{"id":3373,"date":"2023-03-27T17:08:51","date_gmt":"2023-03-27T14:08:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=3373"},"modified":"2023-03-27T17:08:51","modified_gmt":"2023-03-27T14:08:51","slug":"turkiyenin-emperyalizme-bagimliligi-ve-anti-emperyalist-mucadele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/03\/27\/turkiyenin-emperyalizme-bagimliligi-ve-anti-emperyalist-mucadele\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anti emperyalist m\u00fccadele"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yusuf Akda\u011f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi \u201cs\u00f6m\u00fcrge<\/em>\u201d, \u201cyar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge<\/em>\u201d; \u201cBat\u0131 ittifak\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n cephe \u00fclkesi<\/em>\u201d; ABD\u2019nin ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerin \u201cta\u015feronu<\/em>\u201d olarak niteleyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da yazar, \u2018sol\u2019 siyaset\u00e7i, devrimci ve sosyalist \u00f6rg\u00fct ve parti olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerine sosyo-ekonomik analizlerle ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lan bu niteleme(ler), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist devletlerle ili\u015fkilerini veri almaktad\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k sorununun g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalizmi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u201ckar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>\u201d, sermaye hareketi ve uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin t\u00fcm \u00fclke ve devletleri birbirine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirdi\u011fi, Hindistan, T\u00fcrkiye ve Brezilya gibi devletlerin b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u201calt emperyalist<\/em>\u201d konumda bulunduklar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde teori ve tezler de vard\u0131r.[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin emperyalist devletler ve uluslararas\u0131 tekeller ile ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funa dair genel bir kabulden s\u00f6z edilebilir. Buradan hareketle, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z demokratik bir \u00fclke ve toplum<\/em> i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacaklara dair \u00e7ok say\u0131da makale ve kitap da yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen, tart\u0131\u015fma bitmi\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan bu makalenin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u201cT\u00fcrk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Sava\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201dyla girilen yeni d\u00f6nem T\u00fcrkiye\u2019sinin \u201cmilli iktisat politikas\u0131<\/em>\u201d; bu politikan\u0131n devlet\u00e7ilik ve \u00f6zel sermaye ili\u015fkileri ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fim seyri; \u201ck\u00fcresel ekonomiye uyum ve bu ekonomiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131 ve prati\u011fi; ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ve anti-emperyalizm sorunu ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KURULU\u015e VE \u0130ZLENEN <\/strong>EKONOM\u0130-POL\u0130T\u0130KA<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde, kapitalist ili\u015fkilerin geri d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fti\u011fi, Avrupal\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerle bor\u00e7luluk ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde ve bor\u00e7 \u00f6demesini Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 (Temmuz 1924) ile taahh\u00fct etmi\u015f bir \u00fclkeydi.[2]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130\u015fgal kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 sava\u015fla siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k elde edilmi\u015fti, ancak ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k devam ediyordu. Demiryollar\u0131, t\u00fct\u00fcn, maden arama ve i\u015fletme, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k, belediye altyap\u0131 hizmetleri alan\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler faaliyet halindeydi.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Fransa, \u0130ngiltere ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Bel\u00e7ika, \u0130svi\u00e7re, ABD ve Avusturya\u2019n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya ve b\u00f6lgedeki de\u011fi\u015fim ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, Bol\u015fevik devriminden b\u00fcy\u00fck destek g\u00f6rerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Emperyalizm, proletarya ve halk devrimlerinin de, ezilen uluslar\u0131n da d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131yd\u0131. Emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 ulusal kurtulu\u015f sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131 d\u00fcnya gericili\u011fi cephesinin darbe yemesi, halklar\u0131n boyunduruktan kurtulmas\u0131 yolunda ad\u0131m at\u0131lmas\u0131 olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak T\u00fcrk kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131na egemen olan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleriyle ittifak halindeki ulusal T\u00fcrk burjuvazisi, s\u0131n\u0131f karakteriyle ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k m\u00fccadelesi olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcremedi. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131. M. Kemal, siyasal ve ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k vurgular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Mart 1922\u2019de, \u201cE\u011fer k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede milletimizi mutlulu\u011fa ve refaha kavu\u015fturmak istiyorsak yabanc\u0131 sermayeyi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7ekmek ve \u00fclkemizin refah ve zenginli\u011fi, milletimizin mutluluk ve refah\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yabanc\u0131 beceriden azami \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yararlanmak zorunday\u0131z; bug\u00fcnk\u00fc mali durumumuz kamu i\u015fletmeleri in\u015fa etmek, kurmak ve i\u015fletmek i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir<\/em>\u201d[4]<\/a> diyordu.<\/p>\n

J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler\u2019in ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cmilli iktisat politikas\u0131<\/em>\u201d s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmekle birlikte yabanc\u0131 sermaye ile ili\u015fkiler de devam etti. 17 \u015eubat 1923\u2019te \u0130zmir\u2019de toplanan I. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisat Kongresi\u2019nde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada M. Kemal, bu durumu \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktayd\u0131: \u201cEfendiler, iktisat sahas\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken ve konu\u015furken zannolunmas\u0131n ki biz yabanc\u0131 sermayesine has\u0131m bulunuyoruz. Hay\u0131r, bizim memleketimiz geni\u015ftir. \u00c7ok emek ve sermayeye ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r. Binaenaleyh kanunlar\u0131m\u0131za uymak, sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermek \u015fart\u0131yla yabanc\u0131 sermayelerine l\u00e2z\u0131m gelen teminat\u0131 vermeye her zaman haz\u0131r\u0131z ve \u015fayan\u0131 arzudur ki, yabanc\u0131 sermayesi bizim eme\u011fimize ve serveti sabitimize kat\u0131ls\u0131n. Bizim i\u00e7in ve onlar i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 neticeler versin; fakat eskisi gibi de\u011fil<\/em>!\u201d[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Kongrede<\/strong>, yerli mal\u0131<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0kullan\u0131lmas\u0131; teknik e\u011fitimin geli\u015ftirilmesi, ham maddesi yurt i\u00e7inde olan sanayi dallar\u0131 kurulmas\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck imalattan b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelere ge\u00e7ilmesi, \u00f6zel te\u015febb\u00fcse kredi sa\u011flayacak bir -veya iki- devlet bankas\u0131 kurulmas\u0131, demiryolu in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131n programa ba\u011flanmas\u0131, yabanc\u0131 tekellerden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kararlar da al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u201cmilli ticareti g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecek, yeni fabrikalar a\u00e7acak, Anadolu t\u00fcccar\u0131na yard\u0131m ederek zenginle\u015fmesini sa\u011flayacak, yeralt\u0131 zenginliklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201dna \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak; ancak yabanc\u0131 sermayenin giri\u015fi de te\u015fvik edilecekti. Nitekim 1924 ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir yasayla yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fclk edinmesinin \u00f6n\u00fc daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye esirler \u00fclkesi olmas\u0131n, her meden\u00ee millet gibi muamele g\u00f6rs\u00fcn<\/em>\u201d yeterdi. Yabanc\u0131 sermaye ise, anonim \u015firket\u00adler arac\u0131yla, yerli \u015firketlerle i\u015fbir\u00adli\u011fi yaparak, bankalar arac\u0131yla ve kredilerin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na do\u011frudan kat\u0131larak, ihracata y\u00f6nelik tar\u0131m\u0131n te\u015fvikinde rol alarak \u00fclke pazar\u0131na daha fazla giriyordu.[6]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk<\/em>\u201d burjuvazi, az\u0131nl\u0131k burjuva kesimlerden bo\u015falan i\u015fletme ve sekt\u00f6rleri ele ge\u00e7irerek yabanc\u0131 sermaye ile ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelirken, yabanc\u0131 sermayenin pay sahibi oldu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131da yeni \u015firket kuruldu.1927\u2019de 310\u2019u yerli, 175\u2019i yabanc\u0131 sermayeli 485 \u015firket bulunuyor[7]<\/sup><\/a>; 1927-1928 Devlet Salnamesi\u2019nde 181 yabanc\u0131, 235 yerli \u015firket yer al\u0131yordu. Bunlar\u0131n 43\u2019\u00fc \u0130ngiliz, 35\u2019i Frans\u0131z, 21\u2019i \u0130talyan, 20\u2019si ABD \u015firketiydi. 1920-1930 aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 66 yabanc\u0131 sermayeli yeni anonim \u015firket (toplamda 31,4 milyon TL \u00f6denmi\u015f sermaye) kurulmu\u015ftu.[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130\u00e7inde bulunulan zor ko\u015fullardan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in \u201cmillile\u015ftirilme<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnde at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar kapsam\u0131nda Nisan 1924\u2019te demiryollar\u0131, paras\u0131 \u00f6denerek ulusalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Mali alanda i\u015flem yapmak ve \u201ci\u015fverenler<\/em>\u201de kredi sa\u011flamak \u00fczere 1924\u2019te \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 kuruldu. 1925’te kurulan Sanayi ve Maadin Bankas\u0131, faaliyet halindeki fabrikalar\u0131 devrald\u0131.[9]<\/a> 17 \u015eubat 1925\u2019te A\u015far vergisi<\/strong> kald\u0131r\u0131larak<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u201cArazi Vergisi<\/em>\u201d getirildi. 1925\u2019te Reji \u0130daresi 4 milyon lira\u00adya sat\u0131n al\u0131narak i\u00e7 t\u00fcketime y\u00f6nelik t\u00fct\u00fcn al\u0131m\u0131, i\u015fletilmesi, sigara imali ve sat\u0131lmas\u0131 devlet tekeline al\u0131nd\u0131. 14 Nisan 1925\u2019te limanlar\u0131n idaresi devlete ge\u00e7ti. 1926\u2019da Alpullu ve U\u015fak \u015feker fabrikalar\u0131 \u00fcretime ba\u015flad\u0131. 28 May\u0131s 1927’de \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Te\u015fviki Sanayi Kanunu ile \u00f6zel sermaye sahiplerine vergi muafiyeti, bedava arazi, ucuz hammadde ve enerji temini, ula\u015ft\u0131rma kolayl\u0131klar\u0131 gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1929 bunal\u0131m\u0131 ve devlet\u00e7i ekonomi-politika<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kapitalizmin 1929 b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik bunal\u0131m\u0131 t\u00fcm kapitalist d\u00fcnyay\u0131 yeni ve kapsaml\u0131 sorunlarla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze getirdi ve t\u00fcm kapitalist devletleri bunal\u0131m\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlemler almaya y\u00f6neltti. Bu kapsamda bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede devlet\u00e7i ekonomi politika y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kondu. \u201cMilli iktisat\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131<\/em>\u201d, g\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7 ve uluslararas\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde devlet\u00e7i ekonomi politikaya ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu durum T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi y\u00f6netenleri devlet\u00e7i politikaya a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermeye y\u00f6neltti; ancak bu ekonomi politika ge\u00e7ici bir d\u00f6nemle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalacak ve \u201ckolektivist olmayacak\u201dt\u0131. M. Kemal, kendilerinin devlet\u00e7ilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u201chusu<\/em>\u00ads\u00ee <\/em>ve ferd\u00ee te\u015febb\u00fcs ve faaliyetlere meydan b\u0131rakmayan sos\u00adyalizm prensibine dayanan kolektivist, kom\u00fcnizm gibi bir sistem<\/em>\u201d olmay\u0131p \u201cferd\u00ee mesai ve <\/em>faaliye<\/em>ti esas tutmakla beraber, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar milleti <\/em>feraha, <\/em>memleketi mamuriyete eri\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, milletin umu\u00adm\u00ee <\/em>ve <\/em>y\u00fcksek menfaatlerinin icabettirdi\u011fi i\u015flerde -bilhassa iktisad\u00ee <\/em>sahada<\/em>– devleti fiilen al\u00e2kadar etmek<\/em>\u201dten ibaret oldu\u011funu belirtiyordu.[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cSermayesinin tamam\u0131 veya b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 devlete ait ticari – s\u0131nai kurumlar<\/em>\u201d\u0131n te\u015fkili i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacak, \u201cdevlet madencili\u011fi<\/em>\u201d i\u00e7in Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dairesi<\/em>\u2019nin (MTA) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak, \u201cd\u00f6rt bir yan demir a\u011flarla \u00f6r\u00fclecek<\/em>\u201dti! Millile\u015ftirme politikas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda Ere\u011fli \u015eirketi ve \u015eark Demir Yollar\u0131 sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131, Divri\u011fi demir madeninin i\u015fletilmesi, Karab\u00fck demir-\u00e7elik fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n daha verimli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, liman i\u015fletmelerinin modernle\u015ftirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretiminde \u201cmilli m\u00fclkiyet<\/em>\u201din sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bir yandan demiryollar\u0131 ve reji (t\u00fct\u00fcn) ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ulusalla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 uygulan\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan SSCB ile imzalanan anla\u015fmalar sonucu, Sovyet iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Orlof\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu heyet\u00e7e haz\u0131rlanan kalk\u0131nma plan\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ve yine Sovyetlerden sa\u011flanan 8 milyon alt\u0131n lira yard\u0131mla bir\u00e7ok devlet i\u015fletmesi kuruldu.[11]<\/sup><\/a> Sermayesi devlet\u00e7e sa\u011flanan i\u015fletmeler, kredi-sat\u0131\u015f kooperatifleri ve birliklerinin kurulmas\u0131, \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck esnafa ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayi erbab\u0131na muhta\u00e7 olduklar\u0131 kredileri temin etmek \u00fczere Halk Bankas\u0131 Sand\u0131klar\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, Denizbank\u2019\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, \u201c\u015feker sanayiini de geni\u015fletmek suretiyle makine, kimya, g\u0131da maddeleri, toprak ve su mahsulleri<\/em>\u201d \u00fcretimini art\u0131rma, liman in\u015fas\u0131 ve nakliye vas\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011faltma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki giri\u015fimler bu politika do\u011frultusunda at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Altyap\u0131 tesislerinin yap\u0131m\u0131, madencilik, demiryolu, liman in\u015fas\u0131, tekel maddeleri, \u015feker, g\u0131da ve giyim maddeleri alan\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla sa\u011flanan ucuz girdi olana\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zel sermaye \u015firketlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesine g\u00fc\u00e7 veriyor; bu \u015firketler, yabanc\u0131 sermaye ile ortakl\u0131klar kurarak veya az\u0131nl\u0131k burjuvaziden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f i\u015fletmeler \u00fczerinden i\u015fbirli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek palazlan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ancak \u00f6zel sermaye i\u00e7in daha da \u00f6nemli olan, devlet i\u015fletmecili\u011finin son bularak i\u015fletmelerin kendisine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk<\/em>\u201d sanayi ve ticaret burjuvazisi, devlet i\u015fletmecili\u011finin \u201cserbest pazar ili\u015fkileri<\/em>\u201dne ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor, pazar\u0131n devlet deste\u011finde kendilerine terkedilmesini istiyor, devlet-h\u00fck\u00fcmet b\u00fcrokrasisini daha fazla tavize zorluyor; Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist devletler de kendi sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetini s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle devlet\u00e7i ekonomi politikan\u0131n son bulmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlard\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin S.B.\u2019nin deste\u011finde giri\u015fti\u011fi sanayile\u015fme politikas\u0131, daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ekonominin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ABD ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ekonomi politikalar konusunda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere sahip olan ve M. Kemal\u2019le aras\u0131ndaki gerginlik artan \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 1937\u2019de ba\u015fbakanl\u0131ktan istifa ederek yerine, \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemin \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc ve ekonomi bakan\u0131 Celal Bayar\u2019\u0131n getirilmesiyle ekonomi politikada daha kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD ile 1 Nisan 1939\u2019da imzalanan ve 5 May\u0131s 1939\u2019da uygulamaya konan Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131, bu y\u00f6ndeki ad\u0131mlardan biriydi. Anla\u015fma iki devlet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek ve \u201cticari ili\u015fkileri, ticaretin geli\u015fmesi ve ortak yararlar i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleme\u201d iddias\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan maddelerle ba\u015fl\u0131yordu.[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerin artan bask\u0131s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 alanda yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fimle birlikte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist devletlerle ili\u015fkilerinin \u2018yeni bir safhaya varmas\u0131\u2019na da yol a\u00e7t\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmad\u0131. Ancak bir t\u00fcr ikili politika izleyerek sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi ve s\u0131ras\u0131nda Almanya ile ili\u015fkilerini son ana dek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z, Amerikan emperyalistleriyle ili\u015fkilerinin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6zellikle sava\u015f\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru geni\u015fletti. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ise, giderek belirgin bi\u00e7imde sertle\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6neldi.<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fmelerin izlenen ekonomi-politikaya yans\u0131mamas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemezdi. 1933-34\u2019lerden ba\u015flayarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki ekonomi-politikaya y\u00f6n vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ABD, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin uygulamakta oldu\u011fu ve SB deste\u011finde haz\u0131rlanan \u201cmilli<\/em>\u201dci sanayile\u015fme program\u0131n\u0131n rafa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in birbiri ard\u0131na planlar sunmakta ve heyetler g\u00f6ndermekteydi. Sovyet etkisi k\u0131r\u0131larak T\u00fcrkiye SB\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 emperyalist kampa yedeklenmeliydi! ABD\u2019li iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 Dorr Raporu ve plan\u0131yla Thornburg Plan\u0131 bu planlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlileriydi.[13]<\/sup><\/a> Buna g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye a\u011f\u0131r sanayii giri\u015fimlerinden vaz ge\u00e7meli, Karab\u00fck demir-\u00e7elik tesislerini tasfiye etmeli, lokomotif fabrikas\u0131 kurma projesini rafa kald\u0131rmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu bask\u0131 ve y\u00f6nlendirmeler sonucu CHP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ekonomi program\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. ABD\u2019li ekonomistlerin \u00e7izdikleri rota do\u011frultusunda tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim geli\u015ftirilecek, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r i\u015fletmecili\u011fine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilerek sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131ndan uzak durulacakt\u0131! Devlet i\u015fletmecili\u011fi yerine \u00f6zel sermaye faaliyetine, sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 yerine tar\u0131msal \u00fcretime a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki Amerikan plan\u0131 uyar\u0131nca d\u0131\u015f sermayenin \u00fclke pazar\u0131na etkin \u015fekilde girmesinin yolu daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131; petrol i\u015fletmecili\u011fi devlet tekelinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak a\u011f\u0131r sanayi projelerinden vazge\u00e7ildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

ABD EMPERYAL\u0130ZM\u0130N\u0130N \u2018ROTASI\u2019NDA \u2018YEN\u0130 D\u00d6NEM\u2019 EKONOM\u0130 POL\u0130T\u0130KALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, kapitalist d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeni b\u00fcy\u00fck jandarmas\u0131 Amerikan emperyalizminin etki alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde, onun \u00e7izdi\u011fi rotaya yerle\u015fti. 27 \u015eubat 1946 tarihli kredi anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ABD, kendisinden sat\u0131n al\u0131nacak sava\u015f malzemelerine harcanmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye’ye bor\u00e7 verecekti. 1946\u2019da Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n Tasfiyesi ile \u0130lgili Anla\u015fma, Kahire Anla\u015fmas\u0131na Ek Anla\u015fma ve Askeri Yard\u0131m Anla\u015fmas\u0131 birbiri ard\u0131na imzaland\u0131, 1949\u2019da Marshall Plan\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye 50 milyon dolar \u201cyard\u0131m<\/em>\u201dda bulunuldu.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f vurguncusu burjuvazi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin partisi olarak 1950\u2019de i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en Demokrat Parti (DP), ABD\u2019nin y\u00f6nlendirdi\u011fi ekonomi politikay\u0131 daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u201cba\u015far\u0131l\u0131<\/em>\u201d uygulamaya koyuldu. Yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fini te\u015fvik i\u00e7in \u201cHazinece \u00d6zel Te\u015febb\u00fcslere Kefalet Edilmesine ve D\u00f6viz Taahh\u00fcd\u00fcnde Bulunulmas\u0131na Dair Kanun<\/em>\u201d (1 Mart 1950), \u201cYabanc\u0131 Sermaye Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Te\u015fvik Kanunu<\/em>\u201d (1951), \u201cYabanc\u0131 Sermayeyi Te\u015fvik Kanunu<\/em>\u201d(1954) art arda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

18 Ocak 1954 tarihli \u201cPetrol Kanunu<\/em>\u201d ile petrol arama ve i\u015fletmesinin yabanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131nd\u0131. Bunu, ABD \u015firketlerine T\u00fcrkiye pazar\u0131ndaki faaliyetlerinde vergi muafiyeti getiren 23 Haziran 1954 tarihli anla\u015fma izledi.[14]<\/sup><\/a> 1959\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u201c\u0130stiml\u00e2k ve M\u00fcsadere Garantisi Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/em>\u201dyla Amerikan emperyalizmine yeni ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131nd\u0131. 28 \u015eubat 1960 tarihli kanunla Ere\u011fli Demir \u00c7elik Fabrikalar\u0131 yabanc\u0131 sermayeye a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sermaye ve teknikten yararlanma gerek\u00e7esiyle yabanc\u0131 sermayeye imtiyazlar tan\u0131yarak emperyalistlerin istemleri y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki uygulamalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Bayar-Menderes y\u00f6netimi, \u00f6zel sermayeye ithalat ruhsatlar\u0131yla spek\u00fclasyon olana\u011f\u0131 da sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Ancak, ithal maddeleri fiyatlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya kaynak ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6viz \u201cdarbo\u011faz\u0131<\/em>\u201dna yol a\u00e7\u0131yor, ekonomik durum giderek k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fiyordu. \u201cHer mahallede bir milyoner yaratma<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemiyle manip\u00fcle edilen ekonomi politika halka a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fckler getiriyor, toplumun \u00e7e\u015fitli kesimlerini tepkiye y\u00f6neltiyor, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan tepkiler ise polis zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yasaklarla bast\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1960 askeri m\u00fcdahalesi bu ko\u015fullarda g\u00fcndeme geldi. K\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli koalisyonlar ve onu izleyen Demirel h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, emperyalist ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i burjuvazinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki ekonomik uygulamalar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. 24 Eyl\u00fcl 1963 tarihli Tar\u0131m \u00dcr\u00fcnleri Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile ABD\u2019ye bu\u011fday, arpa, m\u0131s\u0131r, dondurulmu\u015f et, konserve ve soya ya\u011f\u0131 ihrac\u0131n\u0131 denetleme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131n\u0131yor; h\u00fck\u00fcmet Amerikan mallar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketimini te\u015fvik etmeyi \u00fcstleniyordu. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u201cAvrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu<\/em>\u201d ile ili\u015fkilerin geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in giri\u015fimler de art\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. AB ile 1963\u2019te imzalanan Ankara Anla\u015fmas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yeni y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler getirdi. 31 May\u0131s 1968 tarihli Kredi Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye verilen 30,5 milyon dolarl\u0131k borcun ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biri, Etibank’\u0131n, Ergani d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm bak\u0131r i\u015fletmelerini ABD denetimindeki Karadeniz Bak\u0131r \u0130\u015fletmeleri A.\u015e.’ye devretmesiydi. Anla\u015fma ile (3. Madde) \u015firketin t\u00fcm bilgilerinin Amerikan Yard\u0131m Te\u015fkilat\u0131na (AID) bildirilmesi kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131 sermaye ile ili\u015fkilerin artmas\u0131, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i kesimlerin palazlanmas\u0131n\u0131n da etkeniydi. \u0130\u015fbirlik\u00e7i burjuvazi d\u0131\u015f sermaye ortakl\u0131klar\u0131yla pazar pay\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletiyordu. D\u0131\u015f ticaret ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131, geli\u015fen i\u00e7 pazara y\u00f6nelik t\u00fcketim maddeleri imalat\u0131 ve altyap\u0131 ihaleleri sermaye birikimini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f; b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6rlerde faaliyet g\u00f6steren holdingler \u015feklinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ve tekellerin T\u00fcrkiye pazar\u0131ndaki etkinli\u011fini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131ma y\u00f6nelen sermaye giri\u015finde de art\u0131\u015f oldu. Bu \u015firketlerden biri Ford-Ko\u00e7 ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kurulan Ford-Otosan i\u015fletmesiydi. Uluslararas\u0131 mali sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131yla ili\u015fkiler 1970\u2019li y\u0131llarda, \u00f6zellikle ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren giderek artt\u0131 ve geni\u015fledi. Ekonomik krizden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f gerek\u00e7esine ba\u011flanarak 1978-1979\u2019da mali sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131 IMF-DB\u2019nin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cstand-by<\/em>\u201d anla\u015fmalar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye pazar\u0131n\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 sermayeye daha fazla a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

NEOL\u0130BERAL SALDIRI DALGASI VE G\u00dc\u00c7 KAZANAN BA\u011eIMLILIK \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sermaye hareketinde belirleyici olan elde edilecek k\u00e2rd\u0131r. Ucuz emek g\u00fcc\u00fc, toprak ve hammadde kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bollu\u011fu bunun \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu, tek etken \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6stermez. Altyap\u0131 sorunlar\u0131, ula\u015f\u0131m-ileti\u015fim olanaklar\u0131, siyasal ko\u015fullar da etkenler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6nemli bir etkense, mali sermaye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kredi-bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri ve hisse senetleri-bono-devlet tahvilleri \u00fczerinden rant olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 sermaye i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelik g\u00f6steren pazarlar, bu etken ve olanaklara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye ise, kapitalizmin gerili\u011fi nedeniyle uzun bir d\u00f6nem \u00f6ncelikli pazarlar aras\u0131nda yer almam\u0131\u015f, ancak durum s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

1947\u2019den itibaren yabanc\u0131 sermayeyi te\u015fvik \u00f6nlemleri geni\u015fletilmesine<\/em>, bunu s\u0131k aral\u0131kl\u0131 yeni d\u00fczenlemelerle yeni tavizlerin verilmesi<\/em> izlemesine ra\u011fmen, 1954-1959 d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelen yabanc\u0131 sermaye 12,6; 1960-1969 d\u00f6neminde 81,1; 1970-1979 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 160,3 milyon dolard\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde kurulan yabanc\u0131 sermayeli firmalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu montajla i\u015fe ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, daha sonra \u00fcretime ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 1975\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketler %86,29 oran\u0131yla imalat sanayiinde faaliyet g\u00f6stermekteydi.[16]<\/sup><\/a> Ancak bu sonraki y\u0131llarda belirli bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterdi. Yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fi artarken, hisse senedi-bono i\u015flemleri, bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k alanlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelen miktar\u0131nda da art\u0131\u015f oldu. Do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m miktar\u0131 1980\u2019de 35 milyon dolarken, 1993\u2019de 746 milyon ve 2000\u2019de 1 milyar dolara \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 2002 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar yap\u0131lan toplam do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m 15 milyar dolar civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1980\u2019lerde uygulamaya konan \u201cneoliberal<\/em>\u201d ekonomi politikalar, ekonominin mali sermaye ve tekeller yarar\u0131na yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu. 1978-79\u2019da i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen bunal\u0131m, yeni krediler ve d\u0131\u015f sermaye ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7eren IMF dayatmalar\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. IMF \u201cistikrar paketi<\/em>\u201dni esas alan 24 Ocak Kararlar\u0131, tekelci sermayenin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda sosyal haklar\u0131n budanmas\u0131, \u00fccret ve maa\u015flar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutulmas\u0131, tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri taban fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri i\u00e7in kaynak yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve d\u00f6viz gereksiniminin giderilmesi vb. gibi hedeflere sahipti. Bu \u201cpaket<\/em>\u201din uygulanmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ilerin, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici ve kent k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazisinin direncinin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 cuntas\u0131 bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek, mali sermaye ve tekellere k\u00e2r, faiz ve rant getirisi i\u00e7in daha geni\u015f olanaklar sundu. Kredi-bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri kapsam\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fi artarken ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131. Avrupal\u0131 kapitalist devletlerle ticari ili\u015fkiler geni\u015fledi ve uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin \u00fclke pazar\u0131na giri\u015finde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Almanya, Hollanda, \u0130talya, \u0130spanya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere AB \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler, T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f ticaretindeki paylar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131lar. Bu \u00fclkelerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin toplam ticaretindeki pay\u0131 konjonkt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmelerle de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte sonraki y\u0131llarda da devam etti.[17]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

25 Ocak 1980\u2019de Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye Dairesi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131[18]<\/sup><\/a>, 11 A\u011fustos 1989 tarihinde yay\u0131nlanan T\u00fcrk Paras\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131ymetini Koruma Hakk\u0131ndaki Karar ile uluslararas\u0131 sermayenin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin mali piyasalar\u0131na serbest\u00e7e girmesi \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engellerin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131[19]<\/sup><\/a>; 1984 ve 1994 tarihli Yap-\u0130\u015flet-Devret (Y\u0130D) Yasas\u0131\u2019yla enerji, yol, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, t\u00fcnel, baraj yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketlere a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, pazara giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda engel olmadan bu sermaye i\u00e7in serbest b\u00f6lgeler olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, 1994\u2019teki Hizmet Ticareti Genel Anla\u015fmas\u0131(GATS) ile t\u00fcm hizmet ve mal \u00fcretimi sekt\u00f6rlerinin uluslararas\u0131 sermayeye a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 piyasalardan y\u00fcksek faizle bor\u00e7lan\u0131larak i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclen a\u00e7mazlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f sermaye giri\u015finde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ancak bu kez yabanc\u0131 sermaye daha \u00e7ok \u201chizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/em>\u201dne (\u00f6zellikle bankac\u0131l\u0131k, sigortac\u0131l\u0131k, turizm) y\u00f6nelmekteydi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201cNeoliberal\u201d ekonomi-politika ve ana sekt\u00f6rlerde artan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye, ileri teknoloji gerektiren hemen t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerde d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Mineral yak\u0131tlar ve ya\u011flar ile mekanik cihazlar ve aletler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere demir-\u00e7elik, plastik \u00fcr\u00fcnler, k\u0131ymetli ta\u015flar ve otomotiv sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri gibi \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ithal etmekte; temel \u00fcretim dallar\u0131ndaki hammadde ve ara mal\u0131 ithalat\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fcretimin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ithalat\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmakta, bu da ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin bir sarmal halinde devam\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de orta ve y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde teknoloji gerektiren sekt\u00f6rlerin ekonomi i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131 2000\u2019de %31,4 iken, bu oran 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda %27,4\u2019e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130malat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc toplam yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek teknolojinin pay\u0131 2003\u2019te %1,3 iken, 2015\u2019te %1\u2019e gerilemi\u015f, sonraki y\u0131llarda ise \u00f6zellikle insanl\u0131-insans\u0131z hava arac\u0131, f\u00fcze, radar sistemi ve uydu gibi sava\u015f silahlar\u0131 \u00fcretimiyle bir miktar y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de d\u0131\u015f sermaye, \u2013son on y\u0131llarda konjonkt\u00fcrel nedenlerle bir miktar \u201cArap sermayesi<\/em>\u201d giri\u015f yapm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n\u2013 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist \u00fclkeler kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r. 1980-2000 d\u00f6neminde do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda Fransa %17, Hollanda %14, Almanya %13, ABD %12, \u0130ngiltere %8, \u0130svi\u00e7re %7, \u0130talya %6 ve Japonya %6\u2019l\u0131k bir paya sahipti ve birbiri ard\u0131na gelen 1994, 1998-99 ve 2001 krizleri bu y\u00f6ndeki geli\u015fmeye h\u0131z katt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    2001 krizi, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerini teminat alt\u0131na almak isteyen IMF\u2019nin bask\u0131y\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ecevit H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, DB B\u015fk. Yrd. K. Dervi\u015f\u2019i bakan olarak ekonomi program\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7irdi ve haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cG\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Ekonomiye Ge\u00e7i\u015f Program\u0131\u201d, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7evrilmesi i\u00e7in kaynak yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ncelikli hedef belirleyerek <\/em>\u201c15 g\u00fcnde 15 kanun<\/em>\u201d h\u0131z\u0131yla uygulamaya kondu. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirmeye h\u0131z verildi ve d\u00f6viz kuru serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Halka yoksulla\u015fma dayat\u0131l\u0131rken yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i burjuvazi palazlanmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2001\u2019de 5841 yabanc\u0131 sermayeli firma bulunuyordu.[20]<\/sup><\/a> \u0130stanbul Sanayi Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (\u0130SO) 2001 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re, 500 b\u00fcy\u00fck firmadan 138\u2019i (%27,6\u2019s\u0131) yabanc\u0131 sermayeliydi ve bunlar\u0131n 22\u2019si %100 yabanc\u0131 sermayeli, 49 tanesi %50 yabanc\u0131 sermaye ortakl\u0131yd\u0131. 2001’de 3,2 milyar dolar d\u0131\u015f sermaye giri\u015fi olmu\u015ftu.[21]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 <\/sup>Hazine M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re, 2004\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye’nin ilk 500 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketi i\u00e7inde otomotiv, g\u0131da, kimya, metal, cam, \u00e7imento, yap\u0131 malzemeleri sekt\u00f6rlerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan 142 yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firket bulunuyordu. Yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketler 2002\u2019de 5.600 civar\u0131ndayken, 2020\u2019de 73.675\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131, \u200bbunlar\u0131n 28 bin 376’s\u0131 Bat\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye 2003-2019 d\u00f6neminde toplam d\u0131\u015f sermaye giri\u015fi 212 milyar dolar[22]<\/sup><\/a> ve bu sermaye otomotiv, kimya-ila\u00e7, makine, enerji, ticaret, turizm, finans-bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6rlerinde pay sahibi. Bu d\u00f6nemde bor\u00e7 ve kredi, \u015firket ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye y\u00f6nelen yabanc\u0131 sermayenin %34\u2019\u00fc bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k; %24\u2019i imalat sanayi, %11,7\u2019si enerji alan\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda ise, Hollanda 22, 6 milyar dolar (%15, 9); ABD 12.8 milyar dolar (% 7, 8); \u0130ngiltere 11.6 milyar dolar (%7); Avusturya 10.6 milyar dolar (%6.4); Almanya 10.1 milyar dolarla (%6,2) ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015f, onlar\u0131, K\u00f6rfez \u00dclkeleri (%7),\u00a0 L\u00fcksemburg (%6); \u0130spanya (%5,8); Bel\u00e7ika (%5,3); Fransa (%4.6) ve %4\u2019le Azerbaycan ve Yunanistan izlemi\u015ftir.[23]<\/sup><\/a> Son on y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde toplam yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye 144 milyar 478 milyon dolarla d\u00fcnyada 28. s\u0131radad\u0131r.[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    * Enerji ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan temel \u00f6nemde bir sorundur. T\u00fcrkiye y\u0131ll\u0131k bazda do\u011falgaz ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n %99,7\u2019sini, petrol ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n %95\u2019ini, k\u00f6m\u00fcr ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n %50\u2019sini ithal ediyor. Son on y\u0131llarda geli\u015fen T\u00fcrkiye-Rusya ili\u015fkilerinin \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de enerji alan\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n artm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Do\u011falgaz ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n %47\u2019sini bu \u00fclkeden kar\u015f\u0131layan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bu alandaki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Akkuyu N\u00fckleer Santrali\u2019nin devreye girmesiyle daha da artacak. Petrol ithalat\u0131nda Irak, \u0130ran, Rusya; k\u00f6m\u00fcrde Kolombiya ve Rusya \u00f6n s\u0131ralarda yer al\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 ithalat\u0131<\/em> 202,7 milyar dolard\u0131 ve bunun 150 milyar dolar\u0131 ara mallara aitti.[25]<\/sup><\/a> Bu miktar i\u00e7inde Rusya enerji a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 22,5 milyar dolar ile %11; \u00c7in, elektronik aletler, sentetik iplik ve makineler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere %9,1 oran\u0131nda paya sahipken, Almanya, \u0130talya ve di\u011fer AB \u00fclkeleri toplamda %34,2\u2019lik paya sahiptir.<\/p>\n

    * Makine sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yere sahip di\u011fer bir aland\u0131r. Ofis makineleri, i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorlar ve elektrik motorlar\u0131, tak\u0131m tezg\u00e2hlar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ca ithalat \u00fcr\u00fcnleridir. Yaln\u0131zca son on y\u0131lda makine ithalat\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla olu\u015fan d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 152 milyar dolard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    * T\u00fcrkiye ila\u00e7 sanayiinde de uluslararas\u0131 tekeller egemendir. Bu sekt\u00f6rde Ar-Ge yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, patent hakk\u0131, \u00fcretim ve pazarlama s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak yabanc\u0131 sermayenin denetimindedir. Fikri M\u00fclkiyet Haklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen TRIPS Anla\u015fmas\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerde yerli ve ikinci el ila\u00e7 \u00fcretimi ve pazarlanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kurallar koymu\u015ftur. \u0130la\u00e7 ithal edilen ilk be\u015f \u00fclke Almanya, ABD, G\u00fcney Kore, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve \u0130talya\u2019d\u0131r.[26]<\/sup><\/a> 2019\u2019da ithalat yakla\u015f\u0131k 5,3, ihracat ise 1,3 milyar dolar olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f, ila\u00e7ta d\u0131\u015f ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 4 milyar dolar olmu\u015ftur.[27]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fcyle d\u0131\u015fa, Bayer, DuPont, FMC gibi \u015firketlere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    * T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131 1980 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde giderek artan \u015fekilde yabanc\u0131 devlet ve \u015firketlerin denetimine girdi. \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme, tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnleri alan\u0131na da geni\u015fletilerek EBK, SEK ve YEMSAN gibi Kamu \u0130\u015fletmeleri tekelci \u015firketlere devredildi. 1982\u2019de tohum, g\u00fcbre ve ila\u00e7 ithalat\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. 1985\u2019te \u201cTohumluk Te\u015fvik Kararnamesi<\/em>\u201dyle tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u015fekillendirildi. Bu d\u00fczenlemelerle uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin pazardaki faaliyetleri geni\u015fledi ve T\u00fcrkiye, hibrit tohum tekeline sahip uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin a\u00e7\u0131k pazar\u0131 haline geldi. G\u0131dada d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k artt\u0131. Tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri d\u0131\u015f ticaret dengesi 1980-89 d\u00f6neminde ortalama 1,6 milyar dolar fazla verirken, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda a\u00e7\u0131k vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 2001 krizi sonras\u0131 \u201creformlar\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n yan\u0131nda girdiler ve kredi-pazarlama mekanizmalar\u0131yla yabanc\u0131 sermayenin tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fc artt\u0131. 2006\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u201cTohumculuk Kanunu<\/em>\u201dyla bu durum daha da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 hale geldi. T\u00dc\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re, 2017-2018 d\u00f6neminde t\u00fcketilen kakaonun tamam\u0131, soyan\u0131n %95,2\u2019si, muzun %33,3\u2019\u00fc, m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n %26\u2019s\u0131, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi ya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n %90\u2019n\u0131 ithal \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr.[28]<\/sup><\/a> En \u00e7ok ithal edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler s\u0131ras\u0131yla bu\u011fday, soya fasulyesi ve ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi ya\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Pirin\u00e7, \u015feker, \u015fekerli \u00fcr\u00fcnler ithal edilenler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.[29]<\/sup><\/a> 2019\u2019da yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na, hayvan yemi i\u00e7in 3,8; bitkisel ya\u011flar i\u00e7in 2,7; bu\u011fday i\u00e7in 1,5 milyar dolar \u00f6denmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    * Yabanc\u0131 sermaye tekellerine pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekilen bir di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcn f\u0131nd\u0131kt\u0131r. 400 bin aile i\u015fletmesinin ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan f\u0131nd\u0131k yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi (d\u00fcnya f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00fcretiminin %70\u2019i T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir) \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131yla yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin faaliyetine a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[30]<\/sup><\/a> D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6rt \u00e7ikolata \u00fcreticisinden biri ve Nutella \u00fcreticisi \u0130talyan Ferrero, 2014\u2019te f\u0131nd\u0131k \u015firketi Oltan G\u0131da\u2019y\u0131 sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f ve 2017\u2019den itibaren \u201cFerrero F\u0131nd\u0131k<\/em>\u201d ismiyle \u00fcretimi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 2019\u2019da d\u00fcnya f\u0131nd\u0131k ihracat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 68\u2019i T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki pazar\u0131 denetleyen yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerce ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    * T\u00fct\u00fcn ve alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7ecekler \u00fcretim tekeline sahip olan TEKEL\u2019in bu konumu 1989\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yasayla sona erdirildi. 1996\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 4250 say\u0131l\u0131 kanun ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u011fi Anla\u015fmas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, viski ve \u2018tabii k\u00f6p\u00fcren \u015faraplar\u2019\u0131n ithalat\u0131 serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. 1999\u2019da IMF\u2019ye verilen garanti ile \u201carz fazlas\u0131<\/em>\u201d \u00fcr\u00fcnlere tar\u0131msal destekler %70 azalt\u0131ld\u0131 ve alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kilerde yabanc\u0131 sermaye pay\u0131 giderek artt\u0131. T\u00fct\u00fcn Eksperleri Derne\u011fi\u2019nin 2016 y\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fct\u00fcn Raporu\u2019na g\u00f6re d\u00fcnyan\u0131n 7. b\u00fcy\u00fck sigara pazar\u0131 durumunda olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, TEKEL\u2019in \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi sonucu t\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretimi yabanc\u0131 tekellerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f, t\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcnleri imalat\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 sermaye pay\u0131 %90\u2019lara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 5 bin k\u00f6yde t\u00fct\u00fcn ekimi yap\u0131l\u0131yordu ve \u00fcretici aile say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0575.796\u00a0idi. T\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretici aile say\u0131s\u0131 2018\u2019de 56 bine geriledi. %90\u2019\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ithal edilen t\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u015fleniyor ve vergi muafiyetinden yararlan\u0131larak ihra\u00e7 ediliyor. T\u00fcketilen sigaran\u0131n %87\u2019si ithal t\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.[31]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    * T\u00fcrkiye mali sekt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/em>n\u00fcn %88\u2019ni olu\u015fturan bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve banka i\u015flemleri b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yabanc\u0131 ve \u00f6zel sermayeli bankalar\u0131n denetiminde. \u201cNeoliberal<\/em>\u201d ekonomi politikalar ve sermaye hareketlerinin \u201cserbestle\u015ftirilmesi<\/em>\u201d, yabanc\u0131 sermayenin bankac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131na giderek artan \u015fekilde girmesine ve hakimiyet kurmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 31 Aral\u0131k 2008\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan \u201cAB M\u00fcktesebat\u0131n\u0131n \u00dcstlenilmesine \u0130li\u015fkin T\u00fcrkiye Ulusal\u00a0Program\u0131<\/em>\u201d kapsam\u0131nda devletin bankac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilece\u011fi ilan edildi. TCMB\u2019n\u0131n 2009 Mart verilerine g\u00f6re, bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde yabanc\u0131 sermaye pay\u0131 %41,3 d\u00fczeyindedir ve bu sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6steren 49 bankan\u0131n 32’si mevduat, 13’\u00fc kalk\u0131nma ve yat\u0131r\u0131m, 4’\u00fc de kat\u0131l\u0131m bankas\u0131d\u0131r. Mevduat bankalar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca 3’\u00fcn\u00fcn (Ziraat Bankas\u0131, Halk Bankas\u0131 ve Vak\u0131flar Bankas\u0131) sermayesi \u2018kamu\u2019ya aittir.<\/p>\n

    Yabanc\u0131 sermayeli bankalar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 2020\u2019de 21\u00a0oldu, bunlar\u0131n 16\u2019s\u0131, Garanti Bankas\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>ve\u00a0<\/strong>Denizbank gibi daha \u00f6nce yerli sermaye gruplar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve sonradan\u00a0<\/strong>yabanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131n al\u0131nan bankalard\u0131r.[32]<\/sup><\/a> Banka i\u015flemlerinin y\u00fcksek k\u00e2r getirmesi yabanc\u0131 sermayeli bankalar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye \u00e7ekmi\u015f, 2000 ile 2013 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de faaliyet g\u00f6steren 18 bankaya ait hisselerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ya da tamam\u0131 yabanc\u0131 bankalarca sat\u0131n al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2020 Mart ay\u0131 itibar\u0131yla bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde sahiplik k\u0131stas\u0131na g\u00f6re kamu bankalar\u0131 %43, yerli \u00f6zel bankalar %31 ve yabanc\u0131 bankalar %26 paya sahiptir.[33]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    * Yabanc\u0131 sermayenin ba\u015fl\u0131ca ilgi alanlar\u0131ndan biri de sigortac\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. 2010\u2019un Nisan ay\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re, %100 yabanc\u0131 sermayeli sigorta \u015firketlerinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki pazar pay\u0131 %54,14 olup toplam 4 milyar 817 milyon liral\u0131k primin 2 milyar 608 milyon liras\u0131 yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketlere aittir. Yabanc\u0131 sermaye ortakl\u0131 sigorta \u015firketleri, %7,84 paya sahip ve toplamda yabanc\u0131 pay\u0131 %62 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r. Sigortac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde 2019 Eyl\u00fcl sonu itibar\u0131yla 62 \u015firket faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir. 2018\u2019de 47 milyon dolar do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sekt\u00f6rde, 2019\u2019un ilk 9 ay\u0131nda 219 milyon dolar yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve son 16 y\u0131lda yap\u0131lan do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131m giri\u015fi 8,1 milyar dolar tutar\u0131ndad\u0131r.[34]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    MAL\u0130 SERMAYEN\u0130N ARTAN ETK\u0130S\u0130 VE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019N\u0130N SON KIRK YILI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ekonomik geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci, siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 engellemedi\u011fini ve uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ve emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc olarak giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

    Uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ve emperyalist devletlerle girilen ili\u015fkiler ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i sermaye \u015firketleriyle \u201cd\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/em>\u201d aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri daha girift hale getirmi\u015ftir. CHP, DP, Demirel, \u00d6zal, \u00c7iller ve koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, IMF-DB programlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde dayat\u0131lan ekonomi politikalar\u0131 uygulamaya koyarken, sadece uluslararas\u0131 sermayenin \u00fclke ekonomisi \u00fczerindeki etkisi artmad\u0131, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i burjuvazi de daha fazla palazland\u0131. Sermayenin iki en \u00f6nemli b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc, yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve b\u00fcy\u00fck emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerle ili\u015fkilerin geni\u015fledi\u011fi bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te kuruldu. \u00dclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayici ve ticari kapitalistlerinin kurduklar\u0131 T\u00dcS\u0130AD, uluslararas\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131ndan da ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7le, son k\u0131rk y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirmenin etkin g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biri oldu. T\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019da \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc kapitalistler cunta ve sonras\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, emek\u00e7iler, kent-k\u0131r yoksullar\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretici ve esnaf \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131y\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rarak sermayelerini \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131rken, uluslararas\u0131 sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131yla ortakl\u0131klar kurarak ya da acenteliklerini \u00fcstlenerek ili\u015fkilerinin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 da geni\u015flettiler. Bunu, \u201c\u0130slami sermaye<\/em>\u201d, \u201cye\u015fil sermaye<\/em>\u201d gibi ger\u00e7ekte ne dinsel simgelerle tan\u0131mlanabilecek ne de \u201cAnadolu sermayesi<\/em>\u201d gibi belirli bir b\u00f6lgeyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek olan ve fakat T\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019da \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc kapitalistlerle k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pazar pay\u0131 ve pazardaki etkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz konumda bulunan sermaye \u015firketlerinin \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan M\u00dcS\u0130AD izledi. Bu \u015firketler, \u00d6zal ile birlikte devlet deste\u011finde i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f pazarda yeni olanaklar edindiler. \u2018Siyasal \u0130slamc\u0131\u2019 Erdo\u011fan y\u00f6netimi bu \u015firketlerin palazlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in devlet olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 daha pervas\u0131zca seferber etti. M\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019\u00e7\u0131 kapitalistler \u201cliberalizasyon<\/em>\u201d ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131n\u0131n en hararetli destek\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar. M\u00dcS\u0130AD, \u201c2007 T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomisi<\/em>\u201d raporunda, uluslararas\u0131la\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin \u201cderinle\u015ftirilmesi ve sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131 istiyor, uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ile \u2018derin\u2019 ili\u015fkilere daha fazla y\u00f6neliyordu. IMF, AB ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 politikalar\u0131yla uyum g\u00f6steren ve Erdo\u011fan y\u00f6netiminin organik ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu M\u00dcS\u0130AD \u00fcyesi \u015firketler[35]<\/sup><\/a>, te\u015fvik ve kredilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra devlet ihalelerinin hemen hepsini alarak sermayelerini b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fcler ve en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019a \u00fcye oldular.[36]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda geni\u015fleyerek ilerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7te kapsam\u0131 ve etkinlik alan\u0131 giderek artan d\u0131\u015f sermayeye taviz ve te\u015fvikler ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131, d\u0131\u015f sermaye giri\u015finde art\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7arken ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 da giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cS\u0131cak para<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan sermaye giri\u015fi, \u00f6zellikle 1980 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemelerle birlikte giderek artt\u0131. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye pazar\u0131na yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015findeki bu art\u0131\u015f, sadece ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k zincirlerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici i\u015flev g\u00f6rmedi, seri-giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarla ekonomik-sosyal ya\u015fam \u00fczerinde tahrip edici sonu\u00e7lara da yol a\u00e7t\u0131.[37]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de d\u00f6viz kuru i\u015flemlerinde ya\u015fanan sorunlar ve TL\u2019nin kimi zaman \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00f6nemli miktarda de\u011fer kayb\u0131, \u2018m\u00fczmin\u2019 cari a\u00e7\u0131k, b\u00fcy\u00fcyen d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 dahil olmak \u00fczere ya\u015fanan ekonomik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131kta ve kimi zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan para krizi-mali krizlerde, \u201cs\u0131cak para<\/em>\u201d hareketleri \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Bu durum, di\u011fer yandan i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i sermayenin politik-askeri temsilcilerinin, Erdo\u011fan ve AKP propagandac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden \u201cd\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cfaiz lobisi<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemiyle emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerini \u00f6rtme manevralar\u0131na da olanak sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bu d\u00f6nemde d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 miktar\u0131 artarken, hisse senetlerine y\u00f6nelik portf\u00f6y yat\u0131r\u0131mlar (k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bor\u00e7 senetleri, banka kredileri, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r kredileri) ve mevduat i\u015flemleri arac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen sermaye giri\u015fi, k\u0131sa vadeli \u201cbolluk<\/em>\u201d ve g\u00f6reli b\u00fcy\u00fcme etkeni olmakla birlikte, orta ve uzun vadede, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u00d6rnek olsun, 1986\u2019da portf\u00f6y yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 146 milyon dolarken, 1993\u2019de 3 milyar 917 milyon dolara \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck miktar\u0131 hazine bonosu ve tahvil al\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. 1990\u20131995 d\u00f6neminde do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar toplam 4,2 milyar dolar iken \u2018portf\u00f6y yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131\u2019 10,3 milyar dolar olmu\u015ftur. Yabanc\u0131 sermayenin hisse senedi stoklar\u0131ndaki miktar\u0131 2012\u2019te 78,9 milyar dolarken, 2020\u2019de 22,2 milyar dolara gerilemi\u015f; toplam \u201cs\u0131cak para<\/em>\u201d miktar\u0131 ise, 2010\u2019daki 112 milyar 679 milyon dolardan, 2020\u2019de 75 milyar 189 milyon dolara d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    Mali sermayenin toplumsal ya\u015fam \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc artarken, t\u00fcketim kredilerinden yararlan\u0131p bor\u00e7lanarak ev-araba vb. alan bireyler, i\u015fletme kredisi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta boy i\u015fletmeler, varl\u0131klar\u0131 ve geleceklerini bu devasa mekanizmaya teslim etmi\u015f oldular.<\/p>\n

    Bor\u00e7-kredi ili\u015fkilerinin geni\u015flemesi, para sermayeye, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede b\u00fcy\u00fck rant getirisi sa\u011flarken, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkileri de giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131. Rant-faiz getirisiyle b\u00fcy\u00fcyen d\u0131\u015f fonlar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilere yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 bir yana, \u00fccret-maa\u015f ve k\u00e2r-faiz-rant ili\u015fkisi ve kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kredi bor\u00e7lular\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funluklar\u0131yla elindekileri kaybetmekle y\u00fcz y\u00fcze geldiler ve iflaslar birbirini izledi.[38]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    Uygulanan ekonomi politikan\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de, 2000\u2019de 180 milyar dolar civar\u0131nda olan toplam borcun 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te 500 milyar dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde faiz \u00f6denmesine ra\u011fmen \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131d\u0131r. TCMB verilerine g\u00f6re, 2012\u2019nin ilk aylar\u0131 hesab\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kamu ve \u00f6zel kesim d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 toplam\u0131 435,1 milyar dolard\u0131r ve GSMH\u2019n\u0131n %59,1\u2019ine denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.[39]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    BATILI EMPERYAL\u0130STLER\u0130N 80 YILLIK PAYANDASI<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, siyasal ve t\u00fcm di\u011fer alanlarda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin zeminini olu\u015fturarak, kapsaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7ar. Uluslararas\u0131 sermaye, emek-g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc arac\u0131yla veya tahvil, senet, bono i\u015flemleri, hisse ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 \u015feklinde kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 devlet ve \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r sermaye faaliyetleri kapsam\u0131nda ekonomi-politikalar\u0131n belirlenmesi \u00fczerinde de etkide bulunur. Bu, sadece IMF, DB ve DT\u00d6 gibi uluslararas\u0131 mali sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve emperyalist devletlerin dolays\u0131z m\u00fcdahalelerinde de\u011fil, b\u00fcy\u00fck uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin \u00fclke pazar\u0131ndaki dolays\u0131z etkinli\u011fi arac\u0131yla da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet olarak kurulu\u015funun \u00fczerinden 98 y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti. T\u00fcrk burjuva devlet iktidar\u0131, 80 y\u0131la yak\u0131n s\u00fcredir, Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist \u201cittifak<\/em>\u201dlar i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131yor. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ve bu \u201cittifak<\/em>\u201d dahilinde geli\u015ftirilen mali, ekonomik ve askeri ili\u015fkiler T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi uluslararas\u0131 sermaye ve Amerikan emperyalizmi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere emperyalistlere giderek daha fazla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirdi.<\/p>\n

    Amerikan emperyalizminin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni (sosyalist d\u00f6nem) ku\u015fatma stratejisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde konumland\u0131rmaya giri\u015fti\u011fi 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren bu ili\u015fkiler, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a asker \u00e7\u0131karma, Yunanistan ile gerginlikler ve K\u00fcrt sorunu ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 baz\u0131 p\u00fcr\u00fczlere ra\u011fmen Amerikan stratejisi do\u011frultusunda s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u201cSo\u011fuk sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan d\u00f6nemde Balkanlar\u2019dan Ortado\u011fu, G\u00fcney Kafkasya ve Orta Asya b\u00f6lgesine dek geni\u015f alanlara y\u00f6nelik Amerikan ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerin stratejik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda belirlenen rol, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi y\u00f6netenlerce yay\u0131lmac\u0131 emelleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lacak bir olanak olarak da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. \u201cAdriyatik\u2019ten \u00c7in Seddi\u2019ne B\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemi, Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlere hizmetin sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 getiriyle birlikte bu yay\u0131lmac\u0131 hedefi de if\u015fa ediyordu.<\/p>\n

    Sermaye h\u00fck\u00fcmetleriyle askeri cunta y\u00f6netimlerinin, t\u00fcm kritik d\u00f6nemlerdeki a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda ABD ve NATO ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere emperyalistlerle imzalanan \u201cstratejik m\u00fcttefiklik anla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/em>\u201dna ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fi, bu kapsamdaki g\u00f6revlerin yerine getirilece\u011fi \u00f6zenle yinelenmi\u015ftir. \u201cMilli G\u00fcvenlik Siyaset Belgesi<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan siyasal-askeri belge, ABD emperyalizmi ile ili\u015fkilere \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem atfeder. ABD\u2019nin birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u201cGeni\u015fletilmi\u015f Ortado\u011fu ve Kuzey Afrika Projesi<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131yla duyurdu\u011fu yay\u0131lma ve etki alanlar\u0131 stratejisinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cE\u015f ba\u015fkanl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d d\u00fczeyinde i\u015faret etmesi, on y\u0131llara yay\u0131lan i\u015fbirli\u011finden g\u00fc\u00e7 almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye son on y\u0131llarda Rusya ve son y\u0131llarda \u00c7in ile ticari ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirdi. B\u00f6lge politikalar\u0131nda Rusya ve \u00c7in\u2019in stratejik hamlelerini de g\u00f6zeterek hareket etti. Ancak Rusya ve \u00c7in ile ili\u015fkilerinde ticari ve di\u011fer \u00e7e\u015fitli alanlarda son y\u0131llarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu geli\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201cBat\u0131 ittifak\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n bir g\u00fcc\u00fc olma konumu ve politikas\u0131 devam ediyor. T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerinde ba\u015fl\u0131ca etkin emperyalist devlet hala ABD emperyalizmi, en \u00f6nemli uluslararas\u0131 askeri-politik g\u00fc\u00e7 NATO\u2019dur.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinden ba\u015flayarak Amerikan emperyalizmiyle i\u015fbirli\u011fini geli\u015ftirmeye giri\u015fmesi, Marshall Plan\u0131 ve Truman Doktrini\u2019ne dahil olarak ABD stratejisine ba\u011flanmas\u0131, ABD yede\u011finde Kore Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 1952\u2019de NATO\u2019ya \u00fcye al\u0131nmas\u0131, sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te, kimi p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc ili\u015fkilere kar\u015f\u0131n ABD\u2019nin d\u00fcnya ve b\u00f6lge stratejisi kapsam\u0131nda politikalar izlemesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

    ABD\u2019nin \u0130ncirlik, Malatya, Mu\u015f ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da askeri \u00fcss\u00fc ve birli\u011fi bulunuyor. ABD ile 29 Mart 1980\u2019de imzalanan Savunma ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (SE\u0130A) yeni y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler getirmi\u015ftir. Ekonomik-mali ikili ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 anla\u015fmalar, askeri \u00fcsler, askeri teknoloji ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, polis ve ordu kurumlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ve devlet y\u00f6netiminin 80 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n zamand\u0131r s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Amerikan i\u015fbirlik\u00e7isi politika, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi, ABD ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerin d\u00fcnya politikalar\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131 hale getirmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bor\u00e7-kredi ili\u015fkilerine y\u00f6n veren uluslararas\u0131 mali sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131 patronu ABD olan Bat\u0131l\u0131 kapitalist k\u00f6kenlidir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fcten yabanc\u0131 sermaye ve \u015firketleri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleriyle ABD\u2019ne aittir. AB ile \u201cG\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d anla\u015fmas\u0131 ekonomik, mali \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerini do\u011furdu ve bu ili\u015fkiler giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nun T\u00fcrkiye ile 1963 tarihli Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ne \u00fcyelik ba\u015fvurusuyla ilerleyen ili\u015fkiler, sadece T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin pazar potansiyeliyle ba\u011fl\u0131 olmay\u0131p Avrupal\u0131 emperyalistlerin b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik stratejileriyle de ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201cBirlik<\/em>\u201de dahil edilmesini zorunlu \u015fekilde i\u00e7ermeyen bu politika, T\u00fcrkiye pazar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 politikalar\u0131n aleti olarak kullanma hedefiyle de ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi y\u00f6netenlerin, emperyalistler aras\u0131 rekabet ve gerginlikleri f\u0131rsat sayarak, b\u00f6lgede mevziler edinmeye y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131 ve askeri giri\u015fimleri b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lere yedeklenmesini bir t\u00fcr ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131k haline getirmektedir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye, \u201c\u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131taya k\u00f6pr\u00fc<\/em>\u201d co\u011frafi konumu, Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n rol\u00fc, askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc ve b\u00f6lge \u00fclkeleriyle ili\u015fkileri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgede t\u00fcm emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin stratejik politikalar\u0131nda dikkatle izledikleri ve kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bir b\u00f6lge g\u00fcc\u00fcd\u00fcr. Avrupa\u2019ya do\u011falgaz iletiminde jeostratejik konuma sahiptir ve \u201cTrans Anadolu Do\u011falgaz Boru Hatt\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n i\u015fler hale gelmesi, bu bak\u0131mdan yeni bir olana\u011fa i\u015faret ediyor. AB a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye, kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7 ve \u201cg\u00fcvenlik<\/em>\u201d sorunlar\u0131 nedeniyle de \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.[40]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    B\u00f6lge politikalar\u0131 ve Rusya ile geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi ili\u015fkiler p\u00fcr\u00fcz noktalar\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye, \u201cBat\u0131 ittifak\u0131<\/em>\u201dn\u0131 terk etme g\u00fcc\u00fc ve l\u00fcks\u00fcne sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistler de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den vazge\u00e7me l\u00fcks\u00fcne sahip de\u011filler. Nitekim ABD T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi \u201cjeostratejik m\u00fcttefik<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6ylemiyle etki alt\u0131nda tutma politikas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken, Avrupa Komisyonu\u2019nun 2018\/3 T\u00fcrkiye Raporu, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye, AB i\u00e7in ha\u0302la\u0302 kilit bir<\/em> ortakt\u0131r<\/em>\u201d tespitinde bulunmu\u015ftur.[41]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

    Basit\u00e7e ta\u015feron bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ekonomisi ve maliyesiyle, mali-askeri alandaki uluslararas\u0131 ve ikili anla\u015fmalarla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7indeki bir \u00fclke ve devlet konumundaki T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi y\u00f6netenler yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ABD ve Rusya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Fransa, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin b\u00f6lge politikalar\u0131yla \u201cy\u00fczle\u015fme<\/em>\u201dye mahkumdurlar. G\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri ve bu ili\u015fkilerin belirleyicili\u011fi bunu ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz k\u0131l\u0131yor. ABD emperyalizmi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere emperyalist devletlerin b\u00f6lge stratejileri, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131 ve b\u00f6lge \u00fclkeleriyle ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirleyici etkenlerden biridir. Bu etki, farkl\u0131 emperyalist devletlerle ili\u015fkinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra emperyalistler aras\u0131 ili\u015fki ve \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin seyrine ba\u011fl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterir.[42]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    BA\u011eIMSIZ DEMOKRAT\u0130K B\u0130R \u00dcLKE \u0130\u00c7\u0130N ANT\u0130 EMPERYAL\u0130ST M\u00dcCADELE <\/strong><\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kapitalist geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci, ayn\u0131 zamanda, \u00fclke pazar\u0131n\u0131n emperyalist b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerle uluslararas\u0131 mali sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetine daha geni\u015f \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci olmu\u015ftur. Kurulu\u015f s\u00fcreci sonras\u0131nda k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in uygulanan \u201cmillile\u015ftirme<\/em>\u201d politikas\u0131n\u0131n da terkedilmesiyle hemen hemen devaml\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterecek \u015fekilde emperyalist Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlere ve uluslararas\u0131 tekelci sermayeye verilen tavizlerle ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 giderek a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f; uluslararas\u0131 ikili ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 mali-ekonomik ve askeri anla\u015fmalarla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkileri kayda ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve peki\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye ileri teknoloji ve bu teknolojiyi gerektiren ara\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00fcretimi alan\u0131nda denebilir ki t\u00fcm\u00fcyle d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 ve yerli b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye ekonomide k\u00f6\u015fe ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 tutmakta; art\u0131 de\u011ferin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimini k\u00e2r-faiz ve rant getirisi \u015feklinde ele ge\u00e7irmektedir. %98\u2019i k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletme \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde olan i\u015fletmeler bu ko\u015fullarda faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tekelci ve emperyalist bask\u0131 nedeniyle iflasa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenerek yok olurken, di\u011fer bir kesimi b\u00fcy\u00fckler i\u00e7in ta\u015feron ve ta\u015feronun ta\u015feronu olarak y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri faaliyetle varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte; i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i tekelci devlet y\u00f6netimi, \u00fclkeyi emperyalist devletlerle uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin \u00fcretim \u00fcss\u00fc haline getirmeyi, kalk\u0131nman\u0131n ve rekabetin ko\u015fulu olarak g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

    Bu durum, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerini sonland\u0131racak bir m\u00fccadeleyi zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor. Antiemperyalist m\u00fccadele politikas\u0131 ve perspektifinin, \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist kapitalist \u00fclkeler y\u00f6neticilerinin \u201cinsan haklar\u0131<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cdemokrasi<\/em>\u201d \u00fczerine riyakarca s\u00f6ylemi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla son on y\u0131llarda zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u201cAvrupa demokrasileri<\/em>\u201dnin d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cdemokratikle\u015fece\u011fi<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki burjuva liberal ve liberal sol beklenti \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flev g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Oysa, mali sermaye ve tekellerin egemenli\u011fi uluslararas\u0131 alanda iktisadi-mali, askeri ve siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin bir a\u011f halinde \u00f6r\u00fclmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn hale getirmi\u015f; sermaye ihrac\u0131 arac\u0131yla halklar giderek artan \u015fekilde k\u0131skaca al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sorunu siyasal devlet kurulu\u015funu a\u015fan bir muhtevaya geni\u015flemi\u015f, ekonomik, mali, siyasi, askeri ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ifadesi haline gelmi\u015ftir. Bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni, emperyalizmin \u201csiyasal ilhak<\/em>\u201dtan; ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n siyasal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131ktan ibaret olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin t\u00fcm bi\u00e7imlerine son verilmesini; emperyalizmin, mali sermaye ve uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin hakimiyetinin son bulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Ancak, emperyalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinin tasfiyesiyle i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i tekelci burjuvazi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerinin egemenli\u011fine son verilmesi i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen m\u00fccadele birbirinden soyutlanamaz. Anti emperyalist m\u00fccadelenin zafere ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, emperyalizmin i\u00e7erideki i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerinin iktidar\u0131na son verilmesi ve halk\u0131n demokratik egemenli\u011fine dayanan bir yeni y\u00f6netimin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r ve bu m\u00fccadele ancak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, tutarl\u0131 antiemperyalist ve tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7izgide s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse kesin zafer y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilerletilerek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k teminat alt\u0131na al\u0131nabilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, tekelci burjuvazi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahipleri iktidar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yeni bir toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n tesisi i\u00e7in en g\u00fcvenilir toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturacak, m\u00fccadelenin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ve tutarl\u0131 \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin t\u00fcm milliyetlerden i\u015f\u00e7i ve emek\u00e7ileri kendi devrimci partisinin etraf\u0131nda birle\u015ferek bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilir, \u00fclkede yeni bir toplumsal ya\u015fam in\u015fa edebilirler. Bunun g\u00fc\u00e7 ve olanaklar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Eksikli\u011fi belirgin ve giderilmesi \u015fart olan bilin\u00e7 ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme ise elde edilebilir, sa\u011flanabilir, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir oland\u0131r.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [1]<\/sup><\/a> Sorunun bu yan\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir makalenin konusudur ve burada irdelenmeyecektir.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/sup><\/a> Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu 1839 Ticaret Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve Almanya gibi Avrupal\u0131 devletlerin ekonomik, siyasi ve askeri bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 daha yo\u011fun \u015fekilde hissetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Mali a\u00e7mazlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmak i\u00e7in Galata Bankerleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f kaynaklara y\u00f6neldi. Avrupal\u0131 kapitalist \u015firket ve devletlerin Osmanl\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi 1850\u2019li y\u0131llardan itibaren giderek artt\u0131. Frans\u0131z, \u0130ngiliz ve Alman \u015firketleri demiryolu, Reji, liman i\u015fletmecili\u011fi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bankac\u0131l\u0131k, sigortac\u0131l\u0131k, belediye hizmetleri (su ve gaz, tramvay i\u015fletmecili\u011fi vb. gibi), madencilik ve tar\u0131m alan\u0131nda i\u015fletme ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 edindiler. Osmanl\u0131 bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demek i\u00e7in bor\u00e7 al\u0131yor, faiziyle birlikte halk\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131na y\u0131k\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    Avrupal\u0131 kapitalistlerin Osmanl\u0131 maliyesi ve ekonomisi \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fc 1880\u2019li y\u0131llarda giderek artt\u0131. \u201cD\u00fcyun-u Umumiye Osmaniye<\/em>\u201dnin kurulu\u015fu ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n idaresini devralmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Avrupal\u0131 kapitalist devletlere mali-ekonomik teslimiyeti demekti. Tuz i\u015fletmecili\u011fi, t\u00fct\u00fcn tekeli, Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131, Credit Anstalt (Avusturya) ve S. Bleichr\u00f6der (Almanya) ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kurulan \u201cReji \u0130daresi<\/em>\u201dne teslim edilmi\u015fti. \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131zlar, Osmanl\u0131 Bankas\u0131 arac\u0131yla Ere\u011fli K\u00f6m\u00fcr madenlerini i\u015fletme ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131 edinirken demiryollar\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131, liman i\u015fletmecili\u011fi, elektrik, su, tramvay i\u015fletmesi gibi \u00f6nemli i\u015fler Frans\u0131z, \u0130ngiliz ve Alman sermayesinin kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/sup><\/a> Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan yeni devlete devir olarak kalan yabanc\u0131 sermaye 64,3 milyon sterlin (ya da 500 milyon lira) civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu miktar, 7\u2019si demiryolu ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 6\u2019s\u0131 maden \u00e7\u0131karma yetkisi, 23\u2019\u00fc banka, 12\u2019si sanayi giri\u015fimi, 35\u2019i ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan ortakl\u0131k ve 11\u2019i belediyelere hizmet veren ortakl\u0131ktan olu\u015fan 94 firmaya aitti. Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde yabanc\u0131 sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda ilk s\u0131rada %62,9 ile demiryollar\u0131, ikinci s\u0131rada %9,6 ile bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve sigortac\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada %7,6 ile sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 geliyordu. (\u015eener, S. ve C. K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 (2008) \u201c<\/strong>Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye\u201d, Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi<\/em>, Say\u0131: 1, 22-50, sf. 27)<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> Kaz\u0131m \u00d6zt\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn, \u201cCumhurba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisini A\u00e7\u0131\u015f Nutuklar\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 derlemesinden aktaran Ahmad, F. (1985) \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ktan Kemalizme<\/em>, \u00e7ev. F. Berktay, Birinci Bask\u0131, Kaynak Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 247.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/sup><\/a> Timur, T. (2001) T\u00fcrk Devrimi ve Sonras\u0131<\/em>, 5. Bask\u0131, \u0130mge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 55.<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/sup><\/a> Keyder, \u00c7. (2014) Devlet ve S\u0131n\u0131flar<\/em>, 19. Bask\u0131, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 120.<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/sup><\/a> TBMM Zab\u0131t Ceridesi, 2. D\u00f6nem, 31. Cilt, inikat 54, Cilt 1, Tarih 16. 04. 1927, sf. 170; aktaran Erda\u015f, S. (2014) \u201cAtat\u00fcrk D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk Ekonomisinde Yerel Sermaye Birikimi: Ta\u015frada Kurulan Anonim \u015eirketler (1920-1938)\u201d, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi<\/em>-1, 177-216, sf. 186.<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/sup><\/a> Yakup Kepenek\u2019ten aktaran Durmu\u015f, S. ve N. K. Aydemir (2016) \u201cAtat\u00fcrk D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk Ekonomisi (1923 \u2013 1938)\u201d, Kafkas \u00dcniversitesi \u0130\u0130BF Dergisi<\/em>, 7(12), 155-167.<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> Boratav K. (1982) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Devlet\u00e7ilik<\/em>, Birinci Bask\u0131, Sava\u015f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 85.<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/sup><\/a> Timur, T\u00fcrk Devrimi ve Sonras\u0131, sf. 58-59.<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/sup><\/a> Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin emperyalist Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin hegemonyas\u0131ndan kurtulmas\u0131n\u0131 emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 ezilen halklar\u0131n kurtulu\u015f hareketi kapsam\u0131nda desteklemi\u015f, dostluk anla\u015fmalar\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve emperyalistlerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi yeniden hegemonya alt\u0131na almas\u0131n\u0131 ve Sovyet Devrimine kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lacak bir \u00fcs haline getirmesini \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/sup><\/a> Bu anla\u015fma 25 Nisan 1952\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131larak, yerine bir ba\u015fka anla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. https:\/\/www.tbmm.gov.tr\/tutanaklar\/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR\/kanuntbmmc020\/kanuntbmmc020\/kanuntbmmc02003646.pdf<\/a>, (No. 3646 -631 -26 -VI -1939)<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/sup><\/a> American Standart Oil \u015eirketi\u2019nden M.W Thornburg\u2019un, yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1949 tarihli \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Nas\u0131l Y\u00fckselir?<\/em>\u201d ve 1950 tarihli \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Ekonomik Durumunun Tenkidi<\/em>\u201d adl\u0131 iki rapor, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin SB\u2019nin yard\u0131m\u0131yla uygulamakta oldu\u011fu sanayile\u015fme politikas\u0131n\u0131 ve devlet i\u015fletmecili\u011fini t\u00fcm\u00fcyle terk etmesini dikte ediyordu. Rapor, di\u011fer Amerikan raporlar\u0131 gibi, d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere \u00f6zel sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ortam yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/sup><\/a> ABD-T\u00fcrkiye ili\u015fkilerinin \u201cruhu<\/em>\u201dnu yans\u0131tan anlay\u0131\u015f, ABD\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck milyarderlerinden Rockefeller\u2019in 1956\u2019da d\u00f6nemin ba\u015fkan\u0131 Eisenhower’a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta dile getirilmi\u015fti. Rockefeller, “Biz askeri paktlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kurmay\u0131 ve sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 hedef alan tedbirlere devam etmeliyiz. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde askeri ve politik n\u00fcfuz garantileyecek geni\u015flikte ekonomik yay\u0131lma plan\u0131n\u0131, Asya, Afrika ve di\u011fer az geli\u015fmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelerde uygulamak zorunday\u0131z<\/em>\u201d diyor, \u201cOltaya yakalanm\u0131\u015f\u201d <\/em>T\u00fcrkiye t\u00fcr\u00fc \u201c\u00fclkelere do\u011frudan do\u011fruya iktisadi yard\u0131m\u201d<\/em>\u0131n ABD\u2019ne \u201cba\u011fl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri iktidarda tutacak ve bize d\u00fc\u015fman muhalifleri zarars\u0131z b\u0131rakacak bi\u00e7im ve miktarda\u201d <\/em>olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini telkin ve tavsiye ediyordu.<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/sup><\/a> Birikmi\u015f toplam\u0131yla 1965\u2019te 50,7 milyon dolar olan yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fi 1970\u2019te 105,5 milyon ve 1979\u2019da 228,1 milyon dolar civar\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/sup><\/a> Otomotiv sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6steren Fiat (1954), BMC (1964), MAN (1966), Mercedes (1966), Renault (1969); kimya-ila\u00e7 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Sandoz (1956), Pfizer (1957), Roche (1958), Bayer (1962); beyaz e\u015fyada AEG (1964), Siemens (1964), Bosch (1970); g\u0131da-i\u00e7ecek sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde Pepsi (1964), Coca-Cola (1965), Tuborg (1967); kimya-lastik sanayinde Pirelli (1960), Goodyear (1961) firmalar\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fcretim yapmaya ba\u015flayan i\u015fletmelerdir.<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ithalat-ihracat ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 listesinde 1982-1995 d\u00f6nemi ithalat\u0131<\/em>nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla Almanya (%14,77), ABD (%10,60), \u0130talya (%7,79), Fransa (%5,3), \u0130ngiltere (%4,95), Japonya (%4,62), \u0130ran (%3,94) oran\u0131nda pay sahibiyken, bu, 1996-2010 d\u00f6neminde; Almanya (%11,7), Rusya (%11,12), \u0130talya (%6,7), \u00c7in (%5,9), ABD (%5,9), Fransa (%5,35) \u015feklinde belirli bir de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    \u0130hracat<\/em>ta ise, 1982-1995 d\u00f6neminde Almanya (%21,3), \u0130talya (%6,9), ABD (%6,8), \u0130ngiltere (%5,1), \u0130ran (%4,9); 1996-2010 d\u00f6neminde Almanya (13,1), \u0130ngiltere (%7,1), \u0130talya (%6,6), ABD (%5,8), Fransa (%5,5) ile ilk s\u0131ralarda yer al\u0131yorlard\u0131. (Akay, A. \u015e. (2010) \u201cD\u00fcnya Ekonomisinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fen Rol\u00fc\u201d, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi<\/em>)<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/sup><\/a> 1991\u2019de Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ad\u0131yla Hazine ve D\u0131\u015f Ticaret M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fland\u0131. 1994\u2019ten itibaren Hazine M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde faaliyet g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

    [19]<\/sup><\/a> Aslan, N., N. Terzi, E. Siampan (2014) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de K\u0131sa Vadeli Sermaye Hareketlerinin Ekonomik B\u00fcy\u00fcme ve Reel D\u00f6viz Kuru \u0130le \u0130li\u015fkisi\u201d, Finansal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar Dergisi<\/em>, 5(10), 15-32, sf. 19)<\/p>\n

    [20]<\/sup><\/a> Yavan, N. ve H. Kara (2003) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Do\u011frudan Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve B\u00f6lgesel Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d, Co\u011frafi Bilimler Dergisi<\/em>, 1(1), 19-42, sf. 19-20.<\/p>\n

    [21]<\/sup><\/a> \u00d6rnek, \u0130. (2008) \u201cYabanc\u0131 sermaye ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n yurt i\u00e7i tasarruf ve ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme \u00fczerine etkisi: T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6rne\u011fi\u201d, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi<\/em>, 63(2), 199-217.<\/p>\n

    [22]<\/sup><\/a> Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Ticaret ve Kalk\u0131nma Konferans\u0131\u00a0(UNCTAD) verilerine g\u00f6re, do\u011frudan sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 2014’te 12,9 milyar dolar, 2015’te 18,9; 2016’da 13,7; 2017’de 11,0; 2018’de 12,9; 2019\u2019da 8,4 ve 2020’de 6,8 milyar dolar civar\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur. Tuncer, G. (2021) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye’ye do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar 2020’de y\u00fczde 19 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: Katar, en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131dan biri\u201d, Independent T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/em>, https:\/\/www.indyturk.com\/node\/307611\/ekonomi%CC%87\/t%C3%BCrkiyeye-do%C4%9Frudan-yat%C4%B1r%C4%B1mlar-2020de-y%C3%BCzde-19-d%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC-katar-en-b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk-iki-yabanc%C4%B1<\/p>\n

    [23]<\/sup><\/a> H\u00fcrriyet (2020) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye’de ge\u00e7en y\u0131l yabanc\u0131 ortakl\u0131 12 bin 634 \u015firket kuruldu\u201d, https:\/\/www.hurriyet.com.tr\/ekonomi\/turkiyede-gecen-yil-yabanci-ortakli-12-bin-634-sirket-kuruldu-41430852<\/a><\/p>\n

    [24]<\/sup><\/a> Bal, H. ve D. G\u00f6z (2010) \u201cDo\u011frudan Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u201d, \u00c7.\u00dc. Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi<\/em>, 19(2), 450-467, sf. 450-3 ve<\/p>\n

    Habert\u00fcrk (2016) \u201cEn Fazla Yabanc\u0131 Sermaye \u00c7eken \u00dclkeler\u201d, https:\/\/www.haberturk.com\/galeri\/ekonomi\/457690-en-fazla-yabanci-sermaye-ceken-ulkeler\/1\/72<\/a><\/p>\n

    [25]<\/sup><\/a> Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (2020) \u201cTicaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 2019 Y\u0131l\u0131 Faaliyet Raporu\u201d, https:\/\/strateji.ticaret.gov.tr\/data\/5daf068713b87654702d58c4\/TICARET_BAKANLIGI_2019_YILI_FAALIYET_RAPORU.pdf<\/p>\n

    [26]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 2012\u2019de 12,9 milyar, 2016 sonu itibar\u0131yla 20,6 milyar, 2017\u2019de 11,9 milyar TL\u2019lik ila\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2018\u2019de 5 milyar dolar tutar\u0131nda ila\u00e7 ithal edilmi\u015f ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,2 milyar dolar tutar\u0131nda ila\u00e7 ihra\u00e7 edilmi\u015ftir. (Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (2020) Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em>, Sanayi ve Verimlilik Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Sekt\u00f6rel Raporlar ve Analizler Serisi, https:\/\/www.sanayi.gov.tr\/assets\/pdf\/plan-program\/IlacSektorRaporu(2020).pdf<\/a>)<\/p>\n

    [27]<\/sup><\/a> Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, age, sf. 11 ve 19.<\/p>\n

    [28]<\/sup><\/a> Ahval News (t.y.) \u201cYedi Soruda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin D\u0131\u015fa Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k Karnesi\u201d, https:\/\/ahvalnews.com\/tr\/cari-acik\/yedi-soruda-turkiyenin-disa-bagimlilik-karnesi<\/a><\/p>\n

    [29]<\/sup><\/a> Milliyet (2021) \u201cTar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fc 2020’de 20,7 milyar dolarl\u0131k ihracat yapt\u0131\u201d, https:\/\/www.milliyet.com.tr\/ekonomi\/tarim-sektoru-2020de-20-7-milyar-dolarlik-ihracat-yapti-6420431<\/a> ve Tarnet (t.y.) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin En \u00c7ok \u0130thal Etti\u011fi Tar\u0131m \u00dcr\u00fcnleri\u201d, https:\/\/www.tarnet.com.tr\/medya-merkezi\/blog\/turkiye-nin-en-cok-ithal-ettigi-tarimurunleri<\/p>\n

    [30]<\/sup><\/a> 2015 itibariyle 703 bin hektar arazide f\u0131nd\u0131k yeti\u015ftiriliyor; ortalama 240 bin ton i\u00e7 f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00fcretiliyordu. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l 2,8 milyar dolarl\u0131k f\u0131nd\u0131k ihracat\u0131n\u0131n % 46\u2019s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 uluslararas\u0131 \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan (Oltan\/Ferrero 827 milyon dolar, Prog\u0131da 352 milyon, ve Stelliferi 125 milyon dolar) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Esnaf, Sanatkarlar ve Kooperatif\u00e7ilik Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (2019) 2018 Y\u0131l\u0131 F\u0131nd\u0131k Raporu, https:\/\/ticaret.gov.tr\/data\/5d41e59913b87639ac9e02e8\/5c41e34d540794faaa011bdfa3466ff3.pdf, sf. 3 ve 14-15.<\/p>\n

    [31]<\/sup><\/a> ZMO (2018) \u201cT\u00fct\u00fcn Raporu-2018\u201d, https:\/\/www.zmo.org.tr\/genel\/bizden_detay.php?kod=30641&tipi=38&sube=0<\/p>\n

    [32]<\/sup><\/a> Alternatifbank, Arap T\u00fcrk Bankas\u0131, Bank of China Turkey, Burgan Bank, Citibank, Garanti Bankas\u0131\u00a0ve\u00a0<\/strong>Denizbank, Deutsche Bank, HSBC Bank, ICBC Turkey Bank, ING Bank, MUFG Bank, Odea Bank, QNB Finansbank, Rabobank, Turkland Bank, T\u00fcrkiye Garanti Bankas\u0131; 3 kat\u0131l\u0131m bankas\u0131 (Albaraka T\u00fcrk Kat\u0131l\u0131m Bankas\u0131, Kuveyt T\u00fcrk Kat\u0131l\u0131m Bankas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye Finans Kat\u0131l\u0131m Bankas\u0131, 5 adet T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u015fubeleri bulunan yabanc\u0131 banka (Bank Mellat, Habib Bank, Intesa Sanpaolo S.p.A., JP Morgan Chase Bank, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale (SA), ve 4 yabanc\u0131 sermayeli kalk\u0131nma ve yat\u0131r\u0131m bankas\u0131 (BankPozitif Kredi ve Kalk\u0131nma Bankas\u0131, Merrill Lynch Yat\u0131r\u0131m Bank, Pasha Yat\u0131r\u0131m Bankas\u0131, Standard Chartered Yat\u0131r\u0131m Bankas\u0131) bulunuyordu. KPMG T\u00fcrkiye (2020) Bankac\u0131l\u0131k: Sekt\u00f6rel Bak\u0131\u015f<\/em>, https:\/\/assets.kpmg\/content\/dam\/kpmg\/tr\/pdf\/2019\/12\/sektorel-bakis-2020-bankacilik.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

    [33]<\/sup><\/a> S\u00f6nmez, K. K. A (2014) \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Yabanc\u0131 Sermayeli Bankalar\u0131n Geli\u015fimi ve Yabanc\u0131 Sermayeli Alt\u0131 Bankan\u0131n \u00d6zsermayeye Serbest Nakit Ak\u0131mlar\u0131 Y\u00f6ntemi \u0130le De\u011ferlemesi\u201d, Ba\u015fkent \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, http:\/\/acikerisim.baskent.edu.tr\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/11727\/1524\/10043992.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y<\/a> https:\/\/www.bddk.org.tr\/ContentBddk\/dokuman\/veri_0014_45.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

    [34]<\/sup><\/a> KPMG T\u00fcrkiye (2020) Sigortac\u0131l\u0131k: Sekt\u00f6rel Bak\u0131\u015f<\/em>, https:\/\/assets.kpmg\/content\/dam\/kpmg\/tr\/pdf\/2020\/01\/sektorel-bakis-2020-sigortacilik.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

    [35]<\/sup><\/a> 9 May\u0131s 1990\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u201chak ve hukukun, adalet ve e\u015fitli\u011fin, bar\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcvenin, refah ve mutlulu\u011fun sa\u011flanmas\u0131..<\/em>\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden demagojik s\u00f6yleme ba\u015fvurularak \u201cM\u00fcstakil Sanayici ve \u0130\u015fadamlar\u0131 Derne\u011fi (M\u00dcS\u0130AD)<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131yla kurulan bu sermaye \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6neticileri 11 bini a\u015fk\u0131n \u00fcyesi bulundu\u011funu, 60 binin \u00fczerinde i\u015fletmenin temsil edildi\u011fini ve \u00fcyelerinin 68 farkl\u0131 \u00fclkede faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini belirtmi\u015flerdir. M\u00dcS\u0130AD (t.y.) \u201cM\u00dcS\u0130AD\u2019la Tan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u201d, http:\/\/www.musiad.org.tr\/tr-tr\/musiadla-tanisin<\/p>\n

    [36]<\/sup><\/a> Kalk\u0131nma politikalar\u0131 gerek\u00e7eli olarak \u00f6zel sermaye \u015firketlerine ihale edilen devlet garantili otoyol, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, t\u00fcnel, n\u00fckleer santral, \u201c\u015fehir hastaneleri<\/em>\u201d vb. gibi \u201cyap-i\u015flet-devret<\/em>\u201d in\u015faat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 arac\u0131yla y\u00fcz milyonlarca dolar kaynak aktar\u0131ld\u0131. DB verilerine g\u00f6re, 1990-2017 d\u00f6neminde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada devletten en \u00e7ok ihale alan ilk on aras\u0131nda be\u015fi (Limak, Cengiz, Makyol, Kalyon\u00a0ve Kolin) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den. Devlet iktidar\u0131 arac\u0131yla 150 milyar dolar civar\u0131nda ihale alarak b\u00fcy\u00fck servet edinen bu \u015firketler, 2019\u2019da da 327,8 milyar liral\u0131k yeni ihale bedeliyle yap\u0131lacak in\u015faatlardan %24\u2019l\u00fck pay kapt\u0131lar. Cengiz-Limak-Mapa-Kolin-Kalyon-Makyol, Torunlar, R\u00f6nesans gruplar\u0131yla TVF\u2019nin (T\u00fcrkiye Varl\u0131k Fonu) ortak oldu\u011fu \u0130stanbul Finans Merkezi m\u00fcteahhitleri bu d\u00f6nemde k\u00e2r-rant vurgunlar\u0131yla sermayelerini b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

    [37]<\/sup><\/a> 1980\u2019li ve sonras\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u201cfinansal serbestle\u015ftirme<\/em>\u201dye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 1994\u2019te 8 milyar dolar (%95\u2019i \u2018s\u0131cak para\u2019), 2001 krizinde 4,9 milyar dolar\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli sermaye olmak \u00fczere 7,5 milyar dolar ve 2019 Aral\u0131k-2020 Kas\u0131m d\u00f6neminde 13,7 milyar dolar sermaye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [38]<\/sup><\/a> Eyl\u00fcl 2018 itibar\u0131yla 20 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n ki\u015fi 390 milyar TL tutar\u0131nda \u2018t\u00fcketici kredisi ve konut kredisi\u2019 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu miktar, bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131l\u0131n ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemine g\u00f6re ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 olarak %22, kullan\u0131lan kredi olarak %40\u2019l\u0131k bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir. TBB (2018) \u201cT\u00fcketici Kredileri ve Konut Kredi \u0130statistikleri: Eyl\u00fcl 2018, https:\/\/www.tbb.org.tr\/Content\/Upload\/istatistikiraporlar\/ekler\/1094\/Tuketici_Kredileri-Eylul_2018.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

    [39]<\/sup><\/a> D\u00fcnya (2012) \u201cBor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc son 10 y\u0131lda 10 kat artt\u0131\u201d, https:\/\/www.dunya.com\/ekonomi\/borc-yuku-son-10-yilda-10-kat-artti-haberi-172346<\/p>\n

    [40]<\/sup><\/a> 29 Kas\u0131m 2015 tarihli \u201cAB-T\u00fcrkiye Ortak Beyan\u0131<\/em>\u201d ile T\u00fcrkiye ve AB\u2019nin Avrupa\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u201cbirlikte y\u00f6netmesi<\/em>\u201d kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB\u2019ne \u201c\u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecini yeniden canland\u0131rma<\/em>\u201d, \u201cT\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n vize \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme<\/em>\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u201cprensip<\/em>\u201d anla\u015fmas\u0131 ve 18 Mart 2016 tarihli \u201cT\u00fcrkiye-AB G\u00f6\u00e7 Bildirimi<\/em>\u201d mutabakat\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, \u201cd\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7menler<\/em>\u201din Avrupa\u2019ya ge\u00e7i\u015fini engelleyerek onlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tutmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye 3 milyar Euro verilmi\u015f ve 3 milyar daha verilece\u011fi taahh\u00fct edilmi\u015f; ancak iki taraf ta bu geli\u015fmeleri kendi politikalar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kullanmaya devam etmi\u015f ve ili\u015fkilerin de\u011fi\u015fimi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde s\u00f6z\u00fc edilmeye de\u011fer bir geli\u015fme olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [41]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AB Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesi kapsam\u0131ndaki \u201centegrasyon kriterleri<\/em>\u201dni yerine getirmedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esine dayand\u0131r\u0131lan \u00fcyelik belirsizli\u011fi ise, as\u0131l olarak \u201cbirlik i\u00e7ine al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/em>\u201dyla ba\u015f g\u00f6sterecek ekonomik-sosyal sorunlarla ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cM\u00fclteci sorunu<\/em>\u201dyla ilgili Mart 2016 tarihli \u201cAB-T\u00fcrkiye Bildirisi<\/em>\u201dyle birlikte, \u201ct\u00fcm kriterlerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 <\/em>\u015fart\u0131yla\u201d T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131na vize serbestisi vaat edilmi\u015f; AP vize serbestisi i\u00e7in istenenlere K\u0131br\u0131s Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin tan\u0131mas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n da eklenmesini istemi\u015f; T\u00fcrkiye y\u00f6netimi ise 72 maddelik kriterlerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine getirilmesi ve K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n tek devlet olarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131 beklentisinin bo\u015funa oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bu, \u00e7eli\u015fkili ve gergin i\u015fbirli\u011finin devam edece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

    [42]<\/sup><\/a> T\u00fcrkiye, son iki on y\u0131lda L\u00fcbnan ve Ukrayna\u2019daki i\u00e7 olaylara m\u00fcdahaleye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f; Irak, Libya, Suriye\u2019de fiili askeri eylemlere ba\u015fvurmu\u015f; toplamda 12 \u00fclkede askeri kuvvet bulundurmaya giri\u015fen bir devlet olarak bu \u00fclkelerde ve b\u00f6lge genelinde g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmaya koyulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Yusuf Akda\u011f \u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi \u201cs\u00f6m\u00fcrge\u201d, \u201cyar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge\u201d; \u201cBat\u0131 ittifak\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n cephe \u00fclkesi\u201d; ABD\u2019nin ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerin \u201cta\u015feronu\u201d olarak niteleyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da yazar, \u2018sol\u2019 siyaset\u00e7i, devrimci ve sosyalist \u00f6rg\u00fct ve parti olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerine sosyo-ekonomik analizlerle ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lan bu niteleme(ler), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist devletlerle ili\u015fkilerini veri almaktad\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k sorununun g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalizmi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u201ckar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d, sermaye hareketi ve uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[521,384,362],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3373","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-52-sayi-yaz-2021","category-emperyalizm-dosyasi","category-yusuf-akdag"],"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anti emperyalist m\u00fccadele<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2023\/03\/27\/turkiyenin-emperyalizme-bagimliligi-ve-anti-emperyalist-mucadele\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anti emperyalist m\u00fccadele\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yusuf Akda\u011f \u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi \u201cs\u00f6m\u00fcrge\u201d, \u201cyar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge\u201d; \u201cBat\u0131 ittifak\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n cephe \u00fclkesi\u201d; ABD\u2019nin ve Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalistlerin \u201cta\u015feronu\u201d olarak niteleyen \u00e7ok say\u0131da yazar, \u2018sol\u2019 siyaset\u00e7i, devrimci ve sosyalist \u00f6rg\u00fct ve parti olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrkiye \u00fczerine sosyo-ekonomik analizlerle ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lan bu niteleme(ler), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Bat\u0131l\u0131 emperyalist devletlerle ili\u015fkilerini veri almaktad\u0131r. 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