<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u011fitimli profesyonel meslek sahipleri ya da beyaz yakal\u0131lar \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda istihdam edildiklerinde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, kendi hesaplar\u0131na ve \u00f6zerk olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131rlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri temelinde netle\u015ftirildi\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ki, kapitalist toplumlarda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva orta s\u0131n\u0131f s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi sadece ko\u015fullar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fip pop\u00fcler ifadeyle \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fcyor, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n genel e\u011filimlerine denk d\u00fc\u015fecek bir bi\u00e7imde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fiyor. <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Arif Ko\u015far<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n Neoliberal politikalar\u0131n h\u0131z kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda hizmetler sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki geni\u015flemenin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri beyaz yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, finans, teknoloji, sigortac\u0131l\u0131k, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, hukuk gibi i\u015fkollar\u0131nda b\u00fcro ve plazalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00fcniversite mezunlar\u0131 \u201cy\u00fckselen orta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131 ve co\u015fkuyla selamland\u0131. 12 Eyl\u00fcl sonras\u0131 atmosferin da\u011f\u0131lmakta oldu\u011fu o y\u0131llarda, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ayd\u0131n i\u00e7in demokratikle\u015fmenin temeli bu \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201dt\u0131. \u00d6yle ki, y\u0131llar sonra, Haziran 2013\u2019te patlak veren Gezi direni\u015fi demokrasi isteyen \u201cyeni orta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d\u0131n isyan\u0131 olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Son y\u0131llarda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan vurgu ise tersinedir: Orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc. 2018 krizinden bu yana AKP iktidar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fckselen tepkinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden orta s\u0131n\u0131ftan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Benzer bir tespiti, 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yunanistan\u2019da, kemer s\u0131kma \u00f6nlemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 milyonlarca emek\u00e7i soka\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Zizek yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re, eylemler ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yitiren \u201ce\u011fitimli burjuvazi<\/em>\u201dnin \u00f6fkesinin ifadesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Daralan \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d ya da \u201ce\u011fitimli burjuvazi<\/em>\u201dnin kimlerden olu\u015ftu\u011fu, hangi temelde bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak te\u015fekk\u00fcl etti\u011fi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman belirsizdir. Bununla birlikte orta s\u0131n\u0131fa vehmedilen \u00f6zellikler a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ya da \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olarak bir t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131f teorisine dayan\u0131r. Tam da bu nedenle, \u00f6zellikle i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na i\u015faretle, do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f analizine referans verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapitalist toplumda iki temel s\u0131n\u0131f olarak burjuvazi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kimi ara ve orta tabakalar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k. Marx\u2019\u0131n bunu yads\u0131mak bir yana a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etti\u011fi biliniyor. Bununla birlikte, Marx\u2019\u0131n kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ve sermaye analizinde \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d\u0131n nas\u0131l bir yer tuttu\u011fu ve orta ya da ara s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile Marx\u2019\u0131n bu kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar \u00e7o\u011fu zaman g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Orta s\u0131n\u0131f teriminin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kullan\u0131m bi\u00e7imi ve \u015fekilleni\u015fi ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na kapsaml\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 gerektirir. Bu makale ise, orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131 ve onun referans verdi\u011fi toplumsal kesimlere ili\u015fkin kapsaml\u0131 bir analizde bulunma iddias\u0131nda de\u011fildir ve kendisini Marx\u2019taki orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131n\u0131 incelemekle s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019ta \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d teriminin kullan\u0131m bi\u00e7imine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, onun genel s\u0131n\u0131f yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 temel vurgular\u0131 ifade etmek gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, kapitalizmde ara ya da orta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n konumunu kavramak, ancak onlar\u0131n neyin \u201cara<\/em>\u201ds\u0131nda ya da \u201corta<\/em>\u201ds\u0131nda oldu\u011funu anlamakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019\u0131n kendinden \u00f6nceki burjuva politik ekonomistlerin s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klama tarz\u0131n\u0131 devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Elbette farkl\u0131 bir ba\u011flamda ve baz\u0131 kay\u0131tlar koyarak. Burjuva politik ekonomistlere g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 belirleyen \u015fey, onlar\u0131n gelirlerini elde etme bi\u00e7imidir. \u00dccret alanlar i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, k\u00e2r elde edenler kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f ve rant sa\u011flayanlar da toprak sahipleri s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu genel olarak do\u011fru bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunmakla birlikte, burjuva ekonomi politi\u011finin temel hatas\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde girdikleri ili\u015fkilerle de\u011fil bunun sonucu olan b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ili\u015fkileri temelinde tan\u0131mlamas\u0131yd\u0131.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ender metinlerden biri, Kapital\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc cildinin son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki yakla\u015f\u0131k bir sayfal\u0131k, yar\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015f el yazmas\u0131d\u0131r. Biraz da bunun etkisiyle Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 uzun y\u0131llara yay\u0131lan bir tart\u0131\u015fma ve karma\u015fa konusu olmu\u015ftur. Bununla birlikte, s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>, Marx\u2019\u0131n eserlerinde ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f tarz\u0131nda temel bir kavramd\u0131r. Toplumsal analizinin \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseldi\u011fi kilit sosyal fenomendir. Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak ele almam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, onun net bir s\u0131n\u0131f tan\u0131m\u0131 ve yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapital\u2019in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc cildinde yar\u0131m kalm\u0131\u015f el yazmas\u0131 bile temel \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi sunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan nettir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cGelir kaynaklar\u0131, s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u00fccret, k\u00e2r ve toprak rant\u0131 olan, s\u0131rf emek g\u00fcc\u00fc sahipleri, sermaye sahipleri ve toprak sahipleri, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle \u00fccretli emek\u00e7iler, kapitalistler ve toprak sahipleri, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na dayanan modern toplumun \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar.<\/em>\u201d[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx, s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131nda kimi orta ve ara tabakalar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na da i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130ngiltere\u2019de modern toplumun ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131, hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde ve en klasik bi\u00e7imde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ne var ki, burada bile, s\u0131n\u0131flardaki tabakala\u015fma en saf bi\u00e7imi i\u00e7inde g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez. Burada bile, orta ve ara tabakalar (kentlerdekine g\u00f6re k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerde \u00e7ok daha az olmakla birlikte) her yerde s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgilerini silikle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/em>\u201d[4]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6te yandan Marx s\u0131n\u0131flarla s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7i \u00e7\u0131kar gruplar\u0131n\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131r. \u015eu soruyla ba\u015flar ve cevap verir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u00dccretli emek\u00e7ileri, kapitalistleri ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerini \u00fc\u00e7 toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f haline getiren \u015fey nedir?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u0130lk bak\u0131\u015fta gelirlerin ve gelir kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zde\u015fli\u011fidir.<\/em>\u201d[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re bu do\u011fru de\u011fildir. E\u011fer b\u00f6yle olsayd\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u2026 Tabipler ve devlet memurlar\u0131, iki ayr\u0131 toplumsal gruba ait olduklar\u0131\u2026 i\u00e7in iki ayr\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fturmalar\u0131 gerekir<\/em>\u201ddi. \u201cAyn\u0131 \u015feyin, toplumsal i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, emek\u00e7ileri oldu\u011fu kadar, kapitalistler ile b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak sahiplerini de -\u00f6rne\u011fin bu sonuncular\u0131, ba\u011f bah\u00e7e sahipleri, \u00e7iftlik sahipleri, orman sahipleri, maden sahipleri, dalyan sahipleri gibi- sonsuz t\u00fcrde \u00e7\u0131kar ve stat\u00fc gruplar\u0131na par\u00e7alamas\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/em>\u201d[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, Marx, s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7i katman ya da gruplarla \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde temellenen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131flar \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ile de\u011fil de gelir kaynaklar\u0131 ile tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Marx\u2019\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi, doktorlar ve devlet memurlar\u0131n\u0131n gelir kaynaklar\u0131 farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in iki ayr\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fa mensup olmalar\u0131 gerekecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ba\u011flamda kapitalist toplumdaki s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak tan\u0131mlamak gerekirse, Engels\u2019in notundan faydalan\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cBurjuvazi denince toplumsal \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahipleri olup \u00fccretli eme\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcren modern sermayeciler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, proletarya denince kendi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan emek g\u00fc\u00e7lerini satmaya muhta\u00e7 olan modern \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu genel tan\u0131m toplumun iki temel s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamakla birlikte as\u0131l zorluk ara ve orta tabakalar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamakta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fccretliler i\u00e7erisinde do\u011frudan sermayenin i\u015flevlerini yerine getiren CEO, genel m\u00fcd\u00fcr ve di\u011fer \u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6neticiler kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7inde say\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu gruplar\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler, \u00fccret bi\u00e7imi alt\u0131nda gizlenmi\u015f art\u0131-de\u011ferden al\u0131nan paylard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Peki ya \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201dlar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7lik d\u00f6nemi ve hemen sonraki yaz\u0131 ve eserlerinde orta s\u0131n\u0131f, genellikle, feodal toplumda serpilen burjuvazi ile e\u015f anlaml\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131. 1848 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019da, Engels\u2019le birlikte, \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSanayinin \u015fimdiye kadarki feodal ya da lonca kurallar\u0131na uygun i\u015fletme tarz\u0131 yeni pazarlarla gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ihtiyac\u0131 art\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131layam\u0131yordu. Onun yerini manifakt\u00fcr ald\u0131. Lonca ustalar\u0131 sanayici orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u00e7a bir k\u00f6\u015feye itildi; de\u011fi\u015fik loncalar aras\u0131ndaki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bir tek at\u00f6lyenin i\u00e7indeki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yok olup gitti.<\/em>\u201d[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx, sadece Manifesto\u2019da de\u011fil sonraki yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda da aristokrasi ve feodal tabakalarla ili\u015fkileri ba\u011flam\u0131nda<\/em> burjuvaziden bahsetti\u011finde, onu orta s\u0131n\u0131f olarak nitelemi\u015ftir. \u0130ngiltere s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n ilk geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00fclke olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, aristokrasi ile burjuvazi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 var oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece Marx, burjuvazi ve orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ayn\u0131 anlamda kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin,<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSanayici ve ticari orta s\u0131n\u0131f, yani burjuvazi, Whigs ve Tories\u2019lerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve \u00f6zellikle 1831 y\u0131l\u0131nda reform yasas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi andan bu yana s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n ve partilerin g\u00f6receli pozisyonlar\u0131 temelden de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/em>\u201d[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Engels de, ilk \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olan \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Durumu<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131n hemen ba\u015f\u0131nda burjuvazi yerine orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken \u015funlar\u0131 ifade etmi\u015fti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cOrta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n -i\u015f s\u00f6ze gelince ne derlerse desinler- ger\u00e7ekte sizin eme\u011finizin \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini satabildi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, o emekle kendilerini zenginle\u015ftirmekten ve bu dolayl\u0131 insan eti ticaretinden kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flayamaz duruma geldiklerinde sizi a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa terk etmekten ba\u015fka niyetleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye yetecek kadar\u0131ndan da fazla kan\u0131t toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 umuyorum.<\/em>\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak ba\u011flam feodal toplum ya da aristokrasiyle m\u00fccadele halindeki burjuvazi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yani modern kapitalist \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi<\/em> oldu\u011funda, burjuvazi art\u0131k orta s\u0131n\u0131f de\u011fil aksine egemen s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu nedenle Marx, do\u011frudan kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131 analiz etti\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda burjuvaziden orta s\u0131n\u0131f olarak bahsetmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Modern kapitalist toplumda, burjuvazi hem iktisadi hem de siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan iktidard\u0131r. Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften gelen topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc az \u00e7ok koruyan aristokrat s\u0131n\u0131fla uzla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda bile art\u0131k iktidar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve orta s\u0131n\u0131f olma durumu son bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6yleyse, burjuvazinin egemen s\u0131n\u0131f oldu\u011fu modern kapitalist toplumlarda, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir orta s\u0131n\u0131ftan bahsedilebilir mi?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019ta orta s\u0131n\u0131fa en yak\u0131n tan\u0131m hem burjuvazi hem de i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazidir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir yerde durur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve zanaat\u00e7\u0131 iki ki\u015fiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olarak kapitalisttir; emek\u00e7i olarak ise kendisinin \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7isidir. Bu nedenle kapitalist olarak kendisine \u00fccret \u00f6der ve sermayesinden k\u00e2r elde eder; yani \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7i olarak kendini s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcr ve art\u0131k de\u011feri, emek\u00e7inin sermayeye bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu harac\u0131 kendine \u00f6der.<\/em>\u201d[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx, analizlerinde yer yer \u201corta s\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d terimini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvaziyi ifade etmek i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kapital\u2019in birinci cildinde, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 vergilendirmenin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 orta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirici etkisine dikkat \u00e7ekerken Marx, \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cA\u015f\u0131r\u0131 vergileme, istisnai bir \u015fey olmaktan \u00e7ok, bir ilkedir. \u2026 Bununla beraber, bu sistemin \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7inin durumu \u00fczerindeki tahrip edici etkisi, burada bizi k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, zanaat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n, k\u0131sacas\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n bu sistem y\u00fcz\u00fcnden zorla m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesinden daha az ilgilendirmektedir.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ba\u015fka bir yerde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSefalet, kapitalist \u00fcretimin faux frais\u2019si (ek harcamalar\u0131) aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131r; ne var ki, sermaye bunu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kendi s\u0131rt\u0131ndan at\u0131p i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ve alt orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n omuzlar\u0131na y\u00fcklemesini bilir.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019\u0131n orta s\u0131n\u0131f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi tan\u0131m\u0131 ne \u00fccret ne de e\u011fitim ve vas\u0131f d\u00fczeyiyle ilgilidir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7indeki \u00f6zg\u00fcn konumuyla alakal\u0131d\u0131r. Kendi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahiptir, \u00fcretti\u011fi mal ya da hizmet bi\u00e7imindeki metay\u0131 piyasada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak satar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6rne\u011fin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahibi k\u00f6yl\u00fc bir toprak par\u00e7as\u0131na ve bunu i\u015fleyecek ara\u00e7lara sahiptir. \u00dcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendi t\u00fcketimine ay\u0131rsa bile \u00e7o\u011fu pazarda satmak i\u00e7indir. B\u00f6ylece k\u00f6yl\u00fc hem \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sahibidir hem de \u00fcretici bir emek harcar. Kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f ile do\u011frudan \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisine girmez. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00f6reli olarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00fcreticidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Benzer bir durum terzi, ayakkab\u0131c\u0131, demirci, camc\u0131, tesisat\u00e7\u0131, perdeci, saat\u00e7i gibi zanaatkar-esnaf i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. \u00c7o\u011funlukla d\u00fckkan sahibidirler ve i\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kendilerine aittir. \u00dccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 yoktur ya da belki bir-iki yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00dcretti\u011fi mal ya da hizmeti m\u00fc\u015fterilere sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu s\u0131n\u0131fa serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan profesyonel meslek sahipleri de dahildir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvaziye dahil olmalar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni meslek sahipli\u011fi de\u011fil, bir kapitaliste ba\u011fl\u0131 olmak yerine \u00f6zerk ve kendi emeklerine dayal\u0131 i\u015f yapmalar\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki en tipik temsilcileri aras\u0131nda kendi b\u00fcrosunda i\u015f yapan ve \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 olmayan avukatlar, serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan mimar ve m\u00fchendisler, muayenehane sahibi di\u015f hekimleri say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re, farkl\u0131 e\u011fitim, meslek ve sekt\u00f6rlere ra\u011fmen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclkiyeti nedeniyle ayn\u0131 potada bulu\u015fan bu \u201corta z\u00fcmre<\/em>\u201dnin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 modern sanayi burjuvazisi ile rekabet edemeyerek m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015fir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201c\u015eimdiye kadarki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck orta z\u00fcmreler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayiciler, t\u00fcccarlar ve rantiyeler, zanaatk\u00e2rlar ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u0131n\u0131flar k\u0131smen kendi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sermayeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin i\u015fletilmesine yetmedi\u011fi ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayecilerle rekabet i\u00e7inde bat\u0131p gitti\u011fi i\u00e7in, k\u0131smen de yeni \u00fcretim tarzlar\u0131 onlar\u0131n becerilerini de\u011fersizle\u015ftirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in proletaryan\u0131n kat\u0131na inerler. B\u00f6ylece proletaryaya n\u00fcfusun b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131ndan kat\u0131lmalar olur.<\/em>\u201d[12]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f atlama ve kapitalistle\u015fme \u015fans\u0131 bulurken, b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kapitalist rekabet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenilgiye u\u011frar ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 saflar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan kapitalizm yeni ihtiya\u00e7lara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kapitalist k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fclkiyet i\u00e7in daimi bir temel sa\u011flar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de -ve d\u00fcnyada- k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak sahibi k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve istihdamdaki pay\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde azal\u0131rken, profesyonel meslek sahibi serbest \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde dikkat \u00e7ekici bir konuma gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ana ak\u0131m sosyal bilimlerde orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131yla belirli bir gelir aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunan ve bu geliriyle belirli bir t\u00fcketim tarz\u0131 ve d\u00fczeyine haiz olan topluluklar kastedilir. Kavramsal i\u00e7eri\u011fi e\u011fitim, vas\u0131f ve kimi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6gelerle desteklense de genellikle gelir a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u201c\u00fcst<\/em>\u201d ve \u201calt<\/em>\u201d s\u0131n\u0131flara nazaran \u201corta<\/em>\u201dda kalanlara referans verir. \u00d6rne\u011fin ekonomist Thomas Piketty, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizlikleri inceledi\u011fi \u00fcnl\u00fc Kapital<\/em> isimli kitab\u0131nda, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n en tepesindeki %10\u2019luk kesimi \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f, ard\u0131ndan gelen %40\u2019\u0131 orta s\u0131n\u0131f ve en alttaki %50\u2019yi alt s\u0131n\u0131f olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Orta s\u0131n\u0131f profesyonel mesleklerle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, ancak yine de \u201corta<\/em>\u201dn\u0131n nereden ba\u015flay\u0131p nerede bitti\u011fi \u00e7o\u011fu zaman belirsizdir, bu nedenle mu\u011flak bir terimdir. G\u00fcncel kullan\u0131m\u0131nda, \u201cyeni<\/em>\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131 da eklenerek kullan\u0131lan orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131 ile genellikle beyaz yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler kastedilmektedir. \u00dcniversite mezunu, b\u00fcro ya da plazada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc mizah anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve bo\u015f zaman al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n gelir, e\u011fitim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.[13]<\/a> Marx\u2019\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan fark\u0131 ise, bu i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kitlesinin sadece kendi \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olanlar\u0131 de\u011fil, olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f bir \u00fccretli tabakay\u0131 da i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvaziyi gelir, t\u00fcketim tarz\u0131, e\u011fitim ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcr ile de\u011fil \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7indeki \u00f6zg\u00fcn konumu ile tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle ticari i\u015fletmelerdeki b\u00fcrolarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, \u00fc\u00e7-d\u00f6rt dil bilen, e\u011fitimli ve vas\u0131fl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ileri de art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretip \u00fcretmemelerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f ve g\u00f6reli y\u00fcksek \u00fccret gibi k\u0131smi ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n giderek azalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cGene de bu \u00fccret, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle, ortalama eme\u011fe g\u00f6re bile bir d\u00fc\u015fme e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterir. (\u2026) gerekli e\u011fitim, ticari bilgi, yabanc\u0131 dil vb. bilim ve halk e\u011fitimindeki geli\u015fmeyle birlikte gitgide daha h\u0131zl\u0131, kolay, yayg\u0131n ve ucuz bir bi\u00e7imde yeniden \u00fcretildik\u00e7e, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 da \u00f6\u011fretim y\u00f6ntemlerini vb. pratik ama\u00e7lara do\u011fru y\u00f6neltmeye ba\u015flar. (\u2026) Pek az istisna ile bu kimselerin emek-g\u00fcc\u00fc, bu y\u00fczden, kapitalist \u00fcretimdeki geli\u015fmeyle de\u011fer kayb\u0131na u\u011frar. Eme\u011fin kapasitesi art\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccretleri d\u00fc\u015fer. Kapitalist ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek de\u011fer ve k\u00e2r\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131k\u00e7a, bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131r.<\/em>\u201d[14]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Engels, y\u0131llar sonra, Marx\u2019\u0131n bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcne dair \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cTicaret proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n kaderi konusunda, 1865\u2019te yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan bu tahminin, zaman i\u00e7erisinde nas\u0131l do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn ticari i\u015flemlerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6rt dil bilen y\u00fczlerce Alman b\u00fcro i\u015f\u00e7isinin, haftada 25 \u015filin \u00fccretle -ki bu \u00fccret, iyi bir tornac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretinin \u00e7ok alt\u0131ndad\u0131r- London City\u2019de bo\u015fu bo\u015funa i\u015f aramalar\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/em>\u201d[15]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Marx\u2019\u0131n orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131yla bu g\u00fcncel kullan\u0131m aras\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir fark vard\u0131r. Marx\u2019\u0131n analizine g\u00f6re sekt\u00f6r, i\u015fin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 mekan, hukuki stat\u00fc, gelir ya da diploma s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ay\u0131ran kriterler de\u011fil, olsa olsa \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri temelinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7indeki katmanlar\u0131 \u015fekillendiren unsurlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dccretli beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 dahilinde bir tabaka olmas\u0131, bu katman\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer kesimlerinden farkl\u0131la\u015fan \u00f6zellikleri oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini de\u011fi\u015ftirmez. E\u011fitim, dijital ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullan\u0131m, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f ve ortamla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zellikleri, yine i\u015fle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 dil kullan\u0131m ve mizah bi\u00e7iminin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bo\u015f zaman al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 ve beklentileri farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda beyaz yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fmas\u0131, reel \u00fccretlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmesi ve \u201cbeyaz yakal\u0131<\/em>\u201d umutlar\u0131n giderek imkans\u0131z hale gelmesiyle birlikte sosyal medyada -ve hen\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olsa da m\u00fccadele bi\u00e7iminde- bu kesimlerin tepkilerinin daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr oldu\u011fu da do\u011frudur.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Burjuvazi, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki diploma, sekt\u00f6r ya da hukuki stat\u00fc ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 olabildi\u011fince k\u00f6r\u00fcklemeye ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 kesimlerini, birle\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek \u00fczere birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ya da bu t\u00fcr kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klardan b\u00fcy\u00fck memnuniyet duyar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7indeki \u00e7ok say\u0131daki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7ileri bir s\u0131n\u0131f haline getiren \u015fey, kapitalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve ya\u015fama zorunlulu\u011fudur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 tabakalar\u0131 benzer s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, g\u00fcvencesizle\u015fme ve yoksulla\u015fma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine maruz kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zetle, yayg\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n aksine Marx\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f analizinde \u00fccretli beyaz yakal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ya da b\u00fcro i\u015f\u00e7ileri orta s\u0131n\u0131f de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir tabakad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Pop\u00fcler toplumsal analizlerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla mu\u011flak bir orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131 kullan\u0131lmakta, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman da bu kavramla hangi toplumsal gruplar\u0131n kastedildi\u011fi belirsiz kalmaktad\u0131r. Orta s\u0131n\u0131f terimindeki \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f<\/em>\u201d ifadesi, kavram\u0131n kolayl\u0131kla Marx\u2019a referansla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 getirmi\u015f, Marksizan analizlerde bile \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinden azade bir orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131, kimi zaman analizin \u00fczerinde y\u00fckseldi\u011fi temeli olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Marx\u2019\u0131n olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 orta s\u0131n\u0131f kavram\u0131 ile kavram\u0131n g\u00fcncel yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131nda k\u00f6kl\u00fc farklar vard\u0131r. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131k, s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ve toplumu ele al\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Weberyan ve neo-Weberyan analizlerde orta s\u0131n\u0131flar e\u011fitim, gelir, vas\u0131f ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ile tan\u0131mlan\u0131rken, Marx, hem genel olarak s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 hem de \u00f6zel olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri temelinde kavrar. Terimi betimleyici ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck anlam\u0131yla kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, orta s\u0131n\u0131f ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvaziyi kasteder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n E\u011fitimli profesyonel meslek sahipleri ya da beyaz yakal\u0131lar \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda istihdam edildiklerinde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, kendi hesaplar\u0131na ve \u00f6zerk olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri temelinde netle\u015ftirildi\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir ki, kapitalist toplumlarda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva orta s\u0131n\u0131f s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi sadece ko\u015fullar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fip pop\u00fcler ifadeyle \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fcyor, kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n genel e\u011filimlerine denk d\u00fc\u015fecek bir bi\u00e7imde h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015fiyor. Orta s\u0131n\u0131f ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7ok say\u0131da meslek grubunda \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n say\u0131 ve oran\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin bkz. T24 (2013) \u201c\u00c7a\u011flar Keyder: Gezi olaylar\u0131n\u0131n seyrini T\u00fcrkiye’de y\u00fckselmekte olan yeni orta s\u0131n\u0131f de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir\u201d, https:\/\/t24.com.tr\/haber\/keyder-gezi-olaylarinin-seyrini-turkiyede-yukselmekte-olan-yeni-orta-sinif-degistirmistir,238849<\/p>\n\n\n\n [2]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ve genel olarak kapitalist \u201cticari toplum\u201du do\u011fal d\u00fczen olarak g\u00f6rmekteydiler. Marx\u2019a g\u00f6re, belirli toplumsal ko\u015ful, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve uzla\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kapitalist toplum tarihsel bir belirlenimdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [3]<\/a> Marx, K. (1997) Kapital: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt<\/em>, \u00c7eviren: A. Bilgi, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 775.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [4]<\/a> Marx, Kapital: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt<\/em>, sf. 775.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [5]<\/a> Marx, Kapital: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt<\/em>, sf. 775.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [6]<\/a> Marx, Kapital: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt<\/em>, sf. 776.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [7]<\/a> Marx, K. ve F. Engels (2014) Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/em>, \u00e7ev. N. Satl\u0131gan, Yordam Kitap, \u0130stanbul, sf. 78.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [8]<\/a> Marx ve Engels, Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/em>, sf. 39.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [9]<\/a> Marx\u2019tan aktaran Yurtsever, H. (2016) Orta S\u0131n\u0131f Efsanesi<\/em>, Yordam Kitap, \u0130stanbul, sf. 74.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [10]<\/a> Engels, F. (1997) \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Emek\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n Durumu<\/em>, \u00e7ev. Y. Fincanc\u0131, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [11]<\/a> Marx, K. (1998) Art\u0131 De\u011fer Teorileri: Birinci Kitap<\/em>, Y. Fincanc\u0131, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, sf. 382.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [12]<\/a> Marx ve Engels, Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/em>, sf. 46.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [13]<\/a> \u00d6rne\u011fin bkz. \u015eim\u015fek, A. (2014) Yeni Orta S\u0131n\u0131f: ‘Sinik Stratejiler’<\/em>, Agora Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [14]<\/a> Marx, Kapital: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt<\/em>, sf. 264.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [15]<\/a> Marx, Kapital: \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cilt<\/em>, sf. 265.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Marx\u2019ta S\u0131n\u0131flar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Orta S\u0131n\u0131f Olarak Burjuvazi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Orta S\u0131n\u0131f Olarak K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Burjuvazi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Yayg\u0131n Orta S\u0131n\u0131f Yorumu \u0130le Fark\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Sonu\u00e7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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