<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cavit I\u015f\u0131k Yavuz<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Krizler \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Pandeminin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7teki ekonomik, sosyal, siyasal ko\u015fullar ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkileyen etmenler bir\u00e7ok krizin bir arada ve \u00e7oklu etki g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi bir d\u00f6neme i\u015faret ediyor. 2008 y\u0131l\u0131 ile \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck krizini ya\u015fayan kapitalizm bir yandan a\u00e7l\u0131k krizi, su krizi gibi \u201cola\u011fanla\u015fan<\/em>\u201d krizlerle, \u00f6te yandan \u201cekolojik kriz<\/em>\u201d gibi \u015fu ana kadar kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir boyuttaki ger\u00e7e\u011fi ile y\u00fcz y\u00fcze. Kendi eseri ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya. Hayvanlardan insanlara ge\u00e7en ve zoonotik hastal\u0131klar olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan hastal\u0131klar\u0131n insandan insana bula\u015f\u0131r hale gelmesi ile pandemilere yol a\u00e7an etkenler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu durumun temelinde yatan olumsuz fakt\u00f6rlerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilemedi\u011fi bir yol ayr\u0131m\u0131nday\u0131z art\u0131k. Bu yaz\u0131da bu yol ayr\u0131m\u0131nda nedensel fakt\u00f6rleri irdelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u201cSalg\u0131n<\/em>\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak dilimize de yerle\u015fmi\u015f olan \u201cepidemi<\/em>\u201d, 2500 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck. \u0130lk olarak Homeros\u2019un Odysseia\u2019s\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, sonras\u0131nda t\u0131bbi terim olarak Hipokrat\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019dan itibaren \u00f6zellikle kolera salg\u0131nlar\u0131 sonras\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlam\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendi\u011fi ve 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019dan itibaren de mikrobiyolojik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kle\u015fti\u011fi dikkati \u00e7ekiyor[1]<\/a>. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise enfeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra enfeksiyon hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan durumlar i\u00e7in de s\u0131k kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f durumda: Hipertansiyon epidemisi, k\u00fcresel iklim krizinin etkilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve artmas\u0131 beklenen nefropati (b\u00f6brek sorunlar\u0131) epidemisi, alerji ve ast\u0131m epidemisi vb. sorunun yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamak i\u00e7in \u201cepidemi<\/em>\u201d yani \u201csalg\u0131n<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tercih ediliyor. Hatta \u201cpandemi<\/em>\u201d de bu anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor: \u201cObesite pandemisi.\u201d Bunun nedeni de kilo sorununun \u201ct\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131<\/em>\u201d sarmas\u0131. D\u00fcnyada 2 milyara yak\u0131n insan fazla kilolu ve 650 milyondan fazlas\u0131 \u015fi\u015fman ve her y\u0131l en az 2.8 milyon ki\u015fi fazla kilolu ya da \u015fi\u015fman olmaktan kaynaklanan sorunlar nedeniyle \u00f6l\u00fcyor.[2]<\/a> Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 geni\u015fletebilir, d\u00fcnyada bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k pandemileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 pandemileri rahatl\u0131kla vurgulayabiliriz: A\u00e7l\u0131k pandemisi, ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131m pandemisi, k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netim pandemisi, e\u015fitsizlik pandemisi, yoksulluk pandemisi, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k pandemisi, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar pandemisi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201czengin<\/em>\u201d \u00fclkeleri i\u00e7in art\u0131k bitti g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131lan bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Yirminci Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finden itibaren daha \u00e7ok hissedilen bu durum yeni \u00f6nlemleri ve yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 gerektiriyor. Bu \u00f6nlem ve yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n ulusal d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131 da yetmiyor, bu nedenle D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (DS\u00d6) taraf\u0131ndan 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilen \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Sa\u011fl\u0131k T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/em>\u201d gibi, \u00f6zellikle salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 acil durumlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler hayata ge\u00e7iriliyor.[3]<\/a> Bu hastal\u0131klar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da \u00f6zel bir izlemenin konusu. \u201c\u00d6ncelikli hastal\u0131klar listesi<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131yla 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda gruplanan bu hastal\u0131klar, \u015fu anda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde farkl\u0131 \u00e7aplarda salg\u0131nlara neden olan ve DS\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn Ar-Ge ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6ncelik verdi\u011fi hastal\u0131klar. COVID-19\u2019un da eklendi\u011fi bu listede, K\u0131r\u0131m Kongo Kanamal\u0131 ate\u015fi, Ebola, Lassa ate\u015fi, Zika gibi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka hastal\u0131k grubu daha var: \u201cX Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/em>\u201d Bilim kurguyu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rsa da haz\u0131rlan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurgulanan ve yeni bir tehdit ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bu \u201cbilinmeyen tehdidin<\/em>\u201d listeye al\u0131nabilmesi i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulan bir kategori \u201cX Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/em>\u201d[4]<\/a>,[5]<\/a>,[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu kapsamda giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcyen salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar ve pandemi tehditlerinin alt\u0131nda yatan bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r s\u0131ralanabilir. Bu fakt\u00f6rleri iki ana eksen \u00fczerinde incelememiz olanakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu eksenlerden birini ekosistemlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn etkileri, di\u011ferini ise artan k\u00fcresel hareketlilik, kentsel n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu vb. fakt\u00f6rler olarak belirleyebiliriz. Bu iki ana eksenin etkilerini irdelemeden \u00f6nce pandemilerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirme ve incelemeler, 1940 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana saptanan yeni enfeksiyonlar\u0131n %60\u2019\u0131n\u0131n zoonotik enfeksiyonlar (hayvanlardan insanlara ge\u00e7en hastal\u0131klar) oldu\u011funu ve bu yeni enfeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131na neden olan mikro organizmalar\u0131n %72\u2019sinin yaban\u0131l ya\u015fam kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.[7]<\/a> Bu yeni enfeksiyonlar\u0131n mikrobik da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda vir\u00fcsler %25\u2019lik bir yer tutsa da, \u00f6zellikle RNA vir\u00fcsleri \u00e7ok say\u0131da konak\u00e7\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00e7o\u011falabilmeleri ve konak\u00e7\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k yan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7mas\u0131na neden olan enzimler sayesinde y\u00fcksek de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6stermeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan pandemilerin oda\u011f\u0131nda bulunuyor.[8]<\/a> Bu vir\u00fcsler, insanlar\u0131 etkileyen zoonotik vir\u00fcslerin %94’\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturuyor. Artan zoonotik hastal\u0131klar, \u00f6zellikle vir\u00fcs\u00fcn insandan insana bula\u015fabilir hale gelmesiyle pandemi potansiyelini art\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla pandemiler zoonotik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n da g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesini gerektiriyor. Bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in vir\u00fcslerin %80’i, bakterilerin %50’si, mantarlar\u0131n %40’\u0131, protozoalar\u0131n %70’i ve insanlar\u0131 enfekte eden helmintlerin %95’i zoonotik. Bu etkenlerin rezervuarlar\u0131n\u0131n %80\u2019i memeliler. \u00c7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131 ve evcil hayvanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen kabaca 1000 civar\u0131nda patojenin %50\u2019si de zoonotiktir.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n PANDEM\u0130LER\u0130N L\u00d6KOMOT\u0130F\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zellikle zoonotik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile birlikte pandemilerin gerek say\u0131ca gerekse de etkiler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok g\u00fcndemde oldu\u011fu ve olaca\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemde, pandemileri kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran fakt\u00f6rler genel hatlar\u0131yla d\u00f6rt ba\u015fl\u0131kta toplanabilir. Bu d\u00f6rt ba\u015fl\u0131k; ekosistemlerin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, et t\u00fcketimi, kentsel n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar olarak s\u0131ralanabilir.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ekosistemlerin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ekosistem, \u201cbir b\u00f6lgede canl\u0131 organizmalar ve cans\u0131z \u00f6geleri aralar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerle birlikte i\u00e7eren, ekolojinin temel birimidir<\/em>\u201d ve \u201c\u00e7evresiyle (abiyotik) etkile\u015fime giren canl\u0131 organizmalar\u0131n (biyotik) toplulu\u011fudur.<\/em>\u201d[11]<\/a> Ekosistemler insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli \u00f6geler i\u00e7erir ve insan merkezli bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla bu durum \u201cekosistem hizmetleri<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu hizmetler ekosistem fonksiyonlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir. Bu fonksiyonlar da d\u00f6rt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bu teknik \u00e7er\u00e7eve, insan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hava, su, besin, yak\u0131t, enerji, hammadde vb. gereksinimlerin, bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ruhsal, rekreasyon kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ekosistem bozulmas\u0131 ya da tahribi, \u00f6zellikle insan etkinlikleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehdit alt\u0131ndaki bir ekosistemin asl\u0131nda etkileri do\u011fal s\u00fcre\u00e7leri i\u00e7erisinde belirlemenin zor oldu\u011fu karma\u015f\u0131k bir de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerektirir. Ayr\u0131ca birden fazla ekosistemin etkilenmesi de y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkileri bir \u00e7arpan etkisiyle art\u0131rabilir.[12]<\/a> Ekosistemlerin tahribi, pandemiler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan birka\u00e7 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kritik etkiler g\u00f6steriyor. Bunlardan ilki \u201cbiyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131<\/em>\u201dd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcn gelinen noktada canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin hem say\u0131s\u0131nda hem de \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011findeki azalma, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u201ckitlesel yok olu\u015f<\/em>\u201d tehlikesi ile alt\u0131nc\u0131 kez y\u00fcz y\u00fcze getirmi\u015f durumda. Son 450 milyon y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, her biri daha \u00f6nce var olan bitki, hayvan ve mikroorganizma t\u00fcrlerinin %70-95’ini yok eden be\u015f kitlesel yok olu\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131 ve 1800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llardan bu yana ba\u015flayan yeni bir kitlesel yok olu\u015f s\u00fcrecinin i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011fumuz belirtiliyor. Bu de\u011ferlendirmelere g\u00f6re, bug\u00fcn t\u00fcrlerin yok olma h\u0131zlar\u0131, son on milyonlarca y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00fczeyinden y\u00fczlerce hatta binlerce kat daha fazla. Yok olman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011findeki 77 memeli ve ku\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc pop\u00fclasyonunun yakla\u015f\u0131k %94’\u00fc ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131lda kayboldu ve yeni bir Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler raporu, t\u00fcrlerin d\u00f6rtte birinin, \u00e7o\u011fu on y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu vurguluyor.[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yok olu\u015f tehdidi b\u00fcy\u00fcrken biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131 \u201c\u015feytan \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir duruma yol a\u00e7arak pandemi risklerini art\u0131r\u0131yor. T\u00fcrlerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 istismar\u0131 ve habitat par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ve tahribiyle yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcrlerin istilas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u201c\u015feytan \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em>\u201d, uluslararas\u0131 seyahat, k\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile birlikte \u201cVah\u015fi Alt\u0131l\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor.[14]<\/a> [15]<\/a> Bu durumun \u00f6zellikle hayvanlardan insanlara ge\u00e7en ve insandan insana bula\u015f\u0131r hale gelebilen bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar ve bunlar\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u2013yani pandemi\u2013 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir zemin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bu manzara ya\u015fanan tahribat\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda:[16]<\/a>,[17]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n Il\u0131man ve tropik iklimdeki ormanlar\u0131n neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131 yok oldu. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde her 3 saniyede bir futbol sahas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde orman \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerle yok ediliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcm bunlar ve insan-yaban hayat\u0131 etkile\u015fimlerini de\u011fi\u015ftiren arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, zoonotik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir kayna\u011f\u0131 ve pandemilerin s\u0131kla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran ana etkenlerden biri.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ekolojik tahribat\u0131n ve biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tehlikeleri g\u00f6ren kapitalistler de risk olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor bu manzaray\u0131. Pandemi \u00f6ncesinde Davos\u2019da 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir araya gelen D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Forumu \u201cK\u00fcresel Riskler Raporu<\/em>\u201d ile bu risklerin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015fti. Pandemiden hemen \u00f6nce yay\u0131mlanan raporda \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 10 y\u0131l\u0131n 10 k\u00fcresel risk ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fi \u00e7evresel risklerdi: \u0130klim eylemi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava olaylar\u0131, do\u011fal afetler, insan eliyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7evresel afetler. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131klara \u201csosyal<\/em>\u201d kategorisinde su krizi ve enfeksiyon hastal\u0131klar\u0131 da eklenmi\u015fti.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapitalizmin temelinde yatan ana dinami\u011fin k\u00e2r maksimizasyonu olmas\u0131, onun \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini bu eksende s\u00fcrekli bir dinamizm ile ele almas\u0131n\u0131, maliyeti s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rarak bir yandan pazarda rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131racak teknolojik ve y\u00f6netimsel geli\u015fmeleri uygularken, bir yandan da bu alanda bir geli\u015fimin s\u00fcrekli tetikleni\u015fini gerektirir. K\u00e2r maksimizasyonunun \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi<\/em>\u201d b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin ve t\u00fcketimin de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar, ancak bu kolay de\u011fildir. \u201cS\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evre ve ekoloji i\u00e7in kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da bu anlamda bir tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildir.[20]<\/a> Neoliberal politikalarla k\u00fcreselle\u015fen kapitalizmin \u00e7evresel ve ekolojik sorunlar\u0131 da k\u00fcreselle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir zaman diliminin yeni terimlerine \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik<\/em>\u201d de eklenmi\u015ftir b\u00f6ylece. Kapitalizm yap\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 rekabet ve piyasa dinamikleri \u00e7evreyi hesaba katmaz. Maliyeti \u00e7evreye ve do\u011faya d\u0131\u015fsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve \u201ckapitalizm gezegenimizi koruyamaz<\/em>\u201d.[21]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, ormans\u0131zla\u015fman\u0131n ve biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131n\u0131n etkileriyle zoonotik hastal\u0131klar\u0131n ve pandemilerin artan etkisi ekolojik tahribat\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyor. \u0130klim krizi ve di\u011fer etkilerle birlikte ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda durum daha da a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan bir s\u00fcrece girece\u011fimizi g\u00f6steriyor. Bu noktada da bu s\u00fcrecin \u201cinsan etkinlikleri<\/em>\u201d boyutu ile ilgili bir tart\u0131\u015fma y\u00fcr\u00fctmek gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Genel olarak \u201cyeni bir d\u00fcnya zaman\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan ve canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin ya\u015famsal tehdidiyle atmosferdeki geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcms\u00fcz etkiler gibi sorunlara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 nedeniyle bu yeni zaman\u0131n \u201cinsan etkinlikleri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cAntroposen<\/em>\u201d terimi daha s\u0131k kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Hatta Uluslararas\u0131 Jeoloji Bilimleri Birli\u011fi (IUGS) 2016\u2019da Antroposen \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na girildi\u011fini resmen a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.[22]<\/a> Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k meselenin \u201cinsani etkinliklerin<\/em>\u201d \u00f6tesinde oldu\u011funu, sorunun politik yan\u0131 olmadan a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n eksik kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunanlar \u201ckapitalosen<\/em>\u201d terimini ve bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdiler. Buna g\u00f6re, ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 konusunda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler olan Antroposen \u00e7a\u011f\u0131, tarihsel olarak kapitalizmin geli\u015fimi ile \u00f6zellikle do\u011fa ile ili\u015fkisi anlam\u0131nda do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir ve \u201cKapitalosen<\/em>\u201d daha do\u011fru bir terimdir.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pandemi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran zoonotik hastal\u0131klar \u00f6zellikle yaban ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n tahribi ya da yaban ya\u015fam\u0131 ile insan temas\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda yay\u0131l\u0131m riskini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri ve hayvan hareketleri ve temas\u0131 da ek risklerdir. Bu duruma ili\u015fkin ya\u015fanan \u00f6rnekler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. 1997’de Malezya’da Nipah vir\u00fcs\u00fc, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn do\u011fal rezervuar\u0131 olan meyve yarasalar\u0131n\u0131n u\u011frak yeri olan bir b\u00f6lgede b\u00fcy\u00fck domuz \u00e7iftlikleri ve meyve bah\u00e7eleri in\u015fa edildikten sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[24]<\/a> 6 k\u0131tada yakla\u015f\u0131k 6.800 \u201cekolojik toplulu\u011fun<\/em>\u201d analizi, insani geli\u015fimdeki e\u011filimlerin ve biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131n\u0131n, salg\u0131nlarla ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren kan\u0131tlar ortaya koyuyor. Stanford \u00dcniversitesi’ndeki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, Uganda’daki ormans\u0131zla\u015fma ve habitat par\u00e7alanmas\u0131yla primatlar ve insanlar aras\u0131ndaki do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar art\u0131yor.[25]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130nsan etkinlikleri k\u0131rsal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a zoonotik patojen havuzunun artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde veriler ve bulgular da g\u00fc\u00e7leniyor. Biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilikteki bir kay\u0131p, genellikle bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fcn yerini birka\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fcn almas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131yor ve bu t\u00fcrler, insanlara yay\u0131labilen patojenlere ev sahipli\u011fi yapan t\u00fcrler olma e\u011filiminde. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda (yerel ormanlardan ekili alanlara ve \u015fehirlere kadar) y\u00fczlerce ekolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadan 3,2 milyondan fazla kayd\u0131n incelendi\u011fi bir analizde; biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik genel olarak azald\u0131k\u00e7a insanlara bula\u015fan hastal\u0131klara ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen t\u00fcrlerin pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, 143 memeli t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de bu gruba dahil oldu\u011fu (yarasa, kemirgenler, primatlar) ve kentsel alanlarda da art\u0131\u015f\u0131n dikkat \u00e7ekici oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor. Kongo\u2019da 2018’de ba\u015flayan son Ebola salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6klerinin sadece hastal\u0131kta de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ormans\u0131zla\u015fma, madencilik, siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131kta da aranmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtiliyor.[26]<\/a> Di\u011fer yandan hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri de bir\u00e7ok zoonotic hastal\u0131k i\u00e7in yaban hayat\u0131 ve insan enfeksiyonlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda epidemiyolojik bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc i\u015flevi \u00fcstleniyor.[27]<\/a> End\u00fcstriyel hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k faaliyetleri yeni pandemilere zemin haz\u0131rlayabilen bir etken olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. 2009 Domuz Gribi pandemisinin bir domuz \u00e7iftli\u011finden d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde; bu durumu ABD\u2019nin fabrika domuz \u00e7iftliklerini \u201cemek g\u00fcc\u00fc ucuz, \u00e7evre yasalar\u0131 gev\u015fek<\/em>\u201d Meksika\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak okumak olanakl\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmelerin iklim krizi ile birlikte ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 tehdidin boyutu da a\u00e7\u0131k. Artan kan\u0131tlar, iklim de\u011fi\u015fmeye devam ettik\u00e7e salg\u0131nlar\u0131n veya salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n daha s\u0131k olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n PANDEM\u0130 NASIL Y\u00d6NET\u0130LD\u0130?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yirmi birinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci pandemisi olan COVID-19 pandemisi, DS\u00d6 verilerine g\u00f6re, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131 Ocak ay\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131yla pandemi nedenli olarak tespit edilebilen 5,6 milyon ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden oldu.[28]<\/a> Ger\u00e7ekte \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin bu say\u0131n\u0131n en az 2-3 kat\u0131 oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Genelde pandemiye kar\u015f\u0131 verilecek yan\u0131t, bireysel \u00f6nlemlerden halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerine, s\u0131n\u0131r kontrollerinden hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 ve ila\u00e7, elde varsa \u201cfarmakolojik<\/em>\u201d \u00f6nlemlere kadar b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc ve a\u015famal\u0131 bir \u00f6nlemler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7eriyor. Temel ama\u00e7, yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nlemek; ancak yan\u0131t\u0131n d\u00fczeyine ve stratejinin ele al\u0131nma bi\u00e7imine g\u00f6re bask\u0131lamay\u0131 da hedef olarak se\u00e7ebiliyor \u00fclkeler, hafifletmeyi de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DS\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn resmi ilan\u0131ndan sonra ikinci y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 doldurmak \u00fczere bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yakla\u015f\u0131m ve stratejilerin pandeminin \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck. N\u00fcfusun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle enfeksiyona duyarl\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde \u2013\u00fcretim s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclerek fabrikalarda i\u015f\u00e7iler pandeminin \u201cinsaf\u0131na<\/em>\u201d terk edilirken\u2013 daha bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler \u00f6n plandayken ve \u201ckapanma<\/em>\u201d ad\u0131yla ifade edilen geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015fken, a\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n devreye girmesi ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201czenginlerinin<\/em>\u201d h\u0131zla a\u015f\u0131 oranlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyuculu\u011fu y\u00fcksek a\u015f\u0131larla art\u0131rmalar\u0131 al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlerin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7eri\u011fini de farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak pandemiye yol a\u00e7an SARS CoV-2 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn varyantlar\u0131 s\u00fcreci ve durumu de\u011fi\u015ftirdi ve de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u00fcnya genelinde pandemi y\u00f6netiminin, t\u0131pk\u0131 pandemi \u00f6ncesinde oldu\u011fu gibi, herkesin kendi ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7aresine bakmas\u0131 olarak \u015fekillendi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Bunun en simgesel halini de \u201ca\u015f\u0131<\/em>\u201d meselesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. 2022 Ocak ay\u0131 sonu itibar\u0131yla d\u00fcnya genelinde 184 \u00fclkede 10 milyar dozdan fazla a\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cGeli\u015fmi\u015f\u201d kapitalist \u00fclkeler, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 -ve g\u00f6rece geri- \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re 10 kat daha h\u0131zl\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lama yapt\u0131lar.[29]<\/a> D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k %63\u2019\u00fc tek doz a\u015f\u0131land\u0131. B\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131 oranlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark durumu a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6steriyor. ABD ve Kanada\u2019da tek doz a\u015f\u0131 oranlar\u0131 %80\u2019lere Avrupa\u2019da %70\u2019e yakla\u015f\u0131rken Afrika\u2019da %15.[30]<\/a> Pandemi seyrinde varyantlar\u0131 etkisiyle art\u0131k ka\u00e7 doz a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar s\u00fcre koruyaca\u011f\u0131, ek hat\u0131rlatma dozlar\u0131na gereksinim duyulaca\u011f\u0131, hatta belki varyanta \u00f6zel bir a\u015f\u0131ya gereksinim duyulabilece\u011fi g\u00fcndemde iken yoksul \u00fclkelere a\u015f\u0131 temini bir \u201chay\u0131r<\/em>\u201d i\u015fine d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zellikle merkez \u00fclkelerin a\u015f\u0131 oranlar\u0131n\u0131 olabildi\u011fince h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 koruyuculu\u011fu y\u00fcksek a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in rezerve etmesi, pandeminin etkilerini kendileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha y\u00f6netebilir hale getirmelerinin bir yolu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Kapitalist sistem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcretim, ticaret ve seyahat a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n pandemi ve pandemi \u00f6nlemlerinden olumsuz etkilenmelerini giderebilmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131n aranmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6ncelikle konu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ekonomik kriz zemininde geli\u015fen ko\u015fullarda bu krizin \u00fcst\u00fcne ikinci pandemiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan d\u00fcnya, pandeminin e\u015fitsizlikleri derinle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131yor. Bu, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki rakamlar\u0131yla da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor:[31]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Pandeminin do\u011frudan ve dolayl\u0131 etkilerini ortaya koyabilecek \u00e7ok say\u0131da parametreden s\u00f6z etmek olanakl\u0131. N\u00fcfus yap\u0131s\u0131, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k sistemlerinin yap\u0131s\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k insan g\u00fcc\u00fc, toplumsal yap\u0131, risk alg\u0131s\u0131, risk ileti\u015fimi, haz\u0131rl\u0131k d\u00fczeyi gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da alt ba\u015fl\u0131k incelenebilir. Ancak bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131klardaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ne olursa olsun, k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde COVID-19 pandemisinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 krizinin bir sosyal ve ekonomik krize d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin de bu krize yan\u0131t veremedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k. \u00dcstelik bu kriz ekonomik kriz, a\u00e7l\u0131k krizi, iklim krizi vb. krizler zemininde geli\u015fmi\u015f durumda. Stevano ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n deyi\u015fiyle, pandemi, \u201ctemelde do\u011fan\u0131n ve k\u00fcresel i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n cinsiyet\u00e7i ve \u0131rksalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir bi\u00e7imde- maddi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f bir sistem olarak k\u00fcresel kapitalizmin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131<\/em>\u201d bariz bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, \u00f6te yandan da devletin neoliberal s\u00f6ylemle de\u011fi\u015ftirilen rol\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden sorgulanmas\u0131na neden oldu[33]<\/a> B\u00f6yle bir zeminde pandemi y\u00f6netiminin de gel-gitler halinde s\u00fcregitti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019YE DA\u0130R<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131 \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde bulunan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k ve test kapasitesiyle bile 2022 Ocak ay\u0131 sonu itibariyle tespit edilebilen vaka say\u0131s\u0131nda 11,2 milyon vaka ile d\u00fcnyada 7. s\u0131rada. \u00d6l\u00fcm say\u0131lar\u0131nda ise 90 bini bulan \u201ca\u00e7\u0131klanan<\/em>\u201d \u00f6l\u00fcmlerle daha geride yer al\u0131yor.[34]<\/a> \u0130ki y\u0131la yakla\u015fan salg\u0131n s\u00fcrecinde 12 \u015eubat 2022 tarihli resmi rakamlara g\u00f6re, toplam \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131 89.994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Salg\u0131n s\u00fcresince T\u00fcrkiye aral\u0131kl\u0131 olarak baz\u0131 \u00f6nlemler alan ve bu \u00f6nlemlerin olumlu etkilerini de yer yer g\u00f6ren, ancak dalgal\u0131 \u015fekilde seyreden pandemide salg\u0131n\u0131 tam anlam\u0131yla bask\u0131layamayan bir strateji izledi. Pandemi y\u00f6netiminin \u00fc\u00e7 ana unsuru da (vakalar\u0131n y\u00f6netimi, yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlerin de\u011ferlendirilmesi) sorunlarla doluydu. Bu sorunlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ba\u015fl\u0131klarda ele alabiliriz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7 olarak SARS CoV-2 pandemisi bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n, kapitalizmin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck krizi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan 2008 krizi sonras\u0131nda ikinci pandemisi olarak iki y\u0131la yakla\u015fan bir s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6l\u00fcme, hastal\u0131k nedenli t\u0131bbi soruna, sosyal ve ekonomik par\u00e7alanmaya neden olmu\u015ftur. Ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131m, biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131, ormans\u0131zla\u015fma ve arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili etkiler, pandemi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Hayvanlardan ge\u00e7en hastal\u0131klar\u0131n pandemiye neden olma potansiyeli bu hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nemini art\u0131rmakta ve \u00f6zellikle 2009 domuz gribi pandemisi \u00f6rne\u011finde de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, end\u00fcstriyel hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fcretim sistemlerinin ve yaban hayvan ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n risk olu\u015fturdu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, pandemilere haz\u0131rl\u0131k planlar\u0131 ve erken uyar\u0131 sistemleriyle \u201ctek sa\u011fl\u0131k<\/em>\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini ortaya koymas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n hemen hi\u00e7bir \u00fclkenin yeterli d\u00fczeyde haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Pandeminin etkileri sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinde ya\u015fanan neoliberal d\u00fczenlemelerin sorgulanmas\u0131na neden olsa da, \u00f6zellikle merkez kapitalist \u00fclkeler koruyuculuk d\u00fczeyi y\u00fcksek a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 deyim yerindeyse tekellerine alarak, s\u00fcreci kendileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilebilir k\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n iklim krizi, a\u00e7l\u0131k krizi, su krizi, ekonomik ve siyasal krizler gibi bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fl\u0131kta krizler ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan pandemi, \u201cy\u00f6netilebilir kriz<\/em>\u201d ya da \u201cyeni normal<\/em>\u201d kabul\u00fc ile s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7eli\u015fkileri derinle\u015ftiren etkiler ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de k\u0131sa, orta ve uzun vadeli derin etkiler olu\u015fturan pandeminin y\u00f6netimi \u201cba\u015far\u0131 hikayeleri<\/em>\u201d ile s\u00fcslenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da, salg\u0131n\u0131 bask\u0131layamayan ve olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sosyal ve ekonomik gereksinimleri kar\u015f\u0131layamayan bir eksende s\u00fcrmektedir. Varyantlar\u0131 etkisiyle iki y\u0131la yakla\u015fan s\u00fcrecin son d\u00f6neminde kay\u0131plar ve vaka say\u0131s\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f, resmi rakamlara g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin %43\u2019\u00fc, vakalar\u0131n da %55\u2019i 1 Temmuz 2021 sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k son Omikron varyant\u0131 d\u00f6neminde pandemi y\u00f6netiminin s\u00f6ylemi \u201cvir\u00fcs g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybediyor, salg\u0131n hafifliyor<\/em>\u201d bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6zetlenebilecek bir \u201cstratejisizlik<\/em>\u201d noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. Hastal\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik geli\u015ftirilen a\u015f\u0131lar temin edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lama oranlar\u0131 istenen seviyede de\u011fildir ve duyarl\u0131 n\u00fcfus azalt\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapitalizm \u00f6z\u00fc gere\u011fi do\u011fay\u0131 ve ekosistemleri bir girdi olarak g\u00f6rmekte, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131 kendi \u00f6nceliklerini minimum d\u00fczeyde etkilenece\u011fi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir k\u00e2r maksimizasyonlar\u0131 ekseninde ele almaktad\u0131r. Ancak art\u0131k gezegen ya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131 vermektedir ve pandemiler de bu ya\u015fam sava\u015f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan yeni cephelerden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1]<\/a> Martin PMV Martin-Granel E. 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(2008) \u201cGlobal trends in emerging infectious diseases\u201d, Nature<\/em>, 451, 990\u2013993<\/p>\n\n\n\n [8]<\/a> Simpson S. ve ark. (2020) \u201cDisease X: accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic\u201d, The Lancet Infectious Disease<\/em>, DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30123-7<\/p>\n\n\n\n [9]<\/a> Morse, S. S. ve ark. (2012) \u201cPrediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis\u201d, Lancet, 380(9857):1956-1965.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [10]<\/a> Wu, T. (2021) \u201cThe socioeconomic and environmental drivers of the COVID-19 pandemic: A review\u201d, Ambio<\/em>, 50: 822\u2013833.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [11]<\/a> G\u00fcler, \u00c7. (2013) \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7evre s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d, Yaz\u0131t Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [12]<\/a> Ecosystem degradation, https:\/\/www.eionet.europa.eu\/gemet\/en\/concept\/2522<\/p>\n\n\n\n [13]<\/a> Ceballos, G., P. R. Ehrlich, P. H. Raven (2020) \u201cVertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction\u201d, PNAS<\/em>, 117(24), 13596-13602.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [14]<\/a> Wingard, J., S. Belajcic, M. Samal, K. Rock, M. L. Custodio, M. Heise, S. Fiennes,C. Machalaba, A.A. Aguirre (2020) Legal Atlas<\/em>, LLC, https:\/\/www.onehealthcommission.org\/index.cfm\/38050\/48243\/wildlife_trade_pandemics_and_the_law_fighting_this_years_virus_with_last_years_law<\/p>\n\n\n\n [15]<\/a> Aguirre, A. A. (2009) \u201cBiodiversity and Human Health\u201d, EcoHealth<\/em>, 6, 153\u2013156.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [16]<\/a> Beyaz\u0131t, \u00dc. A., C. I. Yavuz (2021) \u201cD\u00fcnya \u00c7evre G\u00fcn\u00fc-H\u00dcTF Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 AD Toplum \u0130\u00e7in Bilgilendirme Serisi\u201d, http:\/\/www.halksagligi.hacettepe.edu.tr\/duyurular\/halkayonelik\/cevregunu2021.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n [17]<\/a> Myers, S. S. ve ark. (2013) \u201cHuman health impacts of ecosystem alteration\u201d, PNAS<\/em>, 110(47), 18753-18760.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [18]<\/a> Myers, age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [19]<\/a> World Economic Forum (2020) \u201cShareable Infographics\u201d, http:\/\/reports.weforum.org\/global-risks-report-2020\/shareable-infographics\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n [20]<\/a> The University of Nottingnham (n.d.) \u201cSustainability – A Brief History\u201d, https:\/\/rdmc.nottingham.ac.uk\/bitstream\/handle\/internal\/86\/Business_edit\/15_sustainability__a_brief_history.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n [21]<\/a> Movahed, M. (2016) \u201cDoes capitalism have to be bad for the environment?\u201d, https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/02\/does-capitalism-have-to-be-bad-for-the-environment\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n [22]<\/a> Tufan. T. (2017) \u201cAntroposen \u00c7a\u011f\u0131, \u2018\u0130nsan Cehennemi\u2019 mi?\u201d, Gazete Duvar<\/em>, https:\/\/www.gazeteduvar.com.tr\/dunya-forum\/2017\/07\/30\/antroposen-cagi-insanlar-cehennemi-mi<\/p>\n\n\n\n [23]<\/a> Kunkel, B. (2020) \u201cKapitalosen\u201d, https:\/\/www.polenekoloji.org\/kapitalosen\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n [24]<\/a> Morse, age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [25]<\/a> Tollefson, J. (2020) \u201cWhy deforestation and extinctions make pandemics more likely\u201d, Nature<\/em>, https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-02341-1<\/p>\n\n\n\n [26]<\/a> Tollefson, age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [27]<\/sup><\/a> <\/sup>UNEP (2020) \u201cSix nature facts related to coronaviruses\u201d, https:\/\/www.unenvironment.org\/news-and-stories\/story\/six-nature-facts-related-coronaviruses<\/p>\n\n\n\n [28]<\/a> WHO (n.d.) https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n [29]<\/a> Bloomberg (2022) \u201cMore Than 10.2 Billion Shots Given: Covid-19 Tracker\u201d, https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/graphics\/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n [30]<\/sup><\/a> New York Times (2022) \u201cTracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World\u201d, https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/world\/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html<\/p>\n\n\n\n [31]<\/a> World Bank Blogs (2021) \u201cCOVID-19 leaves a legacy of rising poverty and widening inequality\u201d, https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/developmenttalk\/covid-19-leaves-legacy-rising-poverty-and-widening-inequality<\/p>\n\n\n\n [32]<\/a> Worl Bank (2022) \u201cFood Security and COVID-19\u201d, https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/agriculture\/brief\/food-security-and-covid-19<\/p>\n\n\n\n [33]<\/a> Stevano, S. ve ark. 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\n\n\n\n[5]<\/a> WHO (n.d.) \u201cEpidemic and pandemic-prone diseases\u201d,<\/h2>\n\n\n\n