{"id":3399,"date":"2023-03-27T23:11:42","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T20:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3399"},"modified":"2023-03-27T23:11:42","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T20:11:42","slug":"italyada-mafya-ekonomi-ve-siyasi-guc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/03\/27\/italyada-mafya-ekonomi-ve-siyasi-guc\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130talya\u2019da mafya, ekonomi ve siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sandro Ferrari<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizceden \u00e7eviren: Evin Turgut<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

MAFYANIN K\u00d6KENLER\u0130 VE GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mafya, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar adan\u0131n ekonomik-sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131nda bask\u0131n konumda olan feodal d\u00f6nemin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, Bat\u0131 Sicilya\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fta gelen i\u015flevi tar\u0131msal feodalizmi korumakt\u0131. Tarihsel olarak mafyan\u0131n toplumsal taban\u0131, toprak sahiplerinden (gabelloti denilenler) b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkler kiralayan siyaset simsarlar\u0131 ve feodal efendilerin \u00f6zel milislerini (campieri) kapsamaktad\u0131r. Her ikisi de b\u00f6lgeyi kontrol etme ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almada temel ara\u00e7lard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mafyan\u0131n geli\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131, 1812 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u0130ngiliz i\u015fgal kuvvetlerinin etkisiyle Sicilya Parlamentosu taraf\u0131ndan feodal sistemin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilan edildi\u011finde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu, b\u00fcy\u00fck malikane d\u00fczenin sonunu getirmedi, ancak etkisi giderek azalan feodal aristokrasiden yeni asalak orta s\u0131n\u0131f gabelloti<\/em> ve campieri<\/em>\u2019nin egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu s\u0131n\u0131f, feodal d\u00fczene ve toplumsal bar\u0131\u015fa sayg\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin g\u00f6zetimi ve cezalar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131, toprak al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131, emek\u00e7ilere y\u00fcksek kira ve a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki \u00fccretle a\u011f\u0131r tar\u0131msal s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin dayat\u0131lmas\u0131, vergilerin toplanmas\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi, k\u00f6yl\u00fc protestolar\u0131n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, sulama suyunun da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 (\u00f6zellikle Palermo\u2019nun verimli \u201cbah\u00e7elerinde<\/em>\u201d narenciye \u00fcretiminde), i\u015ftiraklerin korunmas\u0131 ve kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin yolsuzlu\u011fu gibi toplumsal i\u015flevleri yerine getiriyordu.<\/p>\n

Mafya t\u00fcm \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kendi lehine \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in silahl\u0131 \u015fiddet, tehdit ve cinayetleri kullan\u0131p kendini kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mafyan\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yeni toplumsal tabaka topra\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ellerinde tutarken, eski toprak sahiplerinin al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130nsani de\u011ferlere inanmayan zalim asalaklar\u0131n ilk amac\u0131, ittifak halinde olduklar\u0131 toprak sahipleriyle ayn\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 elde etmekti. Bu, mafya olgusunun orijinal gerici ve muhafazak\u00e2r karakterini, sermayeyi ve mevcut toplumsal d\u00fczeni destekleme tutumunu da a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00dcN\u0130TER DEVLET\u0130N OLU\u015eUMU VE MAFYANIN ROL\u00dc<\/strong><\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda Sicilya mafyas\u0131; k\u0131rsal kesimdeki feodal yap\u0131lar\u0131 korumak ve \u201cilkel<\/em>\u201d bir sermaye birikimi elde etmeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan ekonomik avantajlar elde etmek i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgesel bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye sahipti. \u0130talya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilan\u0131n\u0131 (1861) takip eden d\u00f6nemde mafya, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve kurumsalla\u015fma s\u00fcrecini ilerletmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Monar\u015fik \u0130talyan devleti, kuzeyin hegemonik konumdaki sanayicileri ile g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerinin m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n uzla\u015fmas\u0131yla do\u011fdu. Bu, Piemonte burjuvazisi taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen fetih s\u00fcrecine yabanc\u0131 kalan kitlelerin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, k\u00f6yl\u00fclere toprak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir tar\u0131m reformu olmadan \u201cyukar\u0131dan<\/em>\u201d bir ulusal birle\u015fmeydi.<\/p>\n

Kuzeyin sanayi burjuvazisi ile g\u00fcneyin toprak sahipleri aras\u0131ndaki ittifak ve yeni burjuva devlet ile k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitleleri aras\u0131ndaki kopukluk, mafya \u00e7etelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ve birle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in bir alan a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu \u00e7eteler, gerileyen feodal aristokrasi ile yerelde g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc uygulayamayan burjuva devlet aras\u0131nda arac\u0131 olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dayatabildi.<\/p>\n

\u201cBir devlet ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, bir \u00f6zel g\u00fc\u00e7, \u00f6zel silahl\u0131 gruplar yarat\u0131ld\u0131<\/em>\u201d diye yaz\u0131yor Lenin. B\u00f6ylece s\u0131n\u0131flara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir toplumda, emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ezmek ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u015fiddete dayal\u0131 bir iktidar\u0131n gereklili\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor: \u00dclkenin kuzeyinde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, g\u00fcneyinde yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fme sonras\u0131 devletin istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, \u0130talyan burjuvazisinin silahl\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc, bu g\u00f6revi yerine getirmekte yetersiz kald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece mafya, s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumak \u00fczere sindirme ve \u015fiddet y\u00f6ntemlerini kullanarak, kamu d\u00fczenini korumak i\u00e7in burjuvazinin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir tamamlay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 haline geldi. Yerel y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ifadesi, ayn\u0131 zamanda resmi devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n rakibi ve destekleyicisi olan mafya, o zamandan beri burjuva toplumunun de\u011fi\u015fmez bir unsuru h\u00e2line geldi ve devlet kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n her d\u00fczeyinde su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve temsilciler buldu: \u201cdostlar\u0131n dostlar\u0131\u201d. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130talya\u2019da mafya olgusunun s\u00fcreklili\u011fi ve devlet yetkilileriyle ili\u015fkileri, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcniter burjuva devletinin kuruldu\u011fu ko\u015fullarla a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.<\/p>\n

Feodal ge\u00e7mi\u015ften do\u011fan mafya \u00f6rg\u00fctleri; g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerinde az geli\u015fmi\u015fli\u011fin, b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fsizli\u011fin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7an tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f bir burjuva devrimi olan \u0130talyan Yeniden Do\u011fu\u015fu (Risergiomonte) (1815-1871) sayesinde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korudu ve geli\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece mafyan\u0131n su\u00e7 i\u015flemesi i\u00e7in verimli bir zemin olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Mafya, iktidar bo\u015flu\u011fu ve k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netimi baz\u0131 \u201conurlu adamlar\u0131n<\/em>\u201d cesaretiyle \u201conar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/em>\u201d olan devletin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz ve yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 halk\u0131n g\u00fcvensizlik ve ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fundan fikir birli\u011fi sa\u011flamay\u0131 ve bundan avantaj elde edebilmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu \u015fekilde, devletin, yaln\u0131zca vergiler, askerlik hizmeti ve bask\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015fman anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi halk\u0131n alt katmanlar\u0131 ve g\u00fcneyin yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri i\u00e7in mafyan\u0131n oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol i\u00e7in bir t\u00fcr r\u0131za yarat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mafyan\u0131n i\u015flevi, kendisini muhafazakar g\u00fc\u00e7lerin hizmetine sundu\u011fu ve onlar\u0131n se\u00e7im arac\u0131 haline geldi\u011fi ulusal birli\u011fi izleyen d\u00f6nemde tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Egemen s\u0131n\u0131f, adada ekonomik ve toplumsal d\u00fczeni sa\u011flamak, toplumsal ve siyasal egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in gerekti\u011finde \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurdu; mafyay\u0131 en vah\u015fi bi\u00e7imlerdeki bu \u015fiddetin sorumlusu olarak kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mafya olgusu, ordunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra onu Sicilya halk\u0131n\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullanan merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan her zaman ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 (1866 Palermo ayaklanmas\u0131; 1891-94’te Sicilyal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i birliklerinin hareketi ki, bu hareketin yenilgisi Amerikan mafyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcreme alan\u0131 buldu\u011fu Amerika’ya Sicilyal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n

Bu, mafya ve mafya arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla se\u00e7im onay\u0131n\u0131 ve parlamentoya se\u00e7ilmeyi g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan politikac\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmay\u0131 peki\u015ftirirken, mafya, vergi tahsilat\u0131 y\u00f6netimini ve su\u00e7 faaliyetlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in koruma elde etti.<\/p>\n

Halk katmanlar\u0131na kendi iradelerini zorla kabul ettirebilecek konumda olan gangsterler, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede otoriter bir oy \u00fcreticisi h\u00e2line geldiler. Bu, onlar\u0131n belediye y\u00f6netimlerini kontrol etmelerine ve Sicilya b\u00f6lgelerinden se\u00e7ilen ulusal milletvekillerinin belirleyicileri olmalar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu sayede \u00f6nemli politikac\u0131lar ile \u201csiyasi dostluk<\/em>\u201d ba\u011flar\u0131 kuran mafya, belediyelerin ve emniyet g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin finans\u0131n\u0131, yasalar\u0131 ve ekonomik tedbirleri etkileme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip oldu, sosyal hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131 ve her sekt\u00f6rde g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar sayesinde, mafya t\u00fcm kurumlara n\u00fcfuz etti ve kendisini halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde daha fazla me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken, ekonomik d\u00fczeyde de zenginle\u015fti ve konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

20. Y\u00dcZYILDA MAFYANIN D\u00d6N\u00dc\u015e\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda mafya, Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n hemen hemen t\u00fcm eyaletlerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve iyi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015fti. Ekonomik sekt\u00f6rleri (b\u00fcy\u00fck gayrimenkuller, pazarlar, de\u011firmenler, Palermo liman\u0131, k\u00fck\u00fcrt madenleri vb.) tamamen kontrol ederken, \u015fantaj amac\u0131yla h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ve adam ka\u00e7\u0131rma eylemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyordu.<\/p>\n

Mafya, yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u0131rsal tabakan\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olmaya devam ederken, ayn\u0131 zamanda kent burjuvazisinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn de \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc haline geldi ve siyasal sistem i\u00e7inde bankac\u0131larla \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli su\u00e7 ortaklar\u0131na sahip olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde mafya \u201c\u00e7eteler<\/em>\u201d ve b\u00f6lgesel d\u00fczeyde \u201c\u015febekeler<\/em>\u201d \u00fczerine yap\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, sistematik olarak \u201chara\u00e7 paras\u0131<\/em>\u201d ile kendini finanse eden hiyerar\u015fik ve gizli bir te\u015fkilat yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fa\u015fizm d\u00f6nemde Mussolini, mafyan\u0131n deste\u011fini al\u0131p ondan, d\u00fczeni korumak ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin m\u00fccadeleleriyle sars\u0131lan ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konumlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in yararland\u0131, fakat akabinde mafyaya kar\u015f\u0131 sert bir kampanya geli\u015ftirerek onunla sava\u015ft\u0131. Mafyan\u0131n halk sahnesinden kaybolmas\u0131, eski Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar sistemi gelene\u011fiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayan kitlelerin fa\u015fist \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi sisteminin sonucuydu. Ancak mafyaya y\u00f6nelik bu fa\u015fist kampanya, mafya liderlerini ve mafya ile fa\u015fist kurumlar aras\u0131nda en \u00fcst d\u00fczeydeki i\u00e7 i\u00e7eli\u011fi hedef almadan mafyan\u0131n en alt d\u00fczeydeki su\u00e7 faillerine y\u00f6nelmekle s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ANT\u0130-KOM\u00dcN\u0130ST BLO\u011eUN PAR\u00c7ASI <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ile birlikte Anglo-Amerikanlar\u0131n Sicilya\u2019ya ayak basmas\u0131 vesilesiyle mafya, ABD gizli servislerinden (Office of Strategic Service) ve \u201cCosa Nostra<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n[1]<\/a> yeniden kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinden yana olan Sicilya k\u00f6kenli Kuzey Amerikal\u0131 gangsterlerden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir destek ald\u0131 (ve bu \u015fekilde yankee\/Amerikal\u0131 gangsterler taraf\u0131ndan mafya olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131). B\u00f6ylece mafya, n\u00fcfusu kontrol edebilecek yetkili muhataplar bulmaktan memnun olan Kuzey Amerika yetkililerinin deste\u011fi ve sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015fruiyetle b\u00f6lgenin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zla geri ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD emperyalizmi, askeri ve sivil yap\u0131lar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla mafyan\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kom\u00fcnistlere, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na ve yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclere kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cgizli sava\u015fta<\/em>\u201d kulland\u0131, Akdeniz ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in stratejik bir ada olan Sicilya\u2019daki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in mafyay\u0131 stratejik olarak y\u00f6netti ve y\u00f6nlendirdi.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, \u0130kinci Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemden itibaren mafya, H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Partiyi ve di\u011fer gerici partileri, masonlu\u011fu, fa\u015fistleri, sanayicileri ve bankac\u0131lar\u0131, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131n liderlerini, Vatikan\u2019\u0131 ve gerici papazlar\u0131 i\u00e7eren anti-kom\u00fcnist g\u00fc\u00e7ler blo\u011funa s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya entegre edildi. Mafya yap\u0131s\u0131 ile ABD\/NATO komutas\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan harekat birlikleri aras\u0131nda daimi bir ba\u011flant\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Bu ba\u011flar, \u0130talya\u2019ya d\u00f6nen Amerikal\u0131 gangsterler taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7lendirildi (egemen mafya \u201c\u00e7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u201d kuran, Amerikan ve \u0130talyan mafyas\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan Lucky Luciano gibi).<\/p>\n

Amerika\u2019daki mafya, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir aidiyet duygusuna sahipti (sadece Sicilya k\u00f6kenli insanlar onun \u00fcyesi olabilirdi) ve Sicilya\u2019da kalan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ABD\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc organize eden mafya patronlar\u0131yla yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Kuzey Amerikal\u0131 patronlar mafya faaliyetlerini uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelttiler ve bu \u00e7ok daha k\u00e2rl\u0131 oldu. Sicilya\u2019y\u0131 her zaman stratejisinde en \u00fcst s\u0131raya koyan ABD emperyalizminin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 destek, kapsama ve koruma sayesinde mafya, adada g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc daha da fazla ortaya koydu. Anti-fa\u015fist direni\u015f ve sava\u015f\u0131n sona ermesiyle birlikte, k\u00f6yl\u00fc sendikac\u0131lar\u0131 ve kom\u00fcnist parti militanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde m\u00fclk sahiplerinin topraklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgaliyle k\u00f6yl\u00fc hareketi geli\u015fti\u011finde mafya ter\u00f6r eylemlerine giri\u015fti. Mafya, ABD\u2019nin yard\u0131m\u0131 ve \u0130talyan devletinin gizli deste\u011fi ile, onlarca sendikac\u0131 ve siyasi militan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, sendikalara ve sol partilere y\u00f6nelik silahl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar, geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131 ve \u015fiddetle bu hareketin bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. En iyi bilinen olay, 1 May\u0131s 1947\u2019de Salvatore Giuliano\u2019nun mafya \u00e7etesinin k\u00f6yl\u00fclere ate\u015f a\u00e7arak on bir ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve d\u00fczinelercesinin yaralanmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu Portella della Ginestra katliam\u0131yd\u0131. H\u00e2l\u00e2 devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 olan bu katliam \u201cKaos yaratma stratejisi<\/em>\u201d ile ge\u00e7en onlarca y\u0131lda \u0130talyan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kana bulayan \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn katliamlar\u0131n anas\u0131<\/em>\u201d olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

1974 fa\u015fist darbe giri\u015fiminde de mafyan\u0131n rol\u00fc biliniyor. Siyasi d\u00fczeyde, mafya, (aday\u0131 bir ABD eyaletine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek isteyen) Sicilya ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 hareketini destekledikten sonra, 1948 se\u00e7imlerinden itibaren ana siyasi referans\u0131n\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Parti\u2019de buldu.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131m as\u0131rd\u0131r her h\u00fck\u00fcmetin mihenk ta\u015f\u0131 olan bu parti, kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye katk\u0131da bulunan mafya oylar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti ve siyasi su\u00e7la sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 politika, vaat, taahh\u00fct, ayr\u0131cal\u0131k ve korumalar\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in mafya \u00e7etelerinin yerel ve merkezi kurumlara, parlamentoya, h\u00fck\u00fcmete do\u011frudan eri\u015fimini garanti etti.<\/p>\n

Mafya k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tar\u0131m burjuvazisinin tek ba\u015f\u0131na i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc hareketinin ilerlemesini engelleyemeyece\u011fini anlad\u0131 ve bu nedenle geni\u015f bir ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131 kurmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendisine b\u00fcy\u00fck avantajlar sa\u011flayan iktidar\u0131n bir g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak siyasi alana girmeye karar verip, H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat parti i\u00e7indeki konumunu ve etkisini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fekilde H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Parti mafyan\u0131n \u201ci\u015f komitesi<\/em>\u201d haline gelirken, mafya, etkili oldu\u011fu yerlerde burjuva fraksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7im birli\u011fini yaratmay\u0131, g\u00fcvendi\u011fi adaylar\u0131 desteklemeyi ve muhaliflerinin se\u00e7ilmesini engellemeyi ba\u015fard\u0131 ve bu partinin su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla t\u00fcm devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131na ve t\u00fcm kamu kaynaklar\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu partinin belli ba\u015fl\u0131 temsilcileri ile mafya aras\u0131ndaki gizli anla\u015fmadan \u015funlar\u0131 hat\u0131rl\u0131yoruz: Vito Ciancimino, Palermo Belediyesinde kamu g\u00f6revlisi bir meclis \u00fcyesi; Mafya aleyhindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck davan\u0131n cezalar\u0131n\u0131 hafifletmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in 1992\u2019de suikaste kurban giden Palermo belediye ba\u015fkan\u0131 Salvo Lima; mafya ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yarg\u0131lanan \u0130talyan siyasetinin \u00f6nde gelen isimlerinden Giulio Andreotti.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KIRSALDAN KENTSEL MAFYAYA\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

50\u2019li ve 60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, devlete ait i\u015fletmelerin kurulmas\u0131 ve bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k i\u015fleri programlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131yla ekonomide devlet m\u00fcdahalesi geni\u015fledi ve mafya i\u00e7in yeni kalk\u0131nma ve k\u00e2r sekt\u00f6rleri a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131: in\u015faat, toptan sat\u0131\u015f\u00a0 pazarlar\u0131 ve kamu ihaleleri, \u015farap ihracat\u0131, su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc, nakliye ve \u0131slah kurumlar\u0131, yerel ve b\u00f6lgesel makamlarda i\u015fe al\u0131m, \u00f6zel g\u00fcvenlik, kredi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc… \u00d6zellikle mafya kontrol\u00fcndeki in\u015faat \u015firketleri, H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Parti\u2019nin kamu ihalelerini, in\u015faat ruhsatlar\u0131n\u0131, imar aflar\u0131n\u0131 vb. garanti alt\u0131na alan siyasi liderli\u011fiyle olan ili\u015fkileri sayesinde milyon dolarl\u0131k anla\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. Kimya, deniz ve elektronik \u015firketleri bile \u00f6zellikle ta\u015feronluk alan\u0131nda mafya hizmetlerinden yararlanmaktan \u00e7ekinmediler.<\/p>\n

Bu sekt\u00f6rlerde mafya, kendisini geleneksel koruyucu k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sundu, giri\u015fimcilere r\u00fc\u015fveti dayatt\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan rekabeti k\u0131rmak ve kamu ve \u00f6zel fonlar\u0131 kapmak\/zorla ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayanarak ekonomik giri\u015fimleri y\u00f6netmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nceleri mafya g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn belirleyici noktas\u0131 toprak sahibi olmakt\u0131, fakat \u015fimdi paran\u0131n kontrol\u00fc ve \u00f6zellikle mafya taraf\u0131ndan ya\u011fmalanan Sicilya B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti Palermo\u2019da geli\u015ftirilen faaliyetler belirleyici hale geldi.<\/p>\n

60\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131yla birlikte, \u00f6zellikle Palermo\u2019da, mafya \u00e7eteleri aras\u0131nda g\u00fcn ortas\u0131nda ve merkezi yerlerde \u00f6l\u00fcmler, araba bombalamalar\u0131, polis katliamlar\u0131 ile dolu bir sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, Sicilya\u2019daki ilk \u201cMafya Soru\u015fturma Komisyonu<\/em>\u201dnun kurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Komisyon, mafyay\u0131 ve siyasetle olan ili\u015fkilerini g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131karma amac\u0131na ra\u011fmen, esas\u0131nda onunla m\u00fccadele edilebilece\u011fine dair herhangi bir somut g\u00f6sterge vermeden sonland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Katolik Kilisesi ise, mafyan\u0131n \u201ckom\u00fcnistlerin icad\u0131<\/em>\u201d oldu\u011funu iddia etti ve b\u00f6ylece ortak d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 ittifak\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

F\u0130NANS MAFYASINA<\/strong><\/p>\n

70\u2019lerde mafya, m\u00fcdahale etti\u011fi sekt\u00f6rleri daha da geni\u015fletti: \u00f6nce sigara ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan uluslararas\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. Mafya b\u00f6ylece niteliksel bir s\u0131\u00e7rama ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi: Bu trafiklerden elde edilen b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye sayesinde, yeni nesil mafya art\u0131k emlak, in\u015faat, bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k ve finans sekt\u00f6rlerinde k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f bir i\u015f\/ticaret burjuvazisi oldu.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda, mafya ulusal d\u00fczeyde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc ve uluslararas\u0131 ticarete a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131 (di\u011fer su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle ili\u015fkiler kurdu: Rus, T\u00fcrk, \u00c7in, Japon mafyas\u0131, G\u00fcney Amerika narkolar\u0131), uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda lider konuma geldi. Etkin bir uyu\u015fturucu ba\u011flant\u0131 ve ula\u015f\u0131m a\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u201970\u2019ler ve \u201980\u2019lerde uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131, ABD\u2019ye uyu\u015fturucu ihra\u00e7 etmek i\u00e7in Sicilya\u2019da eroin rafinerileri kuruldu. Sicilya, Ortado\u011fu\u2019dan Avrupa\u2019ya, G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019dan Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019ne (mafya ABD\u2019ye uyu\u015fturucu g\u00f6ndermek i\u00e7in Sigonella NATO \u00fcss\u00fcn\u00fc kulland\u0131) k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde uyu\u015fturucu ithalat-ihracat\u0131n\u0131n merkezi haline geldi. Mafyan\u0131n gizli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, gerici \u015fiddet ve y\u0131ld\u0131rma uygulamalar\u0131, ABD\u2019deki mafya \u00e7eteleri ile olan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, mali g\u00fcc\u00fc ve sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla harekete ge\u00e7irebilmesi bu trafikteki \u00f6nemli avantajlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00d6RG\u00dcTLENME, \u0130\u00c7 \u00c7ATI\u015eMALAR VE DEVLET <\/strong><\/p>\n

Yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 sermaye birikimi katlanarak b\u00fcy\u00fcrken, mafya faaliyetlerini ekonominin t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerinde ilerletti ve uluslararas\u0131 uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan kara paray\u0131 aklama i\u015fini y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in \u0130talyan ve \u0130svi\u00e7re bankalar\u0131, finans \u015firketleri ve y\u00fcksek mevkilerdeki \u201cbeyaz yakal\u0131lar<\/em>\u201d ile ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurdu. \u201cVergi cennetleri<\/em>\u201d kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ulusal d\u00fczeyde, Calabria\u2019daki \u2018ndrangheta, Campania\u2019daki Camorra ve Puglia\u2019daki Sacra Corona Unita ayr\u0131 su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri olarak geli\u015firken, \u201cCosa Nostra<\/em>\u201d \u0130talyan mafyas\u0131nda hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. B\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye ak\u0131\u015f\u0131, mafya \u00e7etelerine daha merkezi ve i\u015flevsel bir \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fcl\u00fck ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 dayatt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu, \u201cnamuslu adamlar<\/em>\u201d\u0131n (kutsal imgelerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 mafyaya kat\u0131l\u0131m t\u00f6renleriyle i\u015fe al\u0131nan) \u201c\u00e7etenin reisi<\/em>\u201d taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edildi\u011fi \u201c\u015febekeler<\/em>\u201d halinde grupland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla sa\u011fland\u0131. B\u00f6lgesel olarak yak\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 veya d\u00f6rt \u201c\u00e7ete<\/em>\u201d, bir \u201clider<\/em>\u201d taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen \u201cb\u00f6lge<\/em>\u201d olu\u015fturur. Bu b\u00f6lge \u201cil ve b\u00f6lge komisyonlar\u0131na<\/em>\u201d yan\u0131t verir. Mafyan\u0131n tepesinde, \u201ce\u015fitler aras\u0131nda birinci<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131nan bir patronun ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etti\u011fi s\u00f6zde \u201cKubbe\/\u00e7at\u0131<\/em>\u201d veya \u201cKomisyon<\/em>\u201d vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cosa Nostra\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 piramit \u015feklinde ve hiyerar\u015fiktir, farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeylerde katmanlara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tabanda gizlilik, sessizlik ve uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc sadakat, \u00e7ete liderlerine sayg\u0131 ile karakterize edilen kat\u0131l\u0131m kurallar\u0131 ile sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mafya \u00e7eteleri, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0130talyan b\u00f6lgelerinde ve d\u00fcnyada faaliyet g\u00f6sterir ve kapsaml\u0131 \u201ca\u011f<\/em>\u201d ili\u015fkileri kurarken, do\u011fduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde k\u00f6k sald\u0131lar. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ellerinde geni\u015f bir askeri cephanelik vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ekonomik faaliyetin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte, mafya i\u00e7indeki i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar da artt\u0131 \u2013yeni ve eski mafya aras\u0131nda, toprak kontrol\u00fc ve ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yapan mafya aras\u0131nda. 80\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, Palermo eyaletindeki Corleone\u2019den gelen mafya, di\u011fer \u00e7etelerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015farak rakiplerini yok etti ve bu \u00f6ncekilerden daha kanl\u0131 bir mafya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n patlak vermesine neden oldu. (Ma\u011flup \u00e7eteler Gambino \u00e7etesinin korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda ABD\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131). 1978-1993 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda onlarca polis, savc\u0131, gazeteci ve politikac\u0131 tehdit edildi ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Burjuva devlet bu meydan okuyu\u015fa tepki g\u00f6stermek zorunda kald\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden h\u00fck\u00fcmetler mafyaya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi yeniden g\u00fcndemlerine ald\u0131. Ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nlem ise, mafyan\u0131n hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc veya en az\u0131ndan bunun eylemlerinde d\u0131\u015favurumunu bir s\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131rlamak oldu.<\/p>\n

Mafya ise, tepkisini, 1992\u2019de kara para aklama ve mafya-devlet\/mafya-(arkas\u0131nda NATO olan) gladyo ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131ran Falcone ve Borsellino adl\u0131 iki yarg\u0131c\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Capaci ve Palermo katliamlar\u0131 ile verdi. 1993\u2019te mafya \u015fiddeti Floransa, Milano katliamlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer ter\u00f6rist eylemlerle t\u00fcm ulusal topraklara ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece kurumlar\u0131n \u00fcst d\u00fczey temsilcileri ile mafya liderleri aras\u0131nda bir \u201cpakt<\/em>\u201d ile sona eren gizli bir m\u00fczakere ba\u015flad\u0131: mafya bombalamay\u0131 durdurdu, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise devlet mafyayla m\u00fccadeleyi yumu\u015fatt\u0131 ve gangsterler i\u00e7in hapishane karar\u0131n\u0131 iptal etti. Bu arada, 90\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki H\u0131ristiyan Demokrat Partinin krizi mafyay\u0131 yeni siyasi referanslar aramaya zorlad\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin Forza Italia[2]<\/a> \u201cCosa Nostra<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n deste\u011fi ile Sicilya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda oy ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda mafyan\u0131n dikkati pop\u00fclist ve gerici partilere y\u00f6neldi (5 Y\u0131ld\u0131z Hareketi, Liga, \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n Karde\u015fleri), bu partiler daha sonra pazarl\u0131k kozu ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir oy kitlesi elde etmek i\u00e7in y\u00f6nlendirme arac\u0131 mafya ile z\u0131t d\u00fc\u015fmekten \u00e7ekinmedi.<\/p>\n

Mafya, burjuva siyasetine ve merkezi iktidar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irili\u015fine hi\u00e7bir zaman \u00f6zel bir ideolojik ilgi g\u00f6stermedi. Mafyan\u0131n siyasi alandaki i\u015flevi; ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn korunmas\u0131nda kendisini kay\u0131rabilecek parti ve derneklere se\u00e7im onay\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak, hapishanedeki mafya patronlar\u0131 ve ka\u00e7aklar i\u00e7in \u00f6zel kanunlar, kamu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, cezaevinden tahliye, kar\u015f\u0131t yarg\u0131\u00e7 ve polislerin g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131 vb. i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullar\u0131 garanti etmektir.<\/p>\n

\u201cCosa Nostra<\/em>\u201d, devrimci ve sosyalist anlamda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc geli\u015fimi engellemeyi kendisine ama\u00e7 edindi, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak burjuvazinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131yla bariz bir \u015fekilde \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp \u00f6zellikle kendi \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren ara\u00e7larla politika yapt\u0131 ve resmi ulusal politikay\u0131 etkiledi.<\/p>\n

\u201990\u2019lar\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan bug\u00fcne mafya, g\u00f6ze batmayan bir strateji benimsedi: soru\u015fturmalardan ve darbelerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmak i\u00e7in sessizce ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez bir \u015fekilde hareket ediyor, devletle su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ar\u0131yor ve ona a\u00e7\u0131ktan meydan okumaktansa, yolsuzlu\u011fu katliamlara tercih ediyor. 2020\u2019de 271 mafya cinayeti kaydedildi (\u00f6rne\u011fin 1991\u2019de kurbanlar 1916\u2019yd\u0131). Ayn\u0131 zamanda neo-liberalizm ve k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanaklarla ekonomide su\u00e7 faaliyetlerini sistematik olarak geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in y\u00f6netme kapasitesini art\u0131rmaya devam ediyor. Bu, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyadaki yasal ve yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetler aras\u0131nda i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7me olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 katlanarak geni\u015fletti. Strateji de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, baz\u0131 su\u00e7 faaliyetlerini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in di\u011fer mafyalarla anla\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7erdi (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Nijerya, Do\u011fu veya Meksika mafyas\u0131), \u201ci\u015f<\/em>\u201din genel y\u00f6netimi ise \u0130talyan mafyas\u0131n\u0131n elinde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Son y\u0131llarda Sicilya, Kuzey Amerika ve Cosa Nostra aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin \u201990\u2019larda ABD\u2019ye ka\u00e7an yeni nesil ailelerin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi belirtilmelidir. Calabrian \u2018ndrangheta ise, bunun yerine uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nc\u00fc bir rol \u00fcstlendi, ba\u015fka \u00fclkelere (Almanya, Bel\u00e7ika, Hollanda, Kolombiya, Uruguay, Kanada, Avustralya) uzand\u0131 ve son derece merkezi kal\u0131p, k\u00f6kl\u00fc ailelere ba\u011flan\u0131rken bir \u201cdelokalizasyon<\/em>\u201d stratejisi uygulad\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

MAFYA B\u0130R\u0130K\u0130M\u0130 VE SERMAYE Y\u00d6NET\u0130M\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mafya olgusunun Marksist analizinde mafya su\u00e7 sistemi ile burjuva hukuk sisteminin, yasal ve yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetler aras\u0131nda i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7i\u015finin ayr\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r; her ikisi de ayn\u0131 kapitalist ekonominin yasalar\u0131na t\u00e2bidir: birikim ve azami k\u00e2r yasas\u0131. Marx, \u201csermayenin d\u00fcnyaya tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa, her g\u00f6zenekten kan ve irin damlatarak geldi\u011fini<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6yler. Marx, Kapital\u2019de T. J. Dunning\u2019in s\u00f6zlerini aktar\u0131r: \u201cYeterli k\u00e2r olunca sermayeye bir cesaret gelir. G\u00fcvenli bir y\u00fczde 10 k\u00e2r ile her yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya raz\u0131d\u0131r; y\u00fczde 20\u2019de i\u015ftah\u0131 kabar\u0131r: y\u00fczde 50 k\u00fcstahla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; y\u00fczde 100, b\u00fct\u00fcn insani yasalar\u0131 ayaklar alt\u0131na ald\u0131r\u0131r; y\u00fczde 300 k\u00e2r ile sahibini ast\u0131rma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile olsa, i\u015flemeyece\u011fi cinayet, at\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 tehlike yoktur. E\u011fer karga\u015fal\u0131k ile kavga k\u00e2r getirecek olsa, bunlar\u0131 rahat\u00e7a d\u00fcrt\u00fckler. Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kla k\u00f6le ticareti b\u00fct\u00fcn burada s\u00f6ylenenleri do\u011frular.<\/em>\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n

Mafya, esas\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 sermaye birikimi sa\u011flayan bir \u00f6rg\u00fctt\u00fcr. \u201cYasal<\/em>\u201d kapitalistler ise mafyan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder, onu te\u015fvik eder, onu faaliyetleri i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn denetimi i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Devlet makamlar\u0131n\u0131n ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ve su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan, yasa ve kurallarla ko\u015fullanmayan bir varolu\u015ftan kaynaklanan su\u00e7 y\u00f6ntemleri, y\u0131ld\u0131rma, cinayet ve t\u00fcm olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, zaman i\u00e7inde mafyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir ekonomik rol elde etmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, sigara veya uyu\u015fturucu ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan tefecili\u011fe, bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k i\u015flerinden haraca kadar, mafya di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlere de ge\u00e7ti. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u015firketlerin do\u011frudan kontrol\u00fc; topra\u011f\u0131, suyu vb. ciddi \u015fekilde kirleten yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 at\u0131k bo\u015faltma, k\u0131rsal kesimde istihdam edilen g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yo\u011fun s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc, g\u0131da tedarik zincirinin kontrol\u00fc, gayrimenkul sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde giri\u015fimler yarat\u0131lmas\u0131, tehditler ve \u015fantaj yoluyla piyasalar\u0131n kendi lehlerine g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi olanaklar sa\u011flad\u0131. \u015eu anda \u0130talyan mafyas\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k gelirinin 200 milyar Euro civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor, bu da \u0130talyan Gayri Safi Yurti\u00e7i Has\u0131las\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %10\u2019una e\u015fit. K\u00e2r, y\u0131lda 100 milyar Euro civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Mafyan\u0131n ekonomik faaliyetlerinden elde edilen gelir, ortalama k\u00e2r oran\u0131 ve birikim h\u0131z\u0131; di\u011fer sermayelerinkini a\u015fan bir mafya sermayesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Bu sermayenin sadece bir k\u0131sm\u0131 l\u00fcks t\u00fcketime harcanabilece\u011finden, kara para aklama ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131n yeniden yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 sorunu mafya i\u00e7in ciddi bir sorundur. Bu nedenle, mafya, \u00f6ncelikli g\u00f6revi, mevcut finansal devrelerde paray\u0131 \u201caklamak<\/em>\u201d, yerle\u015ftirmek ve yasal veya yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlere yeniden yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmak olan \u201cfinansal departman\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131 yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

MAFYANIN EKONOM\u0130K FAAL\u0130YETLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mafyan\u0131n kapitalist birikiminin dinamikleri d\u00f6rt temel y\u00f6nden tan\u0131mlanabilir:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00c7oklu su\u00e7 faaliyetleri yoluyla mali kaynaklar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi;<\/li>\n
  2. Bu kaynaklar\u0131n yeni yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerin \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131;<\/li>\n
  3. Kara para \u201caklama<\/em>\u201d ve sermayenin temizlenmesi (finansal arac\u0131lar, sigorta \u015firketleri, deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fclkeler, kredi ve para transferleri, bitcoin\u2019ler, yeniden doldurulabilir kredi kartlar\u0131, kumarhanelerin kullan\u0131m\u0131, emlak ticareti vb. arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla);<\/li>\n
  4. Aklanm\u0131\u015f sermayenin ekonomi ve finans\u0131n yasal \u00e7evrimine yeniden yat\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bu, birikimini geleneksel olarak yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir, k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yat\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kendisini yasal ekonomik sisteme sokar ve bu sistemin i\u00e7 dinamiklerini etkiler.<\/p>\n

    Mafyan\u0131n faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi sekt\u00f6rler \u015funlard\u0131r: tefecilik, hara\u00e7, a\u011f\u0131r ve hafif uyu\u015fturucu ticareti, silah ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, sahtecilik, sigara, t\u00fct\u00fcn ve akaryak\u0131t ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7men, m\u00fclteci ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, kumar ve bahis, fuhu\u015f, adam ka\u00e7\u0131rma, organ ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, soygun ve gasp, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc (\u015fantiyeler, malzeme al\u0131mlar\u0131, kamu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc al\u0131m\u0131, koruma hizmeti\u2026), meyve ve sebze pazarlar\u0131, giyim imalat\u0131 ve ihracat\u0131, toptan ve perakende ticaret faaliyetleri, oteller, pizzac\u0131lar, barlar ve restoranlar, hileli s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ve \u00f6denekler, AB aleyhine tar\u0131msal doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 in\u015faat, milyonlarca ton end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131\u011f\u0131n yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tasfiyesi, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri (acil fonlar, cenaze hizmetleri, y\u00fcz maskeleri, dezenfektanlar vb.) ve di\u011fer hizmetler\u2026<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 faaliyet sekt\u00f6rlerinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na girelim.<\/p>\n

    Mafya i\u00e7in en y\u00fcksek gelir sa\u011flayan faaliyetler aras\u0131nda tefecilik var: 2008 ekonomik krizinde y\u00fcz binlerce ticari faaliyet, otel ve kamu kurulu\u015fu kapanmak zorunda kald\u0131: bunlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %40\u2019\u0131na a\u011f\u0131r bor\u00e7 ve tefecilik nedeniyle el konuldu. Olay\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in tefecilerin talep etti\u011fi faizin ayl\u0131k %10 civar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u201cPizzo<\/em>\u201d olgusu, g\u00fcvenliklerini veya i\u015flerini sa\u011flamak\/korumak i\u00e7in esnaf veya i\u015fletme sahibi taraf\u0131ndan su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine s\u00fcrekli ve hara\u00e7 olarak bir miktar para \u00f6denmesidir, \u00fclkenin kuzey b\u00f6lgesinde oldu\u011fu gibi mafyan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde de son derece yayg\u0131nd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Baz\u0131 \u015fehirlerde \u201cpizzo<\/em>\u201d i\u00e7in bir fiyat listesi vard\u0131r: Palermo\u2019da bir d\u00fckk\u00e2n i\u00e7in ayda 200 avro ile 500 avro aras\u0131nda, Napoli\u2019de ise 100 veya 200 avro yeterlidir; \u015fehir merkezindeki bir d\u00fckk\u00e2n i\u00e7in talep, Napoli\u2019de ayda 500 ile 1.000 avro aras\u0131nda, Palermo\u2019da ise 750 ile 1.000 avro aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Bir s\u00fcpermarket i\u00e7in ayda 3.000 ile 5.000 avro aras\u0131nda ve bir \u015fantiye i\u00e7in ayda 10.000 avro gereklidir.<\/p>\n

    \u201cPizzo<\/em>\u201d olgusunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerden elde edilen k\u00e2rlar\u0131 yeniden yat\u0131r\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in do\u011frudan mafyaya ait ticari i\u015fletmeler vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Tar\u0131m<\/em>: Meyve ve sebze pazarlar\u0131, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimden \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin limanlara gelmesine, toptan sat\u0131\u015f pazarlar\u0131ndan geni\u015f da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ma, mallar\u0131n ambalajlanmas\u0131ndan pazarlanmas\u0131na kadar t\u00fcm g\u0131da tedarik zincirini kontrol eden mafya \u00f6rg\u00fctleri i\u00e7in bir yat\u0131r\u0131m alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Mafya, g\u0131da tedarik zincirinin t\u00fcm a\u015famalar\u0131nda, fiyatlar\u0131n olu\u015fumuna, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin kalitesine ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na m\u00fcdahale ederek hareket eder. G\u0131da piyasas\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 organize su\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan ko\u015fulland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu olgu \u00f6zellikle Camorra\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fct, kahve, mozzarella, ekmek, dondurma gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine vergi koydu\u011fu Campania\u2019da ge\u00e7erlidir. Napoli\u2019de g\u00fcnl\u00fck ekmek \u00fcretimi en az 2.500 ka\u00e7ak f\u0131r\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bal\u0131k av\u0131, \u00f6zellikle taze bal\u0131k ve toptanc\u0131 halleri mafya kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    G\u00fcney\u2019deki pek \u00e7ok turistik faaliyet mafya taraf\u0131ndan sahiplenilmi\u015f durumdad\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu otelci ve tatil k\u00f6y\u00fc sahipleri \u201cpizzo<\/em>\u201d (koruma paras\u0131) \u00f6demek zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Sahtekarl\u0131k ve ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikleri mafyan\u0131n vergi ve prim \u00f6demedi\u011fi kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve gizli ekonomileri desteklemek olan di\u011fer mafya faaliyetleridir. Ayr\u0131ca, yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fantaj ile i\u015fe al\u0131nan ve i\u015ften at\u0131lan, sat\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesini de sa\u011fl\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

    \u201990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda neredeyse ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen sigara ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, son be\u015f y\u0131lda yeniden ivme kazand\u0131. Polonya, Macaristan, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti, Slovakya, Romanya, Bulgaristan, Tunus\u2019ta bulunan su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri mafya ile anla\u015farak, yerel pazarlardan yasal olarak sat\u0131n al\u0131nan tonlarca t\u00fct\u00fcn ve sigaray\u0131 \u0130talya\u2019ya getiriyor. \u0130talyan fiyatlar\u0131 ile aradaki fark olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00e2r \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek.<\/p>\n

    Son zamanlarda \u00c7in\u2019den ithal edilen sahte sigaralar\u0131n yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ticareti ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, bu durumdaki sigara paketleri devlet tekeli markas\u0131yla paketlenmi\u015fti. \u0130talya\u2019da gizli sigara \u00fcretimi, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak ithal edilen t\u00fct\u00fcnle yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    SON EKONOM\u0130K KR\u0130ZLERDE MAFYA <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Mafya, sahip oldu\u011fu mali olanakla kulland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek faizli kredi sayesinde 2008 ekonomik krizinden oldu\u011fu kadar g\u00fcncel pandemi krizinden de kapitalist ekonomi ve kamu idaresi i\u00e7indeki ili\u015fkilerini geni\u015fletmekte yararland\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bu d\u00f6nemde baz\u0131 olgular \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    Birincisi, en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130talyan \u015firketlerine, \u00f6zellikle de bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k i\u015fleriyle u\u011fra\u015fanlara yat\u0131r\u0131m yapan s\u00f6zde \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 gizli anla\u015fma<\/em>\u201dda art\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tekeller \u00f6zellikle in\u015faat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6sterdikleri topraklarda mafya ile anla\u015fmalar yap\u0131p bir nevi \u201csigorta<\/em>\u201d \u00f6deyerek rahat hareket etmelerini sa\u011flarlar.<\/p>\n

    \u0130kincisi, mafyan\u0131n zor durumdaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kapitalist \u015firketlere kar\u015f\u0131 tutumudur: Elinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sermaye olan mafya, kredi vermeyen kurum ve bankalara kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini bir \u201ctoplumsal refah<\/em>\u201d alternatifi olarak \u00f6nermektedir; mal sahipleri \u201cyard\u0131m\u0131<\/em>\u201d kabul ettiklerinde, mafya, tefecili\u011fe y\u00f6nelir veya ayn\u0131 ekonomik faaliyetlere y\u00f6nelik geleneksel \u015fiddet eylemlerini benimser. Ayn\u0131 \u201cyard\u0131m<\/em>\u201d, mafya taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcnl\u00fck birka\u00e7 on avroluk \u201cyevmiyelerle<\/em>\u201d i\u015fe al\u0131nan i\u015fsiz i\u015f\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 da uygulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, mafyan\u0131n yolsuzlu\u011fun yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu kamu y\u00f6netimine s\u0131zma kapasitesinin, \u00f6zellikle ihalelerin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011falan siyaset-mafya se\u00e7im al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde artmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u015eu anda mafyan\u0131n dikkati, organize su\u00e7 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zenginle\u015fme f\u0131rsat\u0131 sunan yeni nesil AB fonlar\u0131na kay\u0131yor; \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyinde mafyan\u0131n \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fler<\/em>\u201de s\u0131zma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Draghi h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan benimsenen kontrollerin basitle\u015ftirilmesi ve azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 prosed\u00fcrleriyle destekleniyor.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Mafya \u201c\u00e7a\u011fd\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201d bir olgu de\u011fil, s\u00fcrekli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7inde olan, de\u011fi\u015fimlere uyum sa\u011flayan ve i\u00e7sel evrim ge\u00e7iren bir olgudur, kapitalist-emperyalist ekonomik-finansal ve politik sistemin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Mafya sistemi, asalakl\u0131k ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme ile karakterize edilen tekelci kapitalizm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u015flevseldir. Muazzam zenginli\u011fin burjuva toplumunun bir kutbunda yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n l\u00fcks\u00fcn\u00fc, asalakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, israf\u0131n\u0131 ve aylakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 can \u00e7eki\u015fen sistemde, toplumun di\u011fer kutbunda ise yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f boyunduruk ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, i\u015fsizlik ve sefalet vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Mafyan\u0131n ekonomiye artan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, n\u00fcfuz etme kapasitesi ve artan mali g\u00fcc\u00fc, kapitalist m\u00fclkiyetin asalak karakterinin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n gelirlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

    Otuz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir, finansal borsalar\u0131n k\u00fcreselle\u015fmesi, vergi cennetlerinin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sermaye hareketleri \u00fczerindeki kontrollerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, mafya sermayesinin, kirli paran\u0131n temiz paradan ay\u0131rt edilmeden gezegenin finans kurumlar\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck olarak dola\u015fan para y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131yla birle\u015fmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

    Bu ba\u011flamda mafya, \u201ci\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitlendirme<\/em>\u201d ve k\u00e2r maksimizasyonu kriterlerine g\u00f6re hareket eden, su\u00e7 unsurundan ve su\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan asla vazge\u00e7meyen, siyasi ve ekonomik sistemin her seviyesinde hareket alan\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli geni\u015fletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir finansal holding \u00f6zelli\u011fi kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bug\u00fcn mafya, b\u00f6lgenin geleneksel kontrol\u00fcne ek olarak, \u201cpiyasan\u0131n y\u00f6netimine<\/em>\u201d do\u011fru ilerliyor. Bu faaliyeti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, mafya ile olan ili\u015fkileri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ekonomik zorluklar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelme ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 maksimize etme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren giri\u015fimciler ve serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u201ctemiz y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc<\/em>\u201d de kullan\u0131yor ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mafya sermayesini kullanmak i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fim hizmetleri sunuyorlar.<\/p>\n

    Bu k\u00e2rlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla mafya, yetkililerine r\u00fc\u015fvet vermek i\u00e7in kendisini kamu y\u00f6netimine sunar, bir yandan da toplumsal alarm vermemek i\u00e7in bir kamuflaj stratejisi benimser. Ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde devlet ve kapitalist ekonomi ile mafya aras\u0131nda yasal ve yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 k\u00e2rlar\u0131n mali sistem kanallar\u0131na eklenip kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 derin bir etkile\u015fim vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Kapitalizm organize su\u00e7 toplumudur. K\u00e2r yasas\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131mas\u0131zca i\u015fledi\u011fi bu toplumda su\u00e7 en k\u00e2rl\u0131 i\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in yasall\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistematik olarak \u00e7i\u011fneyen tekellerle rekabet ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde hareket eden g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc holdinglere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Mafya, kapitalist tekellerin ayn\u0131 temel amac\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr: yasal olsun ya da olmas\u0131n, her tekni\u011fi ve yolu kullanarak maksimum k\u00e2r elde etmek. Su\u00e7 ve su\u00e7 y\u00f6ntemleri mafya i\u00e7in sadece s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye dayal\u0131 toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fildir, ayn\u0131 zamanda onlardan beslenir. Burjuvazi, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015fmak ve en zenginleri daha da zenginle\u015ftirmek \u00fczere mafyay\u0131 silah olarak kullanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Burjuvazi, mafyan\u0131n yenilgisini istemez, onunla ortak ya\u015fam ve rekabet i\u00e7inde ya\u015far. Ekonomik d\u00f6ng\u00fcye para-sermaye enjekte etmenin ve biriktirmenin bir y\u00f6ntemi, son derece rekabet\u00e7i maliyetlerle hizmet sunan bir ajans ve gerici g\u00fc\u00e7lere hizmette bir ara\u00e7 olarak mafyaya ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Burjuvazi, ayn\u0131 zamanda mafyan\u0131n faaliyetlerini durdurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc mafya kapitalist \u015firketler aras\u0131ndaki rekabet ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131n yeniden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n otorite ve g\u00fcvenilirlik krizini derinle\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n

    Nesiller boyu kom\u00fcnist militanlar, devrimciler, kendilerine i\u015fsiz ya da mafyan\u0131n hizmetinde k\u00f6le olarak bir gelecek sunan bir toplumu kabul etmeyenlerin t\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bedel \u00f6deyerek mafyayla sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bu cesur i\u015f\u00e7iler ve halk militanlar\u0131 ile her zaman gurur duyarken, mafya vah\u015fetini ve alt k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc reddeden, devlet ile mafya aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flar\u0131 k\u0131nayan, mafya kurbanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in hakikat ve adalet talep eden i\u015f\u00e7ileri, gen\u00e7leri ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131 desteklerken, mafyay\u0131 yenmenin tek bir yolu oldu\u011funu biliyoruz: kapitalist-emperyalist sistemi ortadan kald\u0131ran toplumsal devrim.<\/p>\n

    Egemen s\u0131n\u0131f, mafya hakk\u0131nda karamsarl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmemizi; onun sonsuz ge\u00e7erlili\u011fe sahip ve organize su\u00e7un ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funa, toplumdan silinemeyece\u011fine inanmam\u0131z\u0131 ister.<\/p>\n

    Mafya yenilmez de\u011fildir. M\u00fcttefiklerine \u00f6nderlik eden proletaryan\u0131n devrimci m\u00fccadelesi, mafyay\u0131, onu, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli bir olgu olarak \u00fcreten sistemle birlikte yenebilir ve ortadan kald\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n

    Yaln\u0131zca i\u015f, bar\u0131nma, sosyal hizmet, emeklilik hakk\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilecek, i\u015fsizli\u011fi ve yoksullu\u011fu ortadan kald\u0131rabilecek, derin ve radikal bir ekonomik, sosyal, politik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ahlaki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek bir toplum, mafyay\u0131, insan\u0131n insan\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi \u00fczerine kurulu toplumun ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu felaketler m\u00fczesine g\u00f6nderebilecektir.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> \u0130talyan mafyas\u0131 jargonunda \u2018bizim i\u015fimiz\u2019, \u2018bizim davam\u0131z\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelir. (\u00e7.n)<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Ekonomik ve siyasi y\u00fckseli\u015fi devasa mafya fonlar\u0131yla desteklenen Berlusconi\u2019nin partisi.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> Dunning T. J., Aktaran: Marx, Kapital C. I, sf. 788<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Sandro Ferrari \u0130ngilizceden \u00e7eviren: Evin Turgut   MAFYANIN K\u00d6KENLER\u0130 VE GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 Mafya, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar adan\u0131n ekonomik-sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131nda bask\u0131n konumda olan feodal d\u00f6nemin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, Bat\u0131 Sicilya\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fta gelen i\u015flevi tar\u0131msal feodalizmi korumakt\u0131. Tarihsel olarak mafyan\u0131n toplumsal taban\u0131, toprak sahiplerinden (gabelloti denilenler) b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclkler kiralayan siyaset simsarlar\u0131 ve feodal efendilerin \u00f6zel milislerini (campieri) kapsamaktad\u0131r. Her ikisi de b\u00f6lgeyi kontrol […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[562,563,522,382],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sandro-ferrari","category-evin-turgut","category-53-sayi-sonbahar-2021","category-mafya-dosyasi"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0130talya\u2019da mafya, ekonomi ve siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/03\/27\/italyada-mafya-ekonomi-ve-siyasi-guc\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0130talya\u2019da mafya, ekonomi ve siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sandro Ferrari \u0130ngilizceden \u00e7eviren: Evin Turgut   MAFYANIN K\u00d6KENLER\u0130 VE GEL\u0130\u015e\u0130M\u0130 Mafya, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar adan\u0131n ekonomik-sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131nda bask\u0131n konumda olan feodal d\u00f6nemin sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, Bat\u0131 Sicilya\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. 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