\u2019le Biden aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar ask\u0131ya al\u0131narak, ABD \u015fimdilik projenin tamamlanmas\u0131na onay verdi.[43]<\/a><\/p>\n

Giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lenen Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ABD\u2019yle ili\u015fkisini eskisinden farkl\u0131 \u015fekillendirme e\u011filiminin ikinci verisi, AB\u2019nin siyasal merkezile\u015fmesinin ilerlemesi ve bunun askeri alana da yans\u0131yarak Avrupa Ordusu kurma giri\u015fimidir ve bu y\u00f6nelim Biden sonras\u0131nda da s\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Rusya<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fin s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fc SSCB\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kurulan Rusya, \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f sonras\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lan sosyalizmden miras birlik ve Var\u015fova Pakt\u0131 \u00fclkelerinin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki pozisyonunu kaybetti. Bir d\u00f6nem Yeltsin\u2019le neredeyse ABD\u2019ye ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelmekteyken, Putin\u2019le kendisini toparlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131; birli\u011fi, daralarak ve gev\u015fek ba\u011flarla Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler Toplulu\u011fu olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131, ama Balt\u0131k, do\u011fu Avrupa ve Balkanlarda etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcremedi ve bu \u00fclkelerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc AB ve NATO \u00fcyeleri oldu, Ukrayna ise yolda.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Suriye\u2019ye asker g\u00f6ndererek Rusya, uluslararas\u0131 alanda izlemekte oldu\u011fu tutumu net olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi; kabu\u011funa \u00e7ekilip ak\u0131nt\u0131ya uymaya son verip yeniden \u201cben de var\u0131m<\/em>\u201d dedi. Sosyalizmin birikimlerini mirasyedice harcayan Rusya hala s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ama belirli bir geli\u015fmi\u015f teknik temele ve e\u011fitilmi\u015f insan kaynaklar\u0131yla n\u00fckleer silah y\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131na sahip. Belirli sekt\u00f6rler ve \u00f6zellikle askeri alanda ileri teknoloji kullanabiliyor, ancak genel olarak ileri teknik temelde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f bir sanayiden yoksun. Ekonomisi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde petrol ve do\u011falgaz ihracat\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 ve fiyat dalgalanmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6nemle etkileniyor. Rakiplerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ekonomik yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bunun temel etkeni sermaye ihrac\u0131 olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca eski SSCB topraklar\u0131nda etkili olmaya, bir ucundan Afrika\u2019da yer edinmeye ve Suriye\u2019de tuttu\u011fu \u201ck\u00f6pr\u00fcba\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201d \u00fczerinden Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

2018\u2019de sadece 13.3, 2019\u2019daysa 31.7 milyar dolar sermaye \u00e7ekebilen Rusya 2014 ve 2018\u2019de s\u0131ras\u0131yla 15 ve 17 milyar dolar sermaye ihra\u00e7 edebildi\u011fi eski SSCB \u00fclkeleriyle \u00a0s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 s\u0131ralamada bile Hollanda, Fransa, \u00c7in, Almanya, \u0130talya vb.\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan ancak 8. olabildi. Ger\u00e7i bu iki y\u0131l K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n bu \u00fclkelere yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 84 ve 115 milyar ve bunlar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmez bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Rus yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu Afrika\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik bir ilgisi ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 bulunuyor. 2019\u2019da ilk kez bir Rusya-Afrika Zirvesi ve Ekonomik Forumu d\u00fczenleyen Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Lukoil tekeli, Kongo gaz \u015firketinin %25\u2019ini 1 milyar dolara yak\u0131n bir parayla sat\u0131n ald\u0131 ve bu, \u00fclkedeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131m. Rus devlet tekeli Alrosa\u2019n\u0131n Angola, Botsvana ve Zimbabve\u2019de, Bahamalar\u2019a kay\u0131tl\u0131 Rus tekeli Renova\u2019n\u0131n Gabon, Mozambik ve G. Afrika\u2019da madencilik alan\u0131nda, devlet tekeli Rosatom\u2019un M\u0131s\u0131r ve Nijerya\u2019da, yine devlet tekeli Rosneft\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 bulunuyor. 2019 Zirvesinde; bilgisayar g\u00fcvenli\u011fi alan\u0131nda Rus devlet tekeli Avtomatika Angola\u2019da telefon operat\u00f6r\u00fc ve bilgisayar altyap\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6zel ya\u011f \u00fcreticisi Rus tekeli ile M\u0131s\u0131r United Oil ortak yat\u0131r\u0131m, Rosatom\u2019la Ruanda H\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda bir n\u00fckleer bilim ve teknoloji merkezi kurulmas\u0131, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a kay\u0131tl\u0131 Rus tekeli Uralchem ile Angolan Grupo Opaia aras\u0131nda 1 milyarl\u0131k in\u015faat, g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi, i\u00e7me suyu sistemi, turizm, tar\u0131m ve finans anla\u015fmas\u0131, devlet bankas\u0131 Veb\u2019le Fas H\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda 2.2 milyarl\u0131k bir petrol rafinerisi kurulmas\u0131, Rusya ile Afrika \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda imzalanan yat\u0131r\u0131m anla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131.[44]<\/a><\/p>\n

Rusya, emperyalist rakiplerine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fckseli\u015fte olan eski sorunlu m\u00fcttefiki \u00c7in\u2019le ittifaka y\u00f6neldi. Lakin h\u0131zl\u0131 bir y\u00fckseli\u015fte olan \u00c7in\u2019in yan\u0131nda ancak ikincil bir m\u00fcttefik olabilece\u011finin fark\u0131nda olan Rusya, bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle a\u00e7mazda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve ABD ve Avrupal\u0131larla ili\u015fkileriyle \u00c7in\u2019i dengelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, ama yine de as\u0131l birlikte \u015eanghay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019nde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019le ittifak \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00c7in<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7in, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla geli\u015fen ve yak\u0131n gelecekte d\u00fcnyan\u0131n birincil g\u00fcc\u00fc olan ABD\u2019yi yakalay\u0131p ge\u00e7ecek bir \u00fclke. \u00c7in\u2019in durmadan yeniden kan\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi Amerikal\u0131lar da g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve \u00f6nlem almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6nlemlerse bilinen ve uygulanm\u0131\u015f olanlar: Korumac\u0131l\u0131k, yasaklar koyma ve en \u00f6nemlisi \u00c7in\u2019i belirli \u00f6zel alanlarda ve genel olarak hen\u00fcz haz\u0131r olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara zorlama. \u0130lk ikisi \u201cticaret sava\u015flar\u0131<\/em>\u201d kapsam\u0131nda yat\u0131r\u0131m ve ithalat engelleriyle bat\u0131da \u00c7in\u2019in 5G teknolojisini d\u00fcped\u00fcz yasaklama olarak g\u00fcndemde, sonuncusu i\u00e7in zamansa ge\u00e7ti, ge\u00e7iyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in, biliniyor, m\u00fcthi\u015f bir GSY\u0130H art\u0131\u015f oran\u0131yla ilerliyor ve bu yeni de\u011fil, i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 atlat\u0131larak ba\u015flay\u0131p 1960\u2019larda h\u0131zlanan ve \u201980\u2019lerle ata\u011fa kalk\u0131p biny\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde art\u0131k d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015flayan bir geli\u015fme e\u011filimi. Devrim kar\u015f\u0131-devrime d\u00f6nd\u00fck\u00e7e, en \u00f6nemlisi ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olan geni\u015f kaynaklara sahip \u00fclkede \u2013\u00f6nce daha \u00e7ok d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ithal edilen ve giderek b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda Ar-Ge harcamalar\u0131yla[45]<\/a> \u00fclke i\u00e7inde geli\u015ftirilmeye ba\u015flanan teknoloji sanayiye uygulanarak\u2013 son birka\u00e7 on y\u0131lda yeni kurulmakta olan modern teknik temeliyle kapitalizm ve giderek kar\u015f\u0131-devrimin hizmetine adapte olmu\u015f son derece merkezi ve disiplinli \u00f6rg\u00fctsel yap\u0131s\u0131yla ona y\u00f6n veren siyasal rejiminden g\u00fc\u00e7 al\u0131yor. Yaln\u0131zca K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi y\u0131llar\u0131 (1966-67) ile Mao\u2019nun \u00f6l\u00fcm y\u0131l\u0131nda (1976) negatife d\u00fc\u015fen GSY\u0130H, 1963\u2019ten itibaren y\u0131ll\u0131k dalgalanmalarla sadece 1974 ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 krizle Korona\u2019n\u0131n vurdu\u011fu 2020\u2019de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck rakamlarla (%2.3) b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc, 1990\u2019dan kriz y\u0131l\u0131 2020\u2019ye kadarsa b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131 %6\u2019n\u0131n alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmedi (ortalama 10), sanayinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ise bunu a\u015f\u0131yor.[46]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00c7in Ulusal \u0130statistik B\u00fcrosu (NBS) taraf\u0131ndan verilen[47]<\/a> \u00c7in ekonomisinin, 1986\u2019dan itibaren y\u0131l gruplar\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00fczdelik b\u00fcy\u00fcme oranlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 5. Y\u0131l Gruplar\u0131nda \u00c7in Ekonomisi B\u00fcy\u00fcme Oranlar\u0131 (1986-2018)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Y\u0131l<\/td>\n86-90<\/td>\n91-98<\/td>\n98-2004<\/td>\n2001-06<\/td>\n01-09<\/td>\n01-12<\/td>\n01-14<\/td>\n01-16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
GSY\u0130H<\/td>\n7.9<\/td>\n10.8<\/td>\n8.2<\/td>\n9.8<\/td>\n10.5<\/td>\n10.1<\/td>\n9.8<\/td>\n9.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130mal.San.<\/td>\n9<\/td>\n14.8<\/td>\n9.8<\/td>\n11.1<\/td>\n11.4<\/td>\n11.1<\/td>\n10.6<\/td>\n10.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yat\u0131r\u0131m<\/td>\n12.2<\/td>\n25.8<\/td>\n13.4<\/td>\n21<\/td>\n22.6<\/td>\n22.6<\/td>\n22.4<\/td>\n21.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Yab.serm.<\/td>\n17.2<\/td>\n24.3<\/td>\n8.4<\/td>\n7.6<\/td>\n9.2<\/td>\n8.8<\/td>\n8<\/td>\n7.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Enerj.T\u00fck.<\/td>\n5.2<\/td>\n4.1<\/td>\n5.2<\/td>\n10.1<\/td>\n8.6<\/td>\n7.9<\/td>\n7.9<\/td>\n7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130thalat<\/td>\n4.8<\/td>\n12.8<\/td>\n21.6<\/td>\n23.3<\/td>\n18.1<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n16.7<\/td>\n13.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0130hracat<\/td>\n19.1<\/td>\n14.5<\/td>\n18.3<\/td>\n25.4<\/td>\n19.1<\/td>\n19.2<\/td>\n17.4<\/td>\n14.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ort.\u00dccret<\/td>\n5.8<\/td>\n10.5<\/td>\n12.1<\/td>\n13.1<\/td>\n?<\/td>\n?<\/td>\n?<\/td>\n?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Kaynak: \u00c7in Ulusal \u0130statistik B\u00fcrosu<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ortalama \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 vermekten vaz ge\u00e7en \u00c7in NBS, 2016 GSY\u0130H\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 1978\u2019dekinin %3229.7\u2019si, 2000\u2019dekinin %424.8\u2019i olarak veriyor. \u00c7in 2000\u2019de ise 1990\u2019a g\u00f6re %661.2 b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f. 2014\u2019deki \u00c7in imalat sanayi 1978\u2019dekinin % 4441.i\u2019i, 2000\u2019dekinin ise %411\u2019i. ABD\u2019nin b\u00fcy\u00fcme rakamlar\u0131n\u0131n % birka\u00e7 puanl\u0131k, kom\u015fusu Japonya\u2019n\u0131n ise neredeyse s\u00fcre\u011fen bir durgunluk i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00c7in verilerinin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortada. \u00c7in ekonomisi katlanarak b\u00fcy\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in, \u2013\u00fclkeye giren yabanc\u0131 sermayenin de katk\u0131s\u0131yla\u2013 h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcmekle kalmad\u0131, ekonomik temeli sa\u011flamla\u015f\u0131p b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e, Asya\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmaya, yeni d\u0131\u015f pazarlar talep etmeye, rakiplerini sollayarak bu pazarlara girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011ferlendiren \u00c7in \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeni at\u00f6lyesi<\/em>\u201d olur ve \u00fcretim \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ihracata y\u00f6nelirken, i\u00e7 pazar\u0131 da giderek geni\u015fledi. 2010\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle h\u0131zlanan \u00c7in mal ve sermaye ihrac\u0131 \u00f6nemli boyutlara ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu, pazarlar\u0131 elinde tutan rakiplerinin tepkisini \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncesi bir yana 1993\u2019ten itibaren geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyada en y\u00fcksek oranda sermaye ithal eden \u00c7in[48]<\/a>, 1996-99 ortalamas\u0131 2 trilyon olan d\u00fcnya sermaye stokunun yakla\u015f\u0131k %13\u2019\u00fc oran\u0131nda (y\u0131ll\u0131k 40 milyar\u0131n \u00fczerinde) sermaye ithal ederken ancak %2\u2019si kadar sermaye ihra\u00e7 edebilmekteydi.[49]<\/a> 2005\u2019te 72.4, 2006\u2019da 69.5 milyar dolarla artan miktarlarda sermaye ithal eden \u00c7in\u2019in sermaye ihrac\u0131 2006\u2019da, %32\u2019lik art\u0131\u015fla 16 milyara y\u00fckseldi ve ihra\u00e7 sermaye stoku 73 milyar dolar oldu.<\/p>\n

Kendi \u00fclkesinde \u201cserbest b\u00f6lgeler<\/em>\u201d kuran \u00c7in, deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olarak, 2006\u2019da, 8 \u00fclkede (Nijerya, Mauritus, Zambiya, Mo\u011folistan, Pakistan, Tayland, Rusya ve Kazakistan) \u201cekonomi ve ticaret i\u015fbirli\u011fi b\u00f6lgeleri<\/em>\u201d kurdu ve bir Pakistan \u015firketiyle 250 milyon dolarl\u0131k ilk ortak yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Pakistan\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. (Bu e\u011filim, sonraki y\u0131llarda \u00c7in\u2019in \u2013\u00fcstelik ABD\u2019yi TPP\u2019den [Trans Pasifik Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131] \u00e7ekilmeye zorlayan\u2013 bir\u00e7ok uluslararas\u0131 \u201ci\u015fbirli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d ve \u201ckalk\u0131nma<\/em>\u201d vb. ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 kurmas\u0131 ve kurulu olanlara kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla geli\u015fti, \u00f6yle ki Kanada, Japonya, Avustralya d\u0131\u015flanmamak i\u00e7in bu \u201cbirlikler<\/em>\u201dde yer almaktan ka\u00e7\u0131namad\u0131lar.) \u00c7in Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bu t\u00fcr 50 b\u00f6lge kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. \u00dclkenin dev d\u00f6viz rezervlerinden ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 200 milyar dolarla bir devlet yat\u0131r\u0131m \u015firketi kuran \u00c7in\u2019in petrol tekelleri Kolombiya, Sudan ve Suriye gibi \u00fclkelerde \u015firketler sat\u0131n ald\u0131 ve bankalar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin hizmet sekt\u00f6rlerinde 28.4 milyara ula\u015fan sat\u0131n almalar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. \u00c7in\u2019le Hong Kong aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sermaye ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, ABD ile \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131ndaki ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyada 2. s\u0131raya y\u00fckseldi.[50]<\/a> Ger\u00e7i 2006\u2019da \u00c7in tekelleri, hen\u00fcz Avrupa, ABD ve Japon tekellerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cen b\u00fcy\u00fck 100\u2019ler<\/em>\u201d s\u0131ralamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n s\u0131ralar\u0131 bir yana, Asya, L. Amerika ve Afrika \u00fclkeleri tekelleri aras\u0131nda bile ilk be\u015fe girememektedir,[51]<\/a> ama ser\u00fcven art\u0131k yeni bir a\u015famadad\u0131r: \u00c7in d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131ndad\u0131r ve yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2017 ve 18\u2019de \u00c7in, ABD\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan 2. b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yken, 2016\u2019da ABD ve 2017 ile 18\u2019de Japonya\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan en b\u00fcy\u00fck 2. ihracat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.[52]<\/a> Asya\u2019daki toplam yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, 2017\u2019de ABD\u2019yi ikiye, Japonya\u2019y\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7e katlayan \u00c7in a\u00e7\u0131k ara \u00f6ne ge\u00e7er.[53]<\/a> 2021\u2019e gelindi\u011finde ise art\u0131k \u00c7in, Forbes\u2019in \u201cGlobal 2000<\/em>\u201d en b\u00fcy\u00fck tekeller s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda ilk onda 1. s\u0131ra dahil, 4 tekel birden bulundurmaktad\u0131r.[54]<\/a><\/p>\n

2013\u2019te \u201cKu\u015fak Yol \u0130nisiyatifi<\/em>\u201dni ilan eden ve Asya\u2019da rakiplerini geride b\u0131rakan \u00c7in, di\u011fer k\u0131talarda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmez yat\u0131r\u0131mlara sahip.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in; 2018\u2019de, ihra\u00e7 sermaye stokunda Asya\u2019da 1.252 milyar dolarla b\u00fcy\u00fck farkla birinciyken, Afrika\u2019da Hollanda, Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve ABD\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan 46 milyar dolarla 5.\u2019dir.[55]<\/a><\/p>\n

Johns Hopkins \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re,[56]<\/a> Afrika\u2019ya sermaye ihrac\u0131nda\u00a0 2012\u2019den itibaren ABD\u2019yi ge\u00e7en[57]<\/a>, mal ihrac\u0131nda ise 2008\u2019den beri \u00f6nde olan \u00c7in, son kriz \u00f6ncesinde ABD\u2019ye neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7 misli fark at\u0131yor. \u00d6te yandan \u00c7in, finans\u00f6rlerinin 2000-2019 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri 153 milyar dolar bor\u00e7land\u0131rmas\u0131yla Afrika\u2019ya girip ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yaratmaya y\u00f6neldi.[58]<\/a><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin \u201carka bah\u00e7esi<\/em>\u201d L. Amerika ve Karayipler\u2019e (LAK) ili\u015fkin rakamlar ise tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ve kaynaklar aras\u0131ndaki fark b\u00fcy\u00fck. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 verileri yay\u0131nlayan IMF \u201cBat\u0131 Yar\u0131k\u00fcre B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/em>\u201dnden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar ilgin\u00e7: \u00c7in\u2019in d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde LAK\u2019\u0131n pay\u0131 2014\u2019deki %12\u2019den 2017\u2019de %21.4\u2019e, mal ihrac\u0131nda ise 2020\u2019de %14.5\u2019e y\u00fckseliyor. Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k, elektrik, finans, bilgi ve ileti\u015fim sekt\u00f6rleriyle imalat ve hizmetlerde yo\u011funla\u015fan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, elektrik \u00fcretimi ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131nda her biri 1 milyar\u0131 a\u015fan 12 yutmayla \u201cticaret sava\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201dndan etkilenmeden s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. 2019\u2019da \u00c7in 3 milyara \u015eili\u2019nin 3. b\u00fcy\u00fck da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketiyle 3.6 milyar dolara Peru\u2019nun en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sat\u0131n al\u0131yor. \u00c7in 2015\u2019ten ba\u015flayarak k\u0131tada yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netecek 30, 10 ve 20 milyarl\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 fon kuruyor. 2018 itibariyle yurt-d\u0131\u015f\u0131 sat\u0131n almalar\u0131 (18 milyar dolar) yurt-i\u00e7i yutmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 olan en b\u00fcy\u00fck 5 \u00c7in elektrik tekeli LAK\u2019a bu yolla girip k\u0131tan\u0131n elektrik ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamada \u00f6nemli rol \u00fcstleniyor. (2017\u2019de \u00c7in\u2019in elektrik sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 145 milyar dolarl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, 121 milyarda kalan \u00fclke i\u00e7i yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.)<\/p>\n

Resmi olmayan ama IMF g\u00f6revlilerince kaleme al\u0131nan metin, \u00c7in Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n datalar\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in 2019\u2019da LAK\u2019deki yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 6.4 milyar (d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n %5\u2019i) olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, ancak Cayman ve Virgin Adalar\u0131 gibi off-shore merkezler \u00fczerinden transfer edilen 4.3 milyarl\u0131k fonla ger\u00e7ek yat\u0131r\u0131m ve oran\u0131n y\u00fckseldi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Off-shore yat\u0131r\u0131mlar 2008 krizine kadar \u00c7in d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n en az yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor, sonra azalma e\u011filimine giriyor. Yine de \u00f6rne\u011fin 2018\u2019de off-shore yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, \u00c7in toplam ihrac\u0131n\u0131n %10\u2019u ve LAK\u2019a ihrac\u0131n\u0131n misliyle \u00fczerinde. (Ayn\u0131 \u015fey, di\u011fer k\u0131talarla \u00c7in\u2019in toplam d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olmal\u0131.)<\/p>\n

Off-shore yat\u0131r\u0131mlar kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131tadaki d\u0131\u015f sermaye stok da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda ilk \u00fc\u00e7, ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u00c7in\u2019in olan Asya yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 %31, Avrupa %30, ABD %20 oluyor. Off-shore yat\u0131r\u0131mlar kat\u0131lmazsa da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiyor ve IMF g\u00f6revlileri, bu nedenle d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n temel unsuru s\u0131n\u0131r-\u00f6tesi birle\u015fme\/sat\u0131n almalar\u0131n\u0131n daha do\u011fru sonu\u00e7lara vard\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. G\u00f6revliler, \u00c7in\u2019in LAK\u2019taki temel hedefi olan Brezilya\u2019da 2011-14 aras\u0131ndaki 12.5 milyardan 2015-18\u2019de 23 milyara \u00e7\u0131kan \u00c7in sat\u0131n almalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek veriyor.[59]<\/a><\/p>\n

Buradan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00c7in\u2019in ABD\u2019nin \u201carka bah\u00e7esi<\/em>\u201dne de epey yerle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ABD-\u00c7\u0130N REKABET\u0130 VE SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7in yay\u0131larak son derece h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fiyor; ancak ABD hala d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir numaral\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc. GSY\u0130H\u2019s\u0131, ihra\u00e7 sermaye stoku, en b\u00fcy\u00fckler listesinde \u00f6n s\u0131ralar\u0131 dolduran etkili tekelleriyle hen\u00fcz olduk\u00e7a ileride. 2020\u2019de 91.98 trilyon dolarl\u0131k toplam d\u00fcnya GSH\u2019n\u0131n 20.5\u2019i (%22.5)[60]<\/a>, 38.344 trilyon dolarl\u0131k sermaye ihra\u00e7 stokunun 8.241\u2019i (%21.5)[61]<\/a> ABD\u2019nin. Avrupal\u0131lar, AB toplam\u0131 olarak, 15.168 trilyonluk[62]<\/a> GDP\u2019leri ile 2. s\u0131rada, tek tek \u00fclkeler olarak arkalarda, \u00c7in ise 13.4 trilyonda. Sermaye ihrac\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan AB 13.091 trilyonluk stokuyla ABD\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcnde, \u00c7in ise 2.413 trilyonla Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n da ard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7i \u00c7in\u2019in ABD\u2019yi geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 elektrik \u00fcretimi gibi sekt\u00f6rler var,[63]<\/a> ama yayg\u0131n de\u011fil. \u00c7in aradaki a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapatabilir ku\u015fkusuz, geli\u015fme bu y\u00f6nde. ABD \u201cticaret sava\u015flar\u0131<\/em>\u201d ile \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, Avrupal\u0131larla oldu\u011fu kadar, Asya\u2019da \u2013yak\u0131n zamana kadar \u015eanghay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne \u00fcye olan\u2013 Modi Hindistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131 da yan\u0131na \u00e7ekip Japonya, Avustralya ve Kore ile blok kurmaya y\u00f6nelerek, \u00c7in ilerleyi\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ittifaklar\u0131n\u0131 tazeliyor.<\/p>\n

Askeri alanda \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaz olan ABD\u2019nin, n\u00fckleer silah y\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tek dengeleyicisi Rusya. \u0130kisinin elinde binlerce n\u00fckleer ba\u015fl\u0131kla bir\u00e7o\u011fu birden fazla ba\u015fl\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131yabilen balistik f\u00fcze bulunuyor; \u00c7in hen\u00fcz b\u00f6yle bir g\u00fcce sahip de\u011fil.<\/p>\n

ABD, NASA \u00f6zel tekeller i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle uzay\u0131n fethini ilerletmeye y\u00f6neldi ve bir Uzay Kuvvetleri Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurdu. \u00c7in ise 1960\u2019ta orta menzilli balistik f\u00fcze geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131, 1966\u2019da uzayda n\u00fckleer bomba patlatt\u0131, 1971\u2019de y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye uydu oturtup 1999\u2019da uzay arac\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131yla yere indirmesinin ard\u0131ndan 2003\u2019te uzaya insan yollad\u0131 ve 2007\u2019de ay\u0131n y\u00f6r\u00fcngesine uydu yerle\u015ftirdi. 2000\u2019den bu yana, ABD uzay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019e ambargo uyguluyor. Ama bir kere ok yaydan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD tehlikenin fark\u0131nda ve silahlanmas\u0131n\u0131 yeterli g\u00f6rmeyerek harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131yor. 2009\u2019da 841, 2010\u2019da 865 milyar harcad\u0131, 2020\u2019de 766 milyar dolarda. Silah harcamalar\u0131 GSY\u0130H\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n %3-5\u2019i kadar. Almanya ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n GSY\u0130H\u2019n\u0131n %1.5\u2019unu ge\u00e7meyen askeri harcamalar\u0131 ortalama 40 milyar dolar civar\u0131nda seyrediyor. Fransa da benzer durumda. S\u0130PR\u0130\u2019nin tahminiyle Rusya silaha 50 milyar civar\u0131nda ve GSY\u0130H\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n %3-5\u2019i kadar harc\u0131yor. 1997\u2019ye kadar 30 milyar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan \u00c7in, askeri harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 tedricen 2009\u2019da 123\u2019e, 2020\u2019de 244 milyar dolara y\u00fckseltti. Bu tedrici ama d\u00fczenli art\u0131\u015f, di\u011fer alanlardaki y\u00fckseli\u015fini and\u0131rarak durmaks\u0131z\u0131n t\u0131rman\u0131yor. Ordusunu modernle\u015ftirmekte olan \u00c7in, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, askeri alanda da rakiplerinin arkas\u0131nda kalmamay\u0131 hedefliyor.<\/p>\n

Erken bir sava\u015fa zorlanarak burnu s\u00fcrt\u00fclmezse \u2013ki bu olas\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil\u2013 sanayisinin modern teknik temelinden g\u00fc\u00e7 alarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131mlar ve ekonomisiyle yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle \u00c7in\u2019in ABD\u2019yi yakalay\u0131p ge\u00e7mesi \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olmayacak. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 hamleler, \u00f6nemi artacak yak\u0131nl\u0131klar ve ittifaklar\u0131yla giderek daha da sertle\u015fecek emperyalistler aras\u0131 rekabet ve dala\u015fmalara tan\u0131kl\u0131k edece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Lenin, V.\u0130. (2009) Emperyalizm<\/em>, \u00e7ev. C. S\u00fcreya, 12. Bask\u0131, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 70<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> BM (2000) \u201cWorld Investment Report 2000\u201d, https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/wir2000_en.pdf<\/a>, sf. XV<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2000<\/em>, sf. XV-XVI<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2000<\/em>, sf. XVI<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2000<\/em>, sf. XIX, XX ve 15 (Figure I.4)<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> BM (2016) \u201cWorld Investment Report 2016\u201d, https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/wir2016_en.pdf<\/a>, Figure I.1, sf. 2<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> BM (2020) \u201cWorld Investment Report 2020\u201d,<\/em> https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/wir2020_en.pdf<\/a>, Figure I.1, sf. 2<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> BM (2007) \u201cWorld Investment Report 2007\u201d, https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/wir2007_en.pdf<\/a> sf. 11<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> BM (2017) \u201cWorld Investment Report 2017\u201d, https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/wir2017_en.pdf<\/a>, sf. 21. Hizmetlerin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcyse \u015f\u00f6yle: 5.6 trilyon dolar finans, 4.7 trilyon yine bu kapsama girebilecek i\u015f ili\u015fkileri, 2.6 trilyon ticaret, 1.8 trilyon haberle\u015fme.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> BM (2019) \u201cWorld Investment Report 2019\u201d, https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/wir2019_en.pdf<\/a>, sf. 61 ve 41<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2019<\/em>, sf. 7<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2019<\/em>, sf. 12<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2019<\/em>, sf. 54<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2017<\/em>, sf. 11 ve 14<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2019<\/em>, sf. 60<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2019<\/em>, sf. 4<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2019<\/em>, sf. 7<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2017<\/em>, sf. 12 ve BM, World Investment Report 2020<\/em>, sf. 12<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> OECD (2021), https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/fdi\/fdi-stocks.htm#indicator-chart<\/a>,<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Hong Kong i\u00e7in bkz. Kneoma (2020) \u201cFDI: Inward and Outward Flows and Stocks, Annual\u201d, www.knoema.com<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Bullough, O. (2018) \u201cNevis: how the world\u2019s most secretive offshore haven refuses to clean up\u201d, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/jul\/12\/nevis-how-the-worlds-most-secretive-offshore-haven-refuses-to-clean-up<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Isle of Man Offshore Jurisdiction (2021) https:\/\/www.offshore-protection.com\/isle-of-man-tax-haven<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Pwc (2021) \u201cHong Kong SAR\u201d, https:\/\/taxsummaries.pwc.com\/hong-kong-sar\/corporate\/taxes-on-corporate-income<\/a>. Ayn\u0131 sitede \u00fclke adlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek di\u011fer \u00fclke verilerine ula\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Pwc China (2021) \u201cOverview of PRC Taxation System\u201d, https:\/\/www.pwccn.com\/en\/services\/tax\/accounting-and-payroll\/overview-of-prc-taxation-system.html<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2017<\/em>, sf. 45<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> OECD (2008) \u201c\u00d6zel Varl\u0131klar<\/em>\u201d, https:\/\/read.oecd-ilibrary.org\/finance-and-investment\/oecd-benchmark-definition-of-foreign-direct-investment\/special-entities_9789264045743-8-en#page3<\/a>, sf. 101<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Lenin, Emperyalizm<\/em>, sf. 140<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Lenin, Emperyalizm<\/em>, sf. 72<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Lenin UKKTH ve Emperyalizm bro\u015f\u00fcrleriyle III. Enternasyonal\u2019in II. Kongre tezlerinde, Stalin \u00c7in \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda bu ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f, Komintern Program\u0131 da bu ayr\u0131mdan hareket etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2017<\/em>, sf. 9<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Rakamlar, Ko\u00e7 ya da Sabanc\u0131 gibi Holdinglerin ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerinin toplam varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, ama yaln\u0131zca ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015f sermaye ortakl\u0131 \u015firketlerin en az\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011funluk sermayesinin yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n elinde olanlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendirmektedir.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2017<\/em>, sf. 26<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> \u201c\u00dclkelerin %80\u2019i ortakl\u0131klarda yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funluk hisse sahipli\u011fini en az\u0131ndan bir sekt\u00f6rde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yor.<\/em>\u201d BM, World Investment Report 2016<\/em>, sf. xiii<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Lenin, Emperyalizm<\/em>, sf. 108\u2013109<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2000<\/em>, sf. 31<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2007<\/em>, sf. 20<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2007<\/em>, sf. 68 ve 70<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2016<\/em>, sf. 5-6<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2020<\/em>, sf. 12 ve 15<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> UK Parliament (2021) \u201cForeign Direct Investment (FDI) Statistics\u201d, https:\/\/commonslibrary.parliament.uk\/research-briefings\/cbp-8534\/<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2020<\/em>, sf. 30<\/p>\n

[42]<\/a> D\u00fcnya Gazetesi (2018) \u201cTrump belirsizli\u011fi AB’yi Asya’ya itiyor\u201d, https:\/\/www.dunya.com\/dunya\/trump-belirsizligi-abyi-asyaya-itiyor-haberi-430370<\/p>\n

[43]<\/a> AA (2021) \u201cSiyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 kavgas\u0131n\u0131n merkezindeki proje: Kuzey Ak\u0131m 2\u201d, https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/tr\/analiz\/siyasi-guc-kavgasinin-merkezindeki-proje-kuzey-akim-2\/2317863<\/p>\n

[44]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2020<\/em>, sf. 54-60<\/p>\n

[45]<\/a> \u00c7in\u2019in Ar Ge harcamalar\u0131 2000\u2019deki 9 milyardan 2018\u2019de 293 milyar dolara y\u00fckseldi. Bkz. McKinsey Global \u0130nstitute (2019) \u201cChina and the World\u201d, http:\/\/www.sais-cari.org\/chinese-investment-in-africa<\/a>, sf. 3<\/p>\n

[46]<\/a> Macrotrends (2021) \u201cChina GDP Growth Rate 1961-2021\u201d, https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/countries\/CHN\/china\/gdp-growth-rate<\/p>\n

[47]<\/a> NBSC (2021) \u201cAnnual Data\u201d, http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/english\/Statisticaldata\/AnnualData\/<\/p>\n

[48]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2000<\/em>, sf. 23<\/p>\n

[49]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2000<\/em>, Figure II.20, sf. 51<\/p>\n

[50]<\/a> Bkz. BM, World Investment Report 2007<\/em>, sf. 42, 44 ve 47<\/p>\n

[51]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2007<\/em>, sf. 24-25<\/p>\n

[52]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2019<\/em>, sf. 4 ve 7<\/p>\n

[53]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2019<\/em>, sf. 40<\/p>\n

[54]<\/a> Forbes (2021) \u201cGlobal 2000\u201d, https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/lists\/global2000\/#62ff9ef5ac04<\/a><\/p>\n

[55]<\/a> BM, World Investment Report 2020<\/em>, sf. 28 ve 36<\/p>\n

[56]<\/a> Johns Hopkins University SAIS China-Africa Research Initiative, Kaynak: The Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment, \u201cChina-InAfrica-FDIData_08Jan2021.xlsx\u201d<\/p>\n

[57]<\/a> China Africa Research Initiative (2021) \u201cChinese Investment In Africa\u201d, http:\/\/www.sais-cari.org\/chinese-investment-in-africa<\/p>\n

[58]<\/a> China Africa Research Initiative (2021) \u201cChinese Loans To Africa Database\u201d, https:\/\/chinaafricaloandata.bu.edu\/<\/p>\n

[59]<\/a> LAK bilgileri i\u00e7in bkz. Ding, D., F. Di Vittorio, A. Lariau, Y. Zhou (2021) \u201cChinese Investment in Latin America: Sectoral Complementarity and the Impact of China\u2019s Rebalancing\u201d, https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WP\/Issues\/2021\/06\/07\/Chinese-Investment-in-Latin-America-Sectoral-Complementarity-and-the-Impact-of-Chinas-50217<\/p>\n

[60]<\/a> World Population Review (2021) \u201cGDP Ranked by Country 2021\u201d, https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/countries\/countries-by-gdp<\/p>\n

[61]<\/a> OECD (2021) \u201cFDI stocks\u201d, https:\/\/data.oecd.org\/fdi\/fdi-stocks.htm#indicator-chart<\/p>\n

[62]<\/a> Statista (2021) \u201cEuropean Union: Gross domestic product (GDP) from 2016 to 2026\u201d, https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/527869\/european-union-gross-domestic-product-forecast\/<\/p>\n

[63]<\/a> \u201cKar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 olarak ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ABD 4.2 bin TWh\u2019de kal\u0131rken, \u00c7in\u2019in elektrik \u00fcretim kapasitesi 2010\u2019daki 4.2 bin TWh\u2019den keskin bir \u015fekilde 2018\u2019de 7.2 TWh\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi<\/em>.\u201d (Ding, vd., Chinese Investment in Latin America<\/em>, sf. 5)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mustafa Yal\u00e7\u0131ner   Sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131 emperyalizmin tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda sayan Lenin, \u201cSermayenin ihra\u00e7 zorunlulu\u011fu, kapitalizmin birka\u00e7 \u00fclkede fazla-olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olgusundan ve (tar\u0131m\u0131n geri kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n yoksullu\u011fu nedeniyle) sermayenin \u2018k\u00e2rl\u0131\u2019 yat\u0131r\u0131m alan\u0131 bulamamas\u0131 olgusundan ileri gelir\u201d[1] der. Lenin\u2019in 20. yy ba\u015f\u0131ndaki rakamlar\u0131n\u0131 aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli ba\u015fl\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist emperyalist \u00fclkelerin sermaye ihra\u00e7 e\u011filimi ve ihra\u00e7 ettikleri sermayenin miktar\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[522,376,336],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3403","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-53-sayi-sonbahar-2021","category-dunya","category-mustafa-yalciner"],"yoast_head":"\nEmperyalizm: Sermaye ihrac\u0131, uluslararas\u0131la\u015fma ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/03\/27\/emperyalizm-sermaye-ihraci-uluslararasilasma-ve-dunyanin-paylasilmasi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Emperyalizm: Sermaye ihrac\u0131, uluslararas\u0131la\u015fma ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mustafa Yal\u00e7\u0131ner   Sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131 emperyalizmin tan\u0131mlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda sayan Lenin, \u201cSermayenin ihra\u00e7 zorunlulu\u011fu, kapitalizmin birka\u00e7 \u00fclkede fazla-olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 olgusundan ve (tar\u0131m\u0131n geri kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n yoksullu\u011fu nedeniyle) sermayenin \u2018k\u00e2rl\u0131\u2019 yat\u0131r\u0131m alan\u0131 bulamamas\u0131 olgusundan ileri gelir\u201d[1] der. 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