{"id":1259,"date":"2020-06-07T13:40:48","date_gmt":"2020-06-07T10:40:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?p=1259"},"modified":"2023-01-18T11:58:29","modified_gmt":"2023-01-18T08:58:29","slug":"pandemi-ve-bilim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/06\/07\/pandemi-ve-bilim\/","title":{"rendered":"Pandemi ve bilim"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

Duygu G\u00fcnola<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla ve mikroorganizmalarla ili\u015fkisi kendisinin varolu\u015fu kadar eski. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcnlerinde de kimi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n var oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte. Ancak ilk salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n insan\u0131n tar\u0131ma ba\u015flayarak yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir. Tarihte bilinen (kayda ge\u00e7en) ilk salg\u0131n M.\u00d6. 431\u2019de ba\u015flayan ve 27 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Peloponnais (Peloponez) Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki Atina vebas\u0131d\u0131r. Peloponez Sava\u015f\u0131 Atina \u015eehir Devleti ile Sparta\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi Peloponnesos Birli\u011fi aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Atina vebas\u0131 olarak bilinen salg\u0131n\u0131n Atinal\u0131lar\u0131 zay\u0131flatarak Sparta\u2019n\u0131n lehine sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdirdi\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Michiel Sweerts\u2019in \u201cPlague in an Ancient City<\/em>\u201d [Antik Bir \u015eehirde Veba] ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u011fl\u0131 boya tablosunun Atina vebas\u0131n\u0131 tasvir etti\u011fi ya da bu d\u00f6nemden \u00e7e\u015fitli elementler bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.[1]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Atinal\u0131 bir komutan ve tarih\u00e7i olan Tukidides\u2019in o d\u00f6nem ya\u015fanan vebaya tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayesinde asl\u0131nda bug\u00fcn bu salg\u0131ndan haberdar\u0131z. Belki sosyoekonomik, politik bak\u0131mlardan ve \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tarihteki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00f6nemli salg\u0131n olmasa da, t\u0131p tarihi ve edebiyat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Tukidides\u2019in veba tasviri derin izler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Spartal\u0131lar sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Atina\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015f, ku\u015fatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda M.\u00d6. 430\u2019da veba Atina\u2019y\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur. Sonraki \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131lda ise n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa veban\u0131n bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015fehir n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 25\u2019inin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi (75 bin ila 100 bin ki\u015fi) tahmin edilmektedir.[2]<\/a> Peloponez Sava\u015f\u0131 Tarihi<\/em> kitab\u0131nda sava\u015f\u0131n ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r tahribatlar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Tukidides hastal\u0131\u011fa p\u00fcst\u00fcler d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc, y\u00fcksek ate\u015f ve ishalin e\u015flik etti\u011fini belirtmektedir. Tukidides hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6keninin Etiyopya oldu\u011funu, oradan M\u0131s\u0131r ve Libya\u2019ya yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019dan ge\u00e7erek bir Atina liman\u0131 olan Pire\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, salg\u0131n\u0131n Pire\u2019den Atina \u015fehrine h\u0131zla yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ok bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve hastaya bakan ki\u015filere de bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Kendisi de bu vebaya yakalanan Tukidides, sa\u011f kalan \u015fansl\u0131 ki\u015filerdendir. \u00d6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6yle fazlad\u0131r ki \u00f6len ki\u015filerin v\u00fccutlar\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fclememekte ve oldu\u011fu yerde b\u0131rak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Atinal\u0131 devlet adam\u0131 Pericles\u2019in de \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olan bu salg\u0131n, Tukidides\u2019e g\u00f6re toplumun her kesimini hasta edebilmektedir.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

M.\u00d6. 430 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n May\u0131s ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015flayan salg\u0131n\u0131n ikinci dalgas\u0131 M.\u00d6. 428 y\u0131l\u0131nda boy vermi\u015ftir. M.\u00d6. 427-426 y\u0131llar\u0131 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da devam eden salg\u0131n toplamda 4.5-5 y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tukidides\u2019in kendisiyle ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Hipokrat\u2019tan (Hippocrates) hem hastal\u0131k tasvirlerinde hem de Hipokratik doktrini tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131na uygulama konusunda etkilendi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Veba olarak tan\u0131mlanan salg\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7i\u00e7ek ya da tif\u00fcs oldu\u011fu san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Papagrigorakis\u00a0ve di\u011ferleri (2007) d\u00f6neme ait bir toplu mezardaki iskeletlerden (\u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fiye ait) antik DNA elde ederek, bu \u00f6rneklerde Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi<\/em> bakterisinin bir atas\u0131n\u0131n izine rastlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, bu nedenle bu veban\u0131n tifo olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc.[3]<\/a> Ancak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnek say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve filogenetik a\u011fa\u00e7taki yetersizlikler nedeniyle alandaki di\u011fer bilimciler taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirildiler.[4]<\/a> Dahas\u0131 Hipokrat\u2019\u0131n anlatt\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re tifo o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in Atina ve civar\u0131nda endemik idi ve bu nedenle Atina vebas\u0131n\u0131n tifo olmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. O g\u00fcnden bug\u00fcne ise bildi\u011fimiz kadar\u0131yla bu konuda hala yeni bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve bir netlik bulunmamakta.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Atina vebas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 2500 y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti. Bug\u00fcn daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir salg\u0131nla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. Tukidides\u2019in yukar\u0131da yer alan tasvirleri asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok tan\u0131d\u0131k. SARS-CoV-2 ad\u0131 verilen bir vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya paralizi olmu\u015f durumda. Bilimin Toplumsal<\/em> \u0130\u015flevi <\/em>kitab\u0131na 1938\u2019de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde John Desmond Bernal \u015f\u00f6yle diyor:[5]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cOnu bir kez ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olanlar i\u00e7in bilimin bozguna u\u011framas\u0131 \u00e7ok ac\u0131 vericidir. Bu bozgun kendisini onulmaz hastal\u0131k, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir ahmakl\u0131k, peri\u015fanl\u0131k, nank\u00f6r bir me\u015fakkat; insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun vakitsiz \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, geri kalanlar i\u00e7in ise kayg\u0131l\u0131, h\u0131rsl\u0131 ve h\u00fcsran dolu bir ya\u015fam olarak g\u00f6sterir. Bilim t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir; ama, ancak i\u015flevlerinin fark\u0131na varan ve kendisiyle ayn\u0131 hedeflere y\u00f6nelmi\u015f toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7lerle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir bilim yapabilir bunu.<\/em>\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bundan 82 sene \u00f6nce Bernal\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde bir de\u011fi\u015fim yok asl\u0131nda. Bug\u00fcn 2500 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar konusunda \u00e7ok daha fazla \u015fey biliyoruz. Bilimsel ve teknolojik ara\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z, bilime ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z devasa b\u00fct\u00e7elerimiz var. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bilimsel yay\u0131nlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a artt\u0131. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bilimsel birikimi artsa da kapitalizmin bilime bi\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u015flev de\u011fi\u015fmedi. Bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sanayide k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, pratik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frudan g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcrece fonlanmaya, desteklenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi firmalar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rma geli\u015ftirme laboratuvarlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 daha da artt\u0131. \u00dcniversite sanayi i\u015fbirliklerini te\u015fvik eden, \u00fcniversitedeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan sanayinin hizmetine sunan ara\u015ft\u0131rma programlar\u0131 normalle\u015fti ve yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Pop\u00fcler ara\u015ft\u0131rma konular\u0131nda verilen bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma fonlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve cazipli\u011fi, belli bilim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n bilimciler taraf\u0131ndan daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na, di\u011fer alanlar\u0131n ise yetim b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bu asimetrik geli\u015fimin bir sonucu olarak baz\u0131 bilim alanlar\u0131 daha da derinle\u015firken, di\u011ferleri maddi ve manevi olanaks\u0131zl\u0131klar (pop\u00fcler olmayan alanlardaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenmesi, bilimsel yay\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bulunmayarak y\u00fcksek etki fakt\u00f6rl\u00fc bilimsel dergilerde yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n tercih edilmeyi\u015fi, ihmal edilen alanlarda kal\u0131c\u0131 akademik kadro bulman\u0131n zorluklar\u0131 gibi) nedeniyle daha s\u0131\u011f kalmak durumunda kald\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ya\u015fam bilimleri alan\u0131nda baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar konusunda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma varken, baz\u0131 hastal\u0131klar ihmal edildi. Yetim ila\u00e7lar, nadir hastal\u0131klar, ihmal edilen tropik hastal\u0131klar gibi kavramlar ile bu alanlardaki bu asimetrik geli\u015fimi telafi etmek \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rma programlar\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da var olan asimetri hala devam etmektedir. \u0130\u015fte b\u00f6ylesi bir ortamda COVID-19 salg\u0131n\u0131 asl\u0131nda t\u00fcm bu konular\u0131n da tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na vesile olacak gibi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Asl\u0131nda COVID-19 bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ne ilk salg\u0131n\u0131yd\u0131, ne de son salg\u0131n\u0131 olacak. 2003 SARS, 2012 MERS, 2009 2009 H1N1 grip, 2014-2016 Ebola salg\u0131nlar\u0131 durumun s\u0131k s\u0131k tekrarlayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. SARS, MERS ve Ebola\u2019ya neden olan vir\u00fcslerin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn SARS-CoV-2\u2019den y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Hem co\u011frafi olarak daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmalar\u0131 hem de bula\u015f h\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 sebebiyle bu vir\u00fcslerin etkinli\u011fi SARS-CoV-2\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131k alandaki bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara da do\u011fal olarak yans\u0131d\u0131. Alandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma say\u0131s\u0131 ve derinli\u011finin g\u00f6rece daha az olu\u015fu, alandaki bilgi birikiminin daha az olu\u015funa sebep oldu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak ise bu hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilen ila\u00e7 ve a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 hem nicelik hem de nitelik olarak daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131. PUBMED\u2019de indekslenen bilimsel makaleler aras\u0131nda SARS\u2019a neden olan \u201cSARS-CoV<\/em>\u201d vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 anahtar kelime olarak kullan\u0131larak arama yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 2003-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 2275 tane bilimsel yay\u0131n varken[6]<\/a> \u201cSARS-CoV-2\u201d anahtar kelime olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 2019-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki 5-6 ayl\u0131k d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in bu say\u0131 4664![7]<\/a> Kanser mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n merkezinde yer alan, kanser bask\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 bir gen olan \u201cp53<\/em>\u201d anahtar kelime olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za 1970-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 100 bin 494 bilimsel makale \u00e7\u0131kmakta. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in bile bu say\u0131 2295! \u201cCancer<\/em>\u201d [Kanser] anahtar kelimesi ile 2003-2020 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir arama ise 2 milyon 360 bin 778 tane bilimsel makale oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor. T\u00fcm bu say\u0131lar asl\u0131nda yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz asimetrinin g\u00fczide \u00f6rneklerini olu\u015fturmakta. Bilimcilerin bireysel tercihlerinden ve iyi niyetlerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, plans\u0131z ve yo\u011funlukla \u00fcr\u00fcne (sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve daha fazla kara) y\u00f6nelik bir bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yoruz asl\u0131nda. SARS-MERS gibi hastal\u0131klara dair \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar hem d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011funu etkilememi\u015f olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle hem de ila\u00e7 tekelleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilecek ila\u00e7 ve \/veya a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n yeterince k\u00e2rl\u0131 olmama olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6rece ihmal edildi. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra pandemiyi ge\u00e7 ilan eden, pandemi y\u00f6netimi konusunda h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere herhangi bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yine h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere mali olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (DS\u00d6) bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te iyi bir s\u0131nav ver(e)medi\u011fi a\u015fikar. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla ise bu asimetriyi tersinden ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Bug\u00fcn neredeyse COVID-19 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayan\u0131n ay\u0131pland\u0131\u011f\u0131(!) bir ortam bulunuyor. Salg\u0131n s\u00fcrecinde fiziksel izolasyon nedeniyle de COVID-19 harici \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ya ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmakta ya da yava\u015flat\u0131lmakta. Yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rma fonlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ise COVID-19 ile m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lmakta. Bu yeni asimetrinin elbette k\u0131sa ve uzun vadede olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00c7in\u2019in ba\u015fkenti Wuhan\u2019da Kas\u0131m-Aral\u0131k 2019\u2019da ba\u015flay\u0131p d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen COVID-19\u2019a bir RNA vir\u00fcs\u00fc olan SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin neden oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Bug\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 ve kamusal veritabanlar\u0131nda insana bula\u015fan vir\u00fcse ait \u00e7ok say\u0131da genom dizisi (bu say\u0131 May\u0131s 2020 sonu itibari ile 30 bin idi) depoland\u0131 bile. SARS-CoV-2, SARS ve MERS\u2019e neden olan koronavir\u00fcs ailesinden bir vir\u00fcs ve bu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn hen\u00fcz tam olarak bilinmeyen bir ya da birka\u00e7 hayvandan evrimle\u015ferek insana bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte. Elimizdeki veriler, SARS-CoV-2\u2019nin atas\u0131n\u0131n yarasa ya da pangolinlerdeki koronavir\u00fcsler olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret ediyor. SARS-CoV-2\u2019ye dair bildiklerimizin be\u015f ay kadar k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede bu kadar \u00e7ok olmas\u0131n\u0131, \u00f6ncelikle SARS ve MERS\u2019e neden olan koronavir\u00fcsler \u00fczerinde daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara bor\u00e7luyuz. \u0130kincil olarak ise, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131m h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alarm, bilimsel fonlar\u0131n, bilimsel kaynaklar\u0131n ve bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bu alana h\u0131zla y\u00f6neltilmesine arac\u0131 oldu. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te bir taraftan vir\u00fcs\u00fc, yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve insan h\u00fccrelerine bula\u015fma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar derinle\u015firken ila\u00e7 ve a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da h\u0131zl\u0131ca ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00fc\u00e7 kategoride ele al\u0131nabilir: ila\u00e7 yeniden konumland\u0131rma, antikor ve a\u015f\u0131. \u0130la\u00e7 yeniden konumland\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, pandemi ba\u011flam\u0131nda farkl\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tedavisi i\u00e7in gerekli faz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek, etkinli\u011fi ve toksisitesi g\u00f6sterilen ve bu \u015fekilde onay alan ila\u00e7lar\u0131n COVID-19 i\u00e7in de denenerek etkinli\u011finin g\u00f6sterilmesi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr ila\u00e7lar genellikle antiviral ila\u00e7lard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 30\u2019luk olumlu etkisi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen Remdesivir b\u00f6ylesi bir ila\u00e7t\u0131r. Bir biyoteknoloji devi Gilead Sciences<\/em> firmas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan patentlenmi\u015f olan Remdesivir\u2019in hikayesi 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flar. Remdesivir bir n\u00fckleosid analo\u011fudur ve \u00f6z\u00fcnde RNA vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn RNA\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 RNA polimeraz enzimine ba\u011flanarak, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kendi RNA\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 kopyalama mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131 bloke etmekte ve vir\u00fcs\u00fcn kendini \u00e7o\u011faltmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektedir. Asl\u0131nda ilk olarak Hepatit C tedavisi i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek potansiyeli oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ancak beklenen etkileri g\u00f6steremez. Kongo\u2019daki Ebola salg\u0131n\u0131 esnas\u0131nda ikinci bir \u015fans daha verilir bu ilaca. Ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir etki g\u00f6sterir ancak insanda kullan\u0131m\u0131 g\u00fcvenlidir. Sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7te laboratuvar testleri Remdesivirin SARS ve MERS koronavir\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7in etkin olma potansiyeli oldu\u011funa i\u015faret eder, Gilead bu ilac\u0131n geni\u015f spektrumlu bir antiviral olarak ilan etmekte.[8]<\/a> Remdesivir\u2019in COVID-19 maceras\u0131 da bu bilgilere dayanarak insani ama\u00e7l\u0131 ilaca erken ula\u015f\u0131m (compassionate use) yoluyla ba\u015flar asl\u0131nda. Gilead\u2019\u0131n bilgi notuna g\u00f6re Remdesivir\u2019in geli\u015ftirilmesinde ve etkinli\u011finin g\u00f6sterilmesinde bir \u00e7ok ABD \u00fcniversitesi ile, CDC (Center for Disease Control: ABD\u2019nin H\u0131fz\u0131s\u0131hhas\u0131), ABD Ordusu Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 Hastal\u0131klar i\u00e7in T\u0131bbi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc vb. kurulu\u015flar Gilead ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti NIH (Ulusal Sa\u011fl\u0131k Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Kongo\u2019da Ebola\u2019dan kurtulanlarda remdesivir ile bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flat\u0131r. 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Remdesivir ve di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan ila\u00e7larla di\u011fer bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ara raporundaki sonu\u00e7lar, di\u011fer uygulamalar\u0131n daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi i\u00e7in Remdesivir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na devam edilmez. SARS ve MERS i\u00e7in in vitro ve in vivo preklinik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00fcniversiteler ve NIH fonlar\u0131yla yani kamusal fonlarla desteklenir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n olumlu oldu\u011funu ancak SARS ve MERS hasta say\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in faz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemedi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmekte Gilead Biosciences. COVID-19 \u00f6zelindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda da \u015firket ABD CDC ve \u00c7in CDC ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok kamu kurumu ve \u00fcniversite ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta. \u0130lac\u0131n etkilerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle olumlu oldu\u011fu ve etkin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6sterildi\u011finde, patent sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz g\u00f6z\u00fckmekte.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130la\u00e7 yeniden konumland\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, yani ba\u015fka hastal\u0131klar i\u00e7in onaylanm\u0131\u015f ila\u00e7lar\u0131n COVID-19\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 en k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede sonu\u00e7 verebilecek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar. Gerek a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerek antikor \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, faz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na girecekleri i\u00e7in daha uzun s\u00fcreli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar olarak g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpmakta. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda Nisan ay\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re otuz dokuz farkl\u0131 a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bulunuyor. A\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n uzun vadeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar oldu\u011fu ve vir\u00fcs\u00fcn h\u0131zla de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi ko\u015fullarda etkili olamayabilece\u011fi ya da vir\u00fcs\u00fcn etki mekanizmalar\u0131, h\u00fccrelere bula\u015fma ve onlar\u0131 kontrol etme mekanizmalar\u0131 tam olarak ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmadan vir\u00fcse ait hangi yap\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131da aday olarak kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tam olarak bilinemedi\u011fi mutlaka g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu vir\u00fcs\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kaplayan spike proteinini kullan\u0131rken, SARS-CoV spike proteini SARS a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olarak verildi\u011finde bu a\u015f\u0131 antijenine kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan anti spike IgG isimli antikorun hastal\u0131k seyrini k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirdi\u011fine dair \u00f6ncel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bulunmakta. Farkl\u0131 proteinleri kullanan a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da elbette mevcut. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde DNA temelli a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n da faz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bunlara ek olarak t\u00fcm bu a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 ne kadar s\u00fcre ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k kazand\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 da hen\u00fcz bilinmemekte. Yani a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n koruyuculu\u011fu az ise, k\u0131sa aral\u0131klarla a\u015f\u0131 olmak zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bug\u00fcnden tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta. T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda merkezi bir planlama olmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u015f\u0131 ve ila\u00e7lar\u0131n k\u00fctlesel \u00fcretimlerinin nas\u0131l olaca\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bu ila\u00e7\/a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n nas\u0131l da\u011f\u0131t\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 da belirsiz. \u00d6rne\u011fin ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz haftalarda DNA temelli a\u015f\u0131lar \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan Frans\u0131z \u015firketi Sanofi a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 ilk olarak ABD\u2019ye verece\u011fini duyurdu.[9]<\/a> Sonras\u0131nda olu\u015fan tepkiler nedeniyle bu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndan \u201cparay\u0131 verenin d\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7alaca\u011f\u0131<\/em>\u201d bir senaryonun \u00e7ok uzak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte. T\u00fcm bu tablolar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bas\u0131nda ve sosyal medyada pop\u00fclerle\u015fen ila\u00e7lar mucize k\u00fcrler olarak pandeminin ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin zor, uzun ve her zaman y\u00fczde 100 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmayabilece\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fi yans\u0131t\u0131lmayarak pazarland\u0131. Pasteur Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn pandeminin ba\u015f\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n minimum 12-18 ay s\u00fcrebilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te g\u00f6lgede kald\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Peki a\u015f\u0131 ve ila\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6nemsiz mi? Kesinlikle hay\u0131r. Aksine a\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan da, ila\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan da vir\u00fcse dair pek \u00e7ok yeni \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenmekteyiz. Ancak sistematik olmayan, kaynaklar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ve plans\u0131z harcand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar bilimin kendisinden beklenileni veremedi\u011fi, verimsizle\u015fti\u011fi bir hal almaktad\u0131r. Bunu hidroksiklorokinin COVID-19 tedavisinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda da g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Kan\u0131ta dayal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n g\u00f6sterdikleri yeterli de\u011fil iken bu ilac\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n uzun vadedeki etkilerini hen\u00fcz kestiremiyoruz. Hidroksiklorokine dair pek \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 klinik ara\u015ft\u0131rma ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve deneysel tedavi olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rneklem say\u0131s\u0131na sahip kontroll\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, ila\u00e7 etkinli\u011finin a\u011f\u0131r hasta gruplar\u0131nda y\u00fcksek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. Nitekim DS\u00d6 May\u0131s\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cSolidarity<\/em>\u201d [Dayan\u0131\u015fma] ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 Hidroksiklorokin ila\u00e7 deneme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 ilac\u0131n g\u00fcvenli olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle durdurma karar\u0131 ald\u0131.[10]<\/a> Ancak bu sonu\u00e7lar a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce ilac\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile. ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Trump, koruyucu olarak bu ilac\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a beyan etmekten de \u00e7ekinmedi. Benzer \u015fekilde May\u0131s\u0131n son haftas\u0131nda El Salvador Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n benzer bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 oldu.[11]<\/a> T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ler ger\u00e7ekten de mevcut bilim anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n hem plans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, hem de verimsizli\u011finin bir sonucu. Bernal Bilimin Toplumsal \u0130\u015flevi<\/em> kitab\u0131nda bilimin verimsizli\u011finden ve bu verimsizli\u011fin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bilimin toplumsal i\u015flevinin tan\u0131m\u0131yla s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bahseder. Yetersiz bilim \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini de bu sorunun kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri olarak ortaya koyar. Bilimin t\u00fcm verimsizli\u011fine ra\u011fmen yine de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cBilimin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, bu ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 elde ederken yap\u0131lan emek israf\u0131n\u0131 kamuoyunun ve hatta bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden saklamaya yetmektedir. Bilim insan\u0131 i\u015fini yapar, bilim ilerler, uygulamalar ve icatlar birbirini izler. T\u00fcm bunlar g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. G\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen, ilerleme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u015fimdikinden \u00e7ok daha y\u00fcksek olabilece\u011fi, \u00e7ok daha az zaman ve beyin g\u00fcc\u00fc israf\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilece\u011fidir… <\/em><\/a>\u00d6te yandan ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bilimin verimsizli\u011finin yaln\u0131zca bug\u00fcnk\u00fc geli\u015fim d\u00fczeyine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevcut ekonomik sistemin verimsizli\u011fini abart\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr… Bilime g\u00f6sterilen toplumsal ve ekonomik ilgisizlik g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olan, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n verimsizli\u011fi de\u011fil, b\u00f6ylesine etkili ve parlak bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cBilim tehlikede-<\/em> Bu durumda bilimin neden ayr\u0131 tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fimiz sorulabilir. K\u00f6t\u00fc bir d\u00fcnyada o, elinden gelenin en iyisini yapmaktad\u0131r. Bunu istememizin nedeni bilimin, insan toplumunun \u2013hakl\u0131 olarak- \u00f6zel ilgi isteyen biricik \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olmas\u0131d\u0131r… Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, bilim narin bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr; k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya ve verimsizli\u011fe ne kadar dayanabilece\u011fini bilemeyiz…<\/em>\u201d[12]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sosyal medya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda do\u011fru bilgiye eri\u015fim, \u00e7\u00f6p bilgiyi do\u011fru bilgiden ay\u0131rma i\u015fi ise ki\u015filere kalm\u0131\u015f durumda. COVID-19 ile birlikte hem hakemli bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda, hem de hakemsiz bilimsel ar\u015fiv yay\u0131nlar\u0131nda, devasa bir bilgi birikti. Hangi bilginin hangi ba\u011flamda anlaml\u0131 oldu\u011fu, a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bilimsel bilginin ger\u00e7ekten do\u011fru mu oldu\u011fu, do\u011fru y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131 konusunda ise b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karma\u015fa var. \u00dcst\u00fcne bir de sosyal medyada pop\u00fcler bilim ikonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6znel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 eklendi\u011finde, bu bilgi kirlili\u011finin yak\u0131n gelecekte nas\u0131l temizlenece\u011fi konusunda ciddi endi\u015feler bulunmakta. Sosyal medyan\u0131n vuru\u015flar\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 indirgemeci bilimsel bilgilerin, bilimsel ger\u00e7e\u011fi t\u00fcm y\u00f6nleriyle yans\u0131t(a)mad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bazen bu t\u00fcr click-bait\u00e7i y\u00f6ntemlerin pop\u00fclariteyi artt\u0131rmak \u00fczere \u00f6zellikle kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 apa\u00e7\u0131k ortada. B\u00f6yle bir ortamda do\u011fruyu ay\u0131klamak, o devasa \u00e7\u00f6p i\u00e7inden \u00e7ekerek \u00e7\u0131kartmak, ayr\u0131 bir \u00e7aba, emek istemekte. Yine bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, \u00f6zellikle sosyal medya \u00fczerinde \u00fclkedeki baz\u0131 eksik bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n eksikli\u011fini g\u00f6sterirken, bat\u0131 bilimini s\u00fcrekli \u00f6ven, ve onlar\u0131n hatas\u0131z oldu\u011funu ima eden toptanc\u0131 mesajlara da s\u0131k\u00e7a rastlad\u0131k. Bu t\u00fcr bir genellemenin do\u011frulu\u011fu \u015f\u00fcphelidir. T\u0131pk\u0131 Bernal\u2019in yukar\u0131da s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi, bilimin bat\u0131daki mevcut ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131, bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n sistematik \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan do\u011fan bilimsel ba\u015far\u0131lar, bu ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 elde ederkenki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin verimsizli\u011fini kamuoyunun ve hatta bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnden saklamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bilim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00f6nemsel olarak ilerletici roller oynayan patentler, bug\u00fcn toplum sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan engelleyici bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Bir bulu\u015f s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda ya\u015fanan patent sava\u015flar\u0131, rakibin geli\u015fimini s\u0131n\u0131rlamak \u00fczere kurgulanan engelleyici patentler ya\u015fam bilimleri alan\u0131ndaki bilimsel geli\u015fmeyi de s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Kapitalizmin tekelci a\u015famas\u0131nda ise bu patentlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck tekellerde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz. <\/a>COVID-19\u2019a y\u00f6nelik ila\u00e7 ve a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n da bu s\u00fcre\u00e7lere tabi olmayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar da gidi\u015fat\u0131n bu y\u00f6nde oldu\u011funu destekliyor. O halde, bilimin i\u015fleyi\u015fi, bilimin toplumsal i\u015fleviyle ili\u015fkilendirilmeden, kendisiyle ayn\u0131 hedeflere y\u00f6nelmi\u015f toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7lerle birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir bilim olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n eri\u015febilece\u011fi bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u015fimdilik uzakta.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n

[1]<\/a> Sweerts, M.; \u201cPlague in an Ancient City\u201d, https:\/\/www.worcesterart.org\/exhibitions\/past\/hope-and-healing\/sweerts_plague_detail.htm<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 20.05.2020)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[2]<\/a> Littman, R.J. (2009) \u201cThe plague of Athens: epidemiology and paleopathology\u201d,\u00a0Mt Sinai J Med<\/em>, 76(5):456\u2010467. (doi:10.1002\/msj.20137).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[3]<\/a> Papagrigorakis, M.J., P.N. Synodinos, C. Yapijakis (2006) \u201cAncient typhoid epidemic reveals possible ancestral strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi\u201d,\u00a0Infect Genet Evol<\/em>, 7(1):126\u2010127 (doi:10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.04.006).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[4]<\/a> Shapiro, B., A. Rambaut, M. T. Gilbert (2006) \u201cNo proof that typhoid caused the Plague of Athens (a reply to Papagrigorakis et al.)\u201d,\u00a0Int J Infect Dis<\/em>, 10(4):334\u2010336 (doi:10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.02.006).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[5]<\/a> Bernal, J. D: (2011) \u201cBilimin Toplumsal \u0130\u015flevi\u201d, \u00c7ev. T. Ok, \u0130stanbul: Evrensel Bas\u0131m Yay\u0131n 2011.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[6]<\/a> https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=%22SARS-CoV%22+and+not+%22SARS-CoV-2%22&filter=years.2003-2019&sort=date<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=%22SARS-CoV-2%22&filter=years.2019-2020&sort=date<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/www.gilead.com\/-\/media\/gilead-corporate\/files\/pdfs\/covid-19\/gilead_rdv-development-fact-sheet-2020.pdf<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-05-13\/u-s-to-get-sanofi-covid-vaccine-first-if-it-succeeds-ceo-says<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/may\/25\/who-world-health-organization-hydroxychloroquine-trial-trump-coronavirus-safety-fears<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[11]<\/a> https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2020\/05\/27\/americas\/salvador-president-coronavirus-hydroxychloroquine-intl\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[12]<\/a> Bernal, Bilim Toplumsal \u0130\u015flevi, sf. 115.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Duygu G\u00fcnola \u0130nsan\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla ve mikroorganizmalarla ili\u015fkisi kendisinin varolu\u015fu kadar eski. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcnlerinde de kimi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n var oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte. Ancak ilk salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n insan\u0131n tar\u0131ma ba\u015flayarak yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir. Tarihte bilinen (kayda ge\u00e7en) ilk salg\u0131n M.\u00d6. 431\u2019de ba\u015flayan ve 27 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Peloponnais (Peloponez) Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki Atina vebas\u0131d\u0131r. Peloponez Sava\u015f\u0131 Atina \u015eehir Devleti ile Sparta\u2019n\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1260,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[530,490,392,272],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1259","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","category-21-sayi-agustos-2018","category-saglik","category-duygu-gunola"],"yoast_head":"\nPandemi ve bilim<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/06\/07\/pandemi-ve-bilim\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pandemi ve bilim\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Duygu G\u00fcnola \u0130nsan\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla ve mikroorganizmalarla ili\u015fkisi kendisinin varolu\u015fu kadar eski. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n avc\u0131-toplay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcnlerinde de kimi hastal\u0131klar\u0131n var oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte. Ancak ilk salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n insan\u0131n tar\u0131ma ba\u015flayarak yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir. Tarihte bilinen (kayda ge\u00e7en) ilk salg\u0131n M.\u00d6. 431\u2019de ba\u015flayan ve 27 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Peloponnais (Peloponez) Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki Atina vebas\u0131d\u0131r. Peloponez Sava\u015f\u0131 Atina \u015eehir Devleti ile Sparta\u2019n\u0131n […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/06\/07\/pandemi-ve-bilim\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Teori ve Eylem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-06-07T10:40:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-18T08:58:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"814\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@teoriveeylem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@teoriveeylem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"17 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/07\\\/pandemi-ve-bilim\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/07\\\/pandemi-ve-bilim\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/413054853585ad4d138f2f331dfd177c\"},\"headline\":\"Pandemi ve bilim\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-06-07T10:40:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-01-18T08:58:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/07\\\/pandemi-ve-bilim\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":4088,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/07\\\/pandemi-ve-bilim\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/06\\\/3.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Bilim\",\"21. 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Ancak ilk salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n insan\u0131n tar\u0131ma ba\u015flayarak yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7mesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir. Tarihte bilinen (kayda ge\u00e7en) ilk salg\u0131n M.\u00d6. 431\u2019de ba\u015flayan ve 27 y\u0131l s\u00fcren Peloponnais (Peloponez) Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki Atina vebas\u0131d\u0131r. Peloponez Sava\u015f\u0131 Atina \u015eehir Devleti ile Sparta\u2019n\u0131n […]","og_url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/06\/07\/pandemi-ve-bilim\/","og_site_name":"Teori ve Eylem","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/","article_published_time":"2020-06-07T10:40:48+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-01-18T08:58:29+00:00","og_image":[{"width":814,"height":450,"url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@teoriveeylem","twitter_site":"@teoriveeylem","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":false,"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"17 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/06\/07\/pandemi-ve-bilim\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/06\/07\/pandemi-ve-bilim\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/413054853585ad4d138f2f331dfd177c"},"headline":"Pandemi ve bilim","datePublished":"2020-06-07T10:40:48+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-18T08:58:29+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/06\/07\/pandemi-ve-bilim\/"},"wordCount":4088,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/06\/07\/pandemi-ve-bilim\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3.jpg","articleSection":["Bilim","21. 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