{"id":1224,"date":"2020-05-02T16:01:31","date_gmt":"2020-05-02T13:01:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=1224"},"modified":"2023-01-16T14:17:43","modified_gmt":"2023-01-16T11:17:43","slug":"koronovirus-kapitalizm-ve-ekosistem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/05\/02\/koronovirus-kapitalizm-ve-ekosistem\/","title":{"rendered":"Koronovir\u00fcs, kapitalizm ve ekosistem"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sedat Ba\u015fkavak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya bir ekosistem ve milyonlarca canl\u0131 ile birlikte ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00c7evre Program\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda 80 \u00fclkeden 2700 bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada d\u00fcnyada 8,7 milyon \u00f6karyotik (karma\u015f\u0131k, geli\u015fmi\u015f, zarl\u0131 h\u00fccre yap\u0131l\u0131) canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, 100 milyondan fazla da (baz\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalara g\u00f6re birka\u00e7 milyar) prokaryotik (basit\/zars\u0131z h\u00fccre yap\u0131l\u0131) canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda her y\u0131l ortalama 15000 yeni canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc tespit edilirken, pek \u00e7ok canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de daha tan\u0131mlanamadan yok olaca\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koronavir\u00fcs, \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve hastalanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an salg\u0131n ilk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n vir\u00fcslerle imtihan\u0131 da yeni de\u011fil. \u0130nsanl\u0131k defalarca salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klara maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc gibi ciddi anlamda \u00f6l\u00fcmlere sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MS 165-200 y\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Roma imparatorlu\u011funda g\u00fcnde 2 bin ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck salg\u0131n, ad\u0131n\u0131 imparator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus\u2019tan al\u0131r. Antoninus (Galen) salg\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fuda Perslerle yap\u0131lan sava\u015ftan d\u00f6nen askerlerden yay\u0131larak Roma\u2019ya sadece zaferi de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrler ve n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 30\u2019unun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7ar.[2]<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Amerika\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi ile Avrupa\u2019dan gidenler, Amerikan yerlilerine su \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. Yerli halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun \u00f6lmesine sebep olurlar. Bu durum yeni ke\u015ffedilen Amerika\u2019da Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7arken, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak emek g\u00fcc\u00fc ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7in milyonlarca Afrikal\u0131 k\u00f6lenin de k\u0131taya getirilmesine de sebep olur.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kara veba ya da kara \u00f6l\u00fcm olarak bilinen veba salg\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019de ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, ipek yolu \u00fczerinden 1346\u2019da K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a, 1347\u2019de de Avrupa\u2019ya ula\u015farak 80 ile 100 milyon aras\u0131 insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7ar. Denizcilik faaliyetleri nedeniyle de yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen salg\u0131n \u0130stanbul, L\u00fcbnan, Filistin, M\u0131s\u0131r, Hatay, Yemen ve Mekke\u2019de de etkili olur. Ya\u015fanan \u00f6l\u00fcmler nedeniyle toplumun tanr\u0131 ve kiliseyi sorgulamas\u0131 bu d\u00f6neme rastlarken bug\u00fcn koronavir\u00fcsten korunmak umuduyla Ni\u011fde Uluk\u0131\u015fla\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi o g\u00fcnlerde de, kirlenen havan\u0131n vebay\u0131 yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle hava g\u00fczel koksun diye t\u00fcts\u00fcler yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1800\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru Japonya\u2019dan \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye kadar pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede g\u00f6r\u00fclen kolera bug\u00fcn geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde yok olmu\u015fsa da Afrika \u00fclkeleri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere yoksul \u00fclkelerde kanalizasyon, i\u00e7me suyu yetersizli\u011fi ve sabun gibi temel hijyen malzemelerinin yoksunlu\u011fu sebebiyle hala g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar her y\u0131l 1,3 ila 4 milyon vaka g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve 21 bin ila 143 bin insan\u0131n enfeksiyon nedeniyle hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fini tahmin ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimi zaman \u0130spanyol, kimi zaman Asya ya da Hong Kong, kimi zaman da ku\u015f gribi ad\u0131n\u0131 alsa da hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkeni Orthomyxoviridae gurubundan influenza vir\u00fcs\u00fc, defalarca enfeksiyona ve milyonlarca \u00f6l\u00fcme neden oldu. 1918\u2019de 50-100 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7an (H1N1) \u0130spanyol gribinde, influenza vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sebep oldu\u011fu y\u00fcksek ate\u015fin ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ki\u015filerde daha \u00e7ok artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Bu salg\u0131na \u0130spanyol gribi ad\u0131n\u0131n verilmesinin nedeni ilgin\u00e7tir: Sava\u015fa giren \u00fclkelerde haber alma olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ve sans\u00fcr uygulamalar\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131rken, sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmayan \u0130spanya\u2019da salg\u0131nla ilgili haberlerin bas\u0131nda \u00e7ok\u00e7a yer almas\u0131 ve bilgilerin dola\u015f\u0131ma \u0130spanya kaynakl\u0131 girebilmesi nedeniyle salg\u0131na \u0130spanyol gribi ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asya gribi (H2N2) 1957\u2019de 4 milyon ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn evrimle\u015fmesi sonucu (H3N2) Hong Kong gribi ad\u0131 verilen salg\u0131n 1968\u2019de 2 haftada 500 bin ki\u015fiyi enfekte etti.[5]<\/a> \u0130nfluenza\u2019n\u0131n son versiyonu 1997\u2019de yine Hong Kong\u2019da tavuk \u00e7iftliklerinde ve pazarlarda salg\u0131n \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen (H5N1) ku\u015f gribi 18 vaka, 6 \u00f6l\u00fcm ile kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7erken as\u0131l olarak 2003-2005\u2019te de kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hollanda\u2019da \u00e7iftlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen 89 vaka 1 \u00f6l\u00fcm \u00fczerine \u00fclkede 30 milyon kanatl\u0131 hayvan itlaf edildi. Vietnam ve Tayland\u2019da insan \u00f6l\u00fcmlerine yol a\u00e7an birinci dalga ku\u015f gribi ise 120 milyon kanatl\u0131n\u0131n imhas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. 2004 ikinci dalga ve 2005 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dalga ku\u015f gribi dalgas\u0131nda \u00fclkemizde de k\u00fcmeslerden kanatl\u0131 hayvanlar toplanarak itlaf edilmi\u015ftir. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc verilerine g\u00f6re do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f 151 vaka 82 \u00f6l\u00fcm vard\u0131r. Ku\u015f gribi t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada bir pandemiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015ftir ama bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcnden geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n sonucu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeni bir ku\u015f gribi yani influenza H5N1 salg\u0131n\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Domuz gribi pandemik influenza A (H1N1) vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu domuz, ku\u015f ve insan grip vir\u00fcslerinin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yeni bir grip t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130lk defa Mart 2009\u2019da Meksika\u2019da insanlar aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flayan grip salg\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131 ve D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn (DS\u00d6) 11 Haziran 2009\u2019da pandemi (faz 6) alarm\u0131 vermesine sebep oldu. Grip salg\u0131nlar\u0131nda genel olarak y\u00fczde 70 ile y\u00fczde 90 aras\u0131 65 ya\u015f \u00fcst\u00fc ki\u015filer \u00f6l\u00fcrken (H1N1) domuz gribi di\u011fer griplerin aksine y\u00fczde 80, 65 ya\u015f alt\u0131 ki\u015filerde \u00f6l\u00fcmler g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Uzmanlar, 1918\u2019de meydana gelen \u0130spanyol gribi salg\u0131n\u0131ndaki vir\u00fcs\u00fcn domuz gribi vir\u00fcs\u00fcne \u00e7ok benzedi\u011fin belirtmektedir. \u0130spanyol gribine sebep olan vir\u00fcs yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde 1950\u2019lere kadar dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in 65 ya\u015f \u00fczerindeki ki\u015filerin k\u0131smi ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi kabul edilir. Domuz gribi denilen salg\u0131n nedeniyle 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD\u2019de 60 milyonun \u00fczerinde ki\u015fi enfekte olurken d\u00fcnya geneli \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn 500 bini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131 ancak 1980\u2019de konulan ve 40 milyon insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen AIDS (HIV) vir\u00fcs\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hala kesin tedavi bulunmazken \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu ila\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u015fu an i\u00e7in tek \u00e7are olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131n\u0131 ilk vakan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00f6y\u00fcn yan\u0131ndaki nehirden alan Ebola vir\u00fcs\u00fc 2014-2016 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da birka\u00e7 kom\u015fu \u00fclkeye yay\u0131l\u0131rken yakla\u015f\u0131k 29 bin vakada 11 binin \u00fczerinde insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koronavir\u00fcsler ise 1960\u2019larda ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. \u015eimdiye kadar insanlarda hastal\u0131k yap\u0131p izole edilen 7 farkl\u0131 koronavir\u00fcs tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlardan \u00f6zellikle SARS ve MERS a\u011f\u0131r enfeksiyon ve \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olurlarken, Yeni Tip Koronavir\u00fcs (COVID-19) ile koronavir\u00fcs ailesinin evrimle\u015ferek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan (bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in) yedinci t\u00fcr\u00fc tespit edilmi\u015f oldu. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019in Guangdong eyaletinden kaynaklanan Sars salg\u0131n\u0131, toplam 26 \u00fclkeye h\u0131zla yay\u0131larak, 8 binden fazla insan\u0131 enfekte etti 774 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden oldu. Haziran 2012\u2019de \u015fiddetli akci\u011fer hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6len bir Suudi Arabistanl\u0131 nedeniyle hastal\u0131\u011fa MERS (Ortado\u011fu solunum sendromu) ad\u0131 verilir. Bu hastal\u0131\u011fa sadece Arap yar\u0131madas\u0131 de\u011fil, y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde \u0130ngiltere, Almanya, Fransa, \u0130spanya, \u0130talya, Tunus ve T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00fclkelerde de rastland\u0131. MERS, yakla\u015f\u0131k 300\u2019\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lanan toplam 800 vakaya sebep oldu. Bu vakalar\u0131n hepsi do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak Suudi Arabistan, Katar, Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri, Kuveyt, Umman ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.[8]<\/a> Yeni tip Koronavir\u00fcs COVID-19  kendinden \u00f6ncekilerden farkl\u0131 olarak b\u00f6lge yada k\u0131ta s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmadan d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir salg\u0131na sebep oldu. Milyonlarca insan\u0131 enfekte ederken on binlerce (bu yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131rken 152 bin 542) ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SERMAYE \u0130KT\u0130DARLARI \u0130\u00c7\u0130N HER YOL MUBAH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni tip Koronaviri\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn (COVID-19) yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131n yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bunun ABD emperyalizminin, d\u00fcnya ticaretinde y\u00fckselen \u00c7in\u2019in \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesmek i\u00e7in icat etti\u011fi biyolojik bir silah oldu\u011funu ya da tersine \u00c7in\u2019de yap\u0131lan bir laboratuar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan s\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia edenler odu. 5G sisteminin sonucu, \u00c7in\u2019in bilin\u00e7li olarak d\u00fcnyaya sald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir vir\u00fcs oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen komplo teorisyenleri de \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu t\u00fcrden kan\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015f iddialar\u0131 ciddiye almak gerekmez ama emperyalist-kapitalist sistemde biyolojik silahlar\u0131n \u00fcretilmedi\u011fi ve kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez. Hiro\u015fima ve Nagazaki\u2019ye atom bombas\u0131 atan, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada n\u00fckleer silah \u00fcsleri kuran ABD emperyalizminin b\u00f6yle bir biyolojik silah \u00fcretme kapasitesi elbette vard\u0131r, d\u00fcnya ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 uygun g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman bunu kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir engel de g\u00f6rmeyecektir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihte b\u00f6ylesi \u00f6rnekler vard\u0131r. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda Almanlar, ABD\u2019den m\u00fcttefik ordular\u0131na g\u00f6nderilecek olan \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131 ve Romen s\u00fcvari atlar\u0131na ruam hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca bu d\u00f6nemde Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130talya\u2019da kolera, St. Petersburg\u2019da da veba hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kay\u0131tlara girer. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Japonya biyolojik silah ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 yaparken \u00fczerinde deneme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7inli 10 bin sava\u015f esirinin \u015farbon, veba, \u00e7i\u00e7ek, ruam, kolera vb hastal\u0131klardan \u00f6lmesine sebep olur. \u0130ngilizler, \u0130sko\u00e7ya a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndaki Greenad Adalar\u0131nda \u015farbonla \u00e7ok say\u0131da deneme yapm\u0131\u015flar ve ada topraklar\u0131nda 36 y\u0131l boyunca \u015farbon sporlar\u0131n\u0131n kalmas\u0131na neden olurken bunlar 280 ton formaldehit kulland\u0131ktan sonra ancak 1987\u2019de tam olarak temizlenebilmi\u015ftir. 22 Ocak 1975\u2019de \u201cBiyolojik ve toksin sava\u015f maddelerinin \u00fcretimi, stoku ve geli\u015ftirilmesini yasaklayan biyolojik silahlar anla\u015fmas\u0131 151 \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan imzalansa da d\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcnde pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin biyolojik silah \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gizlilik i\u00e7inde devam etmektedir. [9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

O nedenle, n\u00fckleer silah kullanan, kimyasal bombay\u0131 \u00fcreten, maskeyi, antisepti\u011fi \u00e7alan kapitalist-emperyalist \u00fclkeler biyolojik silah da yapabilme potansiyeline sahiptir. Ama bug\u00fcn de\u011fil. Bunun i\u00e7in bir biyolojik sava\u015f i\u00e7in gerekli sava\u015f ve kutupla\u015fma ikliminin de olu\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcretimi ve ticareti merkezile\u015ftiren kapitalist sistemin, insan n\u00fcfusunu da bu merkezlerde birle\u015ftirmesinin yan\u0131nda b\u0131rakal\u0131m \u00fclkeleri, k\u0131talar aras\u0131 insan trafi\u011finin fazlas\u0131yla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde kontrol alt\u0131nda, denetlenebilir ve emek\u00e7ilerin tepkisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmayacak biyolojik silah kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 olas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilim insanlar\u0131 da Covid-19 konusundaki komplo senaryolar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc ve bu konuda yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131lar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re teorilerin aksine yeni vir\u00fcs insan yap\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fil. Do\u011fal k\u00f6kleri var ve evrim yoluyla olu\u015ftu. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn laboratuvar ortam\u0131nda ya da ba\u015fka bir ortamda yani insan eliyle yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir kan\u0131t bulunamad\u0131. Scripps Research Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Entit\u00fcs\u00fcnde imm\u00fcnoloji ve mikrobiyoloji alan\u0131nda do\u00e7ent doktor ve makalenin yazar\u0131 olan Kristian Andersen, Tulane \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Robert F. Garry, Sydney \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Edward Holmes, Edinburgh \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Andrew Rambaut ve Columbia \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden W. Ian Lipkin\u2019in aralar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu bilim insanlar\u0131 \u201cSARS-CoV-2\u2019deki S proteinlerinin RBD k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n insanlarda kan bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyici bir resept\u00f6r olan ACE2 h\u00fccrelerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki molek\u00fcler bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi hedef alacak \u015fekilde evrimle\u015fti\u011fini buldular. SARS-CoV-2\u2019deki S proteini insan h\u00fccrelerine o kadar iyi ba\u011flan\u0131yordu ki bilim insanlar\u0131 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn genetik m\u00fchendisli\u011fin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil, do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna vard\u0131lar.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

EKOLOJ\u0130K YIKIM \u0130NSAN YA\u015eAMINI TEHD\u0130T ED\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya, kapitalistler eliyle bir ekolojik y\u0131k\u0131m ya\u015f\u0131yor ve bu y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da en a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde i\u015f\u00e7iler, emek\u00e7iler ve yoksul halk kitleleri ya\u015f\u0131yor. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik ve Ekosistem Hizmetleri H\u00fck\u00fcmetler Aras\u0131 Bilim-Politika Platformunun ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l may\u0131s ay\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporda insan eliyle yap\u0131lan faaliyetler nedeniyle yerk\u00fcreye verilen zarar\u0131n son 50 y\u0131lda artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor. N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131, k\u00fcresel ekonominin d\u00f6rt kat b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi, uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin 10 kat artmas\u0131 ve 1992\u2019den bu yana iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan kentle\u015fme de eklendi\u011finde do\u011fal ya\u015fama, tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131na, yer alt\u0131 ve \u00fcst\u00fc su kaynaklar\u0131na ve ormanlara zarar veren etkenler artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raporda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan tespitler \u015f\u00f6yledir; 1 milyondan fazla hayvan ve bitki t\u00fcr\u00fc yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r. 1980-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 100 milyon hektarl\u0131k tropikal orman; a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019daki hayvan \u00e7iftlikleri ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Asya\u2019daki palm ya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretimi nedeniyle yok oldu. 1700\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llardaki sulak alanlar\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 13\u2019\u00fc 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyabildi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hayvan ve bitkilerin y\u00fczde 25\u2019i tehdit alt\u0131nda. Plastikten kaynaklanan \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi 1980\u2019e oranla 10 kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Her y\u0131l 300-400 milyon ton a\u011f\u0131r metal ve eritici madde ve ba\u015fka at\u0131klar su kaynaklar\u0131na at\u0131l\u0131yor. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda okyanuslar\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 3\u2019\u00fc insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zg\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bal\u0131klar hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar tehdit alt\u0131nda. 2015\u2019te bal\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00fczde 33\u2019\u00fc t\u00fcrlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcremeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde az \u00fcredi, yani t\u00fcrl\u00fc ticari faaliyetler nedeniyle bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin \u00fcremesi yok edileni kar\u015f\u0131layamayacak adar az. Do\u011fal ekosistemler y\u00fczde 47 oran\u0131nda kan kaybetti. Vah\u015fi hayvanlar\u0131n biyok\u00fctlesi (bir ekosistemde belirli bir zamanda yeti\u015fen canl\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131) y\u00fczde 82 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Resiflerdeki mercanlar son 150 y\u0131lda yar\u0131ya indi.[11]<\/a> Yap\u0131lan bu tespitler de g\u00f6steriyor ki, kapitalistlerin enerji, sanayi, madencilik faaliyetleri ile talan ve tahribata dayal\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131yla birle\u015fen kar i\u00e7in \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketimin k\u00f6r\u00fcklenmesi nedeniyle do\u011fal ya\u015fam geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayacak \u015fekilde etkileniyor. Gelinen noktada hava, su ve topra\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra canl\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131 da tehlikeye giriyor.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u015fta \u0130stanbul gibi devasa kentlerdeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u00e7evreyi etkilerken ve \u00e7evre iller ile s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 da belirsiz hale getiriyor. G\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e, yok olan kuzey ormanlar\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulan havaalan\u0131, 3. K\u00f6pr\u00fc ve ba\u011flant\u0131 yollar\u0131, artan kentle\u015fme ve biriken sanayi ile \u0130stanbul\u2019da do\u011fal ya\u015fam\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 bile yok edilirken yerini eksoz gazlar\u0131, g\u00f6kdelenler ve otobanlar al\u0131yor. Kanal \u0130stanbul ile kentin kalan betonla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 da rant u\u011fruna ya\u011fmalan\u0131rken son kalan tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ve su kaynaklar\u0131 da yok olma tehlikesinin alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul, d\u00fcnyadaki talan ve tahribat\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir foto\u011fraf\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fcnyada 2007 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana \u015fehir n\u00fcfusu k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusu ge\u00e7mi\u015f durumda. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki kara par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 1\u2019inde 4 milyar insan ya\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist \u00fcretim ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle yok olan ormanlar, meralar, yaylalar, kuruyan g\u00f6ller, kirlenen su, hava ve toprak ve daralan ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 insanlar\u0131n do\u011fa ve hayvanlar alemi ile ili\u015fkisini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Kara alanlar\u0131nda do\u011fal ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n daralmas\u0131, artan \u015fehirle\u015fme, sanayi ve ormanlar\u0131n yok edilerek tar\u0131m alan\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ile do\u011fal ya\u015fam\u0131 tehdit eden insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 da vir\u00fcsler taraf\u0131ndan tehdit edilir hale geliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DO\u011eANIN SINIRLARINI ZORLAYAN ETK\u0130 VE TEPK\u0130 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapan mikrobiyolog ve imm\u00fcnolog Richard Krause \u201cEmerging VirUses<\/em>\u201d (geli\u015fmekte olan vir\u00fcsler) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde \u201ctoplumsal, ekonomik ve insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimin ve felaketlere neden olan olaylar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018f\u0131rsat ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131\u2019 i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen mikroplar, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apta g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 son derece yayg\u0131n bir salg\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilir<\/em><\/a>\u201d demektedir.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vir\u00fcsler hep vard\u0131 ve bundan sonra da var olacaklar. Ku\u015f gribine yol a\u00e7an \u0130nfluenza vir\u00fcslerinin, yabani kaz ve \u00e7amurcundan (yabani \u00f6rdek)  tavuklara bula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce bir b\u0131ld\u0131rc\u0131nda kendini tasnif etti\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Yani vir\u00fcs zararl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yabani kanatl\u0131dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p yeni konak\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ti\u011fi evcil hayvana ya da insana bula\u015f\u0131nca zararl\u0131 olabiliyor. \u0130spanyol gribinden Asya gribine, Hong Kong gribinden ku\u015f gribine kadar de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6steren influenza vir\u00fcs\u00fc do\u011fada her zaman bulunuyordu ancak bulundu\u011fu yerde insan faaliyetlerinin artmas\u0131 nedeniyle bula\u015fma tehdidi olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lassa s\u0131tmas\u0131 bunun en belirgin \u00f6rne\u011fidir. Nijerya, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kereste \u00fcreticisidir. Nijerya\u2019da y\u0131ll\u0131k 150 milyon metrek\u00fcp kereste \u00fcretilmekte ve \u00fclkenin kereste \u00fcretiminin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yakacak olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimini art\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Nijerya\u2019da, kuzeydeki \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme ve g\u00fcney kesimindeki erozyon nedeniyle tehdit g\u00f6ren tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131na yeni yerler ekleme \u00e7abas\u0131 da ormanlar\u0131 bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r. K\u0131ta ormanlar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Mastomys s\u0131\u00e7anlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi sonucunda hayvanlar evlere yerle\u015ftiler ve Lassa s\u0131tmas\u0131n\u0131 yeni konaklar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar. Farelerin idrar ve d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n insana ve g\u0131daya temas\u0131yla veya solunum yolu ile bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilen Lassa vir\u00fcs\u00fc 2018\u2019de 171 \u00f6l\u00fcme, 2019\u2019da 167 \u00f6l\u00fcme ve bu y\u0131l\u0131n ilk bir ay\u0131nda 41 ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne sebep oldu.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadece Nijerya de\u011fil ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kesen \u015firketler Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n sahil \u015feridini ormans\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. H\u0131zla artan n\u00fcfus ve protein ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kitlelerin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de art\u0131k ula\u015f\u0131lamaz hale geldi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc; Avrupa\u2019dan h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan desteklenerek gelen ve Gine k\u00f6rfezini dibine kadar tarayan modern filolar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yerel teknelerin hi\u00e7 \u015fans\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1977 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana bal\u0131k n\u00fcfusu yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya azal\u0131rken yerel pazarlarda az bulunan ve pahal\u0131 olan g\u0131dalar haline geldi. Bal\u0131\u011f\u0131n yerini alan yabani havyan eti y\u0131lda 400 bin tonluk miktar\u0131yla hem s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir de\u011fildi hem de biyolojik olarak hayvanlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini de tehdit eder hale geldi. B\u00f6ylece ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131 ve da\u011flar\u0131n izole etti\u011fi canl\u0131 t\u00fcrleri \u015fehirlerin g\u0131da ekonomisiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fti. \u0130\u015fte bu \u201cf\u0131rsat ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n<\/em>\u201d sonucu hayvanlardan insanlara viral s\u0131\u00e7ramalar kolayla\u015ft\u0131.<\/a>[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Bilimler Akademisi Wuhan Viroloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Virolog Shi Zhengli (yarasa kad\u0131n diye bilinir) \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, alt\u0131 madencinin zat\u00fcrree benzeri hastal\u0131klara yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 (ikisi \u00f6ld\u00fc) Yunnan’\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k Mojiang il\u00e7esindeki bir maden kuyusu ma\u011faras\u0131nda bir y\u0131l boyunca toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 numuneler sonucu alt\u0131 yarasa t\u00fcr\u00fcnde bir \u00e7e\u015fit koronavir\u00fcs grubu ke\u015ffetti. Madenin \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc koktu\u011funu, mantar kapl\u0131 yarasa d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011faray\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini belirten Virolag Shi Zhengli, madencileri hasta eden patojenin bu mantar oldu\u011funun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve \u201ce\u011fer ma\u011fara hemen kapat\u0131lmasayd\u0131 madencilerin koronavir\u00fcs kapmas\u0131 an meselesi olurdu<\/em>\u201d dedi.[14]<\/a> Hastal\u0131k ekolojisi \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan William McNeill, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn konaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da potansiyel konaklayabilece\u011fi n\u00fcfus artt\u0131k\u00e7a kopyalanma, mutasyon, yeniden bir araya gelme ve seleksiyon imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 nedeniyle vir\u00fcs topluluklar\u0131nda asli evrimsel de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma ihtimalinin de ayn\u0131 derecede artaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

END\u00dcSTR\u0130YEL TARIM VE HASTALIKLAR<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Artan t\u00fcketimi daha fazla ve daha ucuza mal olan bir \u00fcretim s\u00fcreciyle kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in y\u00f6neldi\u011fi end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 da \u00fcretim \u00e7iftlikleridir. \u00dcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fcler sermaye iktidarlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikalar nedeniyle tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminden kopar\u0131l\u0131rken tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri piyasas\u0131nda \u015firketlerin hakimiyeti artt\u0131. Tavuk, domuz ve b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvan \u00e7iftlikleri, denizlere kurulan bal\u0131k \u00e7iftlikleri derken, sadece bitkisel \u00fcretim de\u011fil hayvansal \u00fcretim de tar\u0131m tekeli \u015firketlerin kar i\u00e7in \u00fcretim merkezleri haline geldi. \u00dcretici k\u00f6yl\u00fclere ise ya tar\u0131mdan \u00e7ekilmek ya da bu \u015firketlerin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli \u00fcreticisi ve yeti\u015ftiricisi olmaktan ba\u015fka yol kalmad\u0131. <\/a>1990 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana Asya\u2019daki toplam canl\u0131 \u00e7iftlik hayvan \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 80\u2019inden fazlas\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim olarak yap\u0131l\u0131yor. D\u00fcnyada en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7 end\u00fcstriyel et \u00fcreten \u015firket aras\u0131nda yer alan Amerikan \u015firketi Tyson Foods, 6 binden fazla s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli tavuk yeti\u015ftiricisi ile y\u0131lda 2.2 milyar tavuk, 18 milyon domuz ve 9 milyon s\u0131\u011f\u0131r kesip, paketleyip sat\u0131yor. Tyson Foods benzeri \u015firketler sadece bor\u00e7land\u0131rarak gelece\u011fini ipotek alt\u0131na ald\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli yeti\u015ftiricilere sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 pili\u00e7lerin de\u011fil, yumurtalara, tavuklara giden yemlerin ve tavuklar\u0131 i\u015fleyen tesislerin de sahibidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcz binlerce tavuktan olu\u015fan tavuk \u00e7iftlikleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretim tesislerinin etraf\u0131nda toplan\u0131rken et \u00fcretimi de kentlerin yak\u0131n\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir oldu. Bu durum vir\u00fcslerin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n da bir sebebidir. \u201cTavu\u011fun \u00e7\u00f6p\u00fc olmaz<\/em>\u201d diyen end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcreticiler etini b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada pazarlad\u0131klar\u0131 tavu\u011fun ayaklar\u0131 ve kafas\u0131n\u0131 Asya \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderirken g\u00fcbresini de tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne pazarlamaktad\u0131r. De\u011ferlendirilemeyen par\u00e7alar\u0131; tavu\u011fun t\u00fcy\u00fc ve hatta \u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fc de kurutulup yem yap\u0131larak ayn\u0131 \u00e7iftlikteki y\u00fcz binlerce tavu\u011fa yedirilir. B\u00f6ylece \u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fc, dirisi ile birlikte b\u0131rak\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 bir tek t\u00fcy\u00fc bile \u00e7\u00f6pe gitmez tavuklar\u0131n. On binlerce hatta y\u00fcz binlerce tavu\u011fun yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u00e7iftliklerde yedirilecek yemin gram\u0131 ve 37 g\u00fcn sonra kesilecek tavu\u011fun saati dakikas\u0131 bile bellidir. \u00c7iftlik end\u00fcstrisi tekelleri, (daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede daha \u00e7ok \u00fcretim isteyen) di\u011fer i\u015f kolu patronlar\u0131 gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, onlar i\u00e7in \u00e7iftlikteki tavuk ile d\u00f6k\u00fcmdeki demir, banttaki otomobil montaj\u0131n\u0131n bir fark\u0131 yoktur. O nedenle de tavuklar\u0131n daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede istenilen kiloya gelmesi i\u00e7in uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00f6ntemlerle 37 g\u00fcn\u00fc 35\u2019e indirmi\u015flerdir ve 30 saniyelik erken kesimlerle s\u00fcreyi daha da k\u0131saltmay\u0131 hedefliyorlar. Tavuk \u00e7iftliklerindeki bu \u201chadi hadi<\/em>\u201d d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde tavuklar olabildi\u011fince hareketsiz tutuluyor, hi\u00e7 enerji harcamadan \u00f6nlerindeki yemi yiyip, suyu i\u00e7iyorlar. Tavu\u011fun yedi\u011fi yemin masraf kalemi azals\u0131n, \u00e7iftik end\u00fcstrisinin kar\u0131 arts\u0131n diye t\u00fcy\u00fcnden \u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fcne ne varsa bu yeme kat\u0131l\u0131yor. Dirisini insanlara, \u00f6l\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc tavuklara yediren end\u00fcstrinin ku\u015f gribi zaman\u0131nda salg\u0131na maruz kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn tavuklar\u0131 bertaraf etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek \u00e7ok iyi niyetli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olurdu. 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcney \u00c7in\u2019de tavuklar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131klamak i\u00e7in aktive edilmemi\u015f vir\u00fcs a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 sonucu H5N1 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn evrimle\u015ferek \u00e7evre \u00e7iftlik ve \u00fclkelere yay\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131nca tavuk \u015firketleri imalat tesislerinde art\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 mesai ile g\u00fcnl\u00fck 90 bin adet kesim say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 130 bine \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. Davis, kitab\u0131nda s\u00fcreci \u201cbu \u00e7iftlik prati\u011fi, vir\u00fcs\u00fc bir salg\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc<\/em>\u201d diyerek \u00f6zetliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

San\u0131lan\u0131n aksine Asya ve Afrika \u00fclkelerinden yay\u0131l\u0131yor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hollanda\u2019da \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130nfluenza H7N7 vir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131 hem vir\u00fcs\u00fcn bat\u0131da da \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hem de end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretimin salg\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda ne kadar etkili oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen yumurta ve tavuk ihracat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan Hollanda y\u0131ll\u0131k 115 milyar dolarl\u0131k tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve makinesi ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 bir \u00fclkedir. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131 end\u00fcstrisinin merkezi konumundaki Gerderland eyaletinde bir \u00e7iftlikteki tavuklar\u0131n, \u00e7iftlik yan\u0131ndaki kanalda yabani su ku\u015flar\u0131 ile temaslar\u0131 sonucunda Y\u00fcksek D\u00fczeyde \u00d6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl Ku\u015f Gribi (HPAI) kapt\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce \u0130talya\u2019da da g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u0130nfluenza H7N7 vir\u00fcs\u00fc olarak bilinen vir\u00fcs nedeniyle k\u00fcmes hayvanlar\u0131 ihrac\u0131 durdurulurken (Hollanda\u2019daki tavuk say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te biri) 30 milyon tavuk \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6lgede yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda 2 bin ki\u015finin enfeksiyon kapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 hafif atlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. 1997\u2019de ABD\u2019nin Kuzey Karolina eyaletinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir domuz \u00e7iftli\u011finde bir influenza alt t\u00fcr\u00fc olan H3N2, Kanada\u2019daki domuzlarda \u00f6rdeklerden bula\u015fan (insanlar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan) H4N6 vir\u00fcsleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin nedeni olarak, artan end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretim, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131 domuz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vb. tespit ediliyor. ABD\u2019li Pew Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezinde olu\u015fturulan bir komisyon end\u00fcstriyel \u00e7iftlik hayvan\u0131 \u00fcretimi \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 bir rapor olarak yay\u0131nlarlar. Raporda, domuz fabrikalar\u0131nda geli\u015fig\u00fczel antibiyotik kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n diren\u00e7li staph[15]<\/a> enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na, ayn\u0131 zamanda kab\u0131zl\u0131k haplar\u0131n\u0131n koli basili salg\u0131nlar\u0131na ve Caroline’daki nehir a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131nda bir milyar bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve hastal\u0131k kapan onlarca bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren ve \u201ccehennnemden gelen tek h\u00fccreli<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Pfiesteria’n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldu\u011funu ifade ediliyor.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2002\u2019de San Diego\u2019da bir \u00e7iftlikte g\u00f6r\u00fclen ku\u015f gribi k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7evredeki b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7iftliklere yay\u0131l\u0131r. B\u00f6lgedeki \u015firket y\u00f6neticileri i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i eyalet y\u00f6netimleriyle el ele vererek sat\u0131\u015flar d\u00fc\u015fmesin diye salg\u0131n\u0131 gizlerler. 2004\u2019te Kanada\u2019n\u0131n Abbotsford kentinde bir \u00e7iftlikte H7N3 vir\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn neden oldu\u011fu salg\u0131n \u00e7evre \u015fehirlere de yay\u0131l\u0131nca 19 milyon tavuk \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde Teksas; Pensilvanya ve New Jersey\u2019de de ba\u015fkaca influenza vir\u00fcsleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.[17]<\/a> B\u00f6ylece sadece ku\u015f gribi de\u011fil end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretimin de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunu oldu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fanan ku\u015f gribinin gizlenemez hale gelmesi sonucu, sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ve halk\u0131n sorgulamas\u0131 nedeniyle, ba\u015fkaca \u00fclkelerdeki \u015firketler tavuklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ti ya da \u00f6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcler. \u00dclkemizde ise tavuk \u015firketi patronlar\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f simalarla \u201chaz\u0131r tavuk iyidir, ku\u015f gribi k\u00f6y tavu\u011funda olur<\/em>\u201d diye reklam kampanyalar\u0131 yaparken k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin evlerinden toplanan tavuklar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp, kire\u00e7lenip topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130KL\u0130M DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130KL\u0130\u011e\u0130 VE KU\u015e GR\u0130B\u0130 <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist sistemin daha \u00e7ok kar i\u00e7in durmak bilmeyen \u00fcretimi ve do\u011fay\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeyen end\u00fcstriyel b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 beraberinde getirdi. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n sonucu; iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve bunun da zincirleme etkiyle devam eden do\u011fal dengenin bozulmas\u0131, b\u00f6lgelerin bozulan dengesinin boyutuna g\u00f6re bitki ve hayvan pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi oldu. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma nedeniyle artarak ya\u015fanan f\u0131rt\u0131nalar, seller, kurakl\u0131k gibi afetler ikilim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini her g\u00fcn derinle\u015fen bir krize d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kimi bitki ve b\u00f6ceklerin bulunduklar\u0131 yerde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131p kimisini yok ederken baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 da yak\u0131n co\u011frafyalardan ba\u015flayarak \u00e7ok \u00e7ok ba\u015fka yerlere kayd\u0131rabilmekte. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fclkemiz Akdeniz b\u00f6lgesinde daha \u00f6nceden yeti\u015fmeyen tropikal bitkiler \u015fimdilerde yeti\u015febilirken, Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesine ya\u011fan kar da azal\u0131yor. Eskiden \u00fczerine kar ya\u011fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in zararl\u0131lar\u0131n gelmedi\u011fi \u00e7ayl\u0131klarda tar\u0131m ilac\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmazken \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki aylarda azalan kar ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131 (ki art\u0131k sahillere kar d\u00fc\u015fmemeye ba\u015flad\u0131) tar\u0131m ilac\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirecektir. Ya da f\u0131nd\u0131k \u00fcretilen Karadeniz illerinde kar ya\u011fmamas\u0131 ve havalar\u0131n s\u0131cak gitmesi nedeniyle f\u0131nd\u0131kta k\u00fclleme hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 artacakt\u0131r.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131r\u0131m Kongo Kanamal\u0131 Ate\u015fi Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 da iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve ku\u015f gribine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u0130lk olarak K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kene ile bula\u015f\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerin tar\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen K\u0131r\u0131m Kongo Kanamal\u0131 Ate\u015fi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ku\u015f gribi nedeniyle tavuklar\u0131n ithaf edilmesi sonras\u0131 tekrar t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada etkili olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ku\u015f gribinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan k\u00fcmes hayvan\u0131 itlaflar\u0131 \u00e7ay\u0131r ve \u00e7imenlik alanda ya\u015fayan kenelerin n\u00fcfusunu art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, hayvan otlat\u0131lan ye\u015fil alanlardaki ve meralardaki hayvan d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131 keneler i\u00e7in uygun ya\u015fam ortamlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MAL\u0130YET HESABININ SONU DEL\u0130 DANA <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n en temel girdisi kaba yemdir. Kaba yemde \u00e7ay\u0131r ve meralardan ve yem bitkilerinden elde edilmektedir. Mera ve \u00e7ay\u0131rlar hatta yem bitkisi yeti\u015fecek tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ba\u015fta enerji ve maden olmak \u00fczere \u015firketlerinin talan\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin (bitkisel ve hayvansal fark etmez) end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sonucu a\u00e7\u0131k alanda otlayan hayvanlar kapal\u0131 alanlarda fenni yem ile beslenemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Hayvanlar\u0131n beyninde ve sinir sisteminde s\u00fcngerle\u015fmeye neden olan deli dana hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 da (BSE) bu fenni yemlerin yedirilmesi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlarda g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve insanlara da bula\u015farak \u00f6l\u00fcme yol a\u00e7an deli dana hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (BSE) kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, hayvan et ve kemik unlar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yem ile beslenme oldu\u011funu ortaya koydu. \u201c60 y\u0131ldan beri et ve kemik unlar\u0131 s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlara yedirilmesine ra\u011fmen BSE neden 80\u2019li y\u0131llarda patlak verdi<\/em>\u201d sorusuna cevap da yine yemin haz\u0131rlanma y\u00f6nteminde bulunur. Deli danan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 1970\u2019lerde g\u0131dalar\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fikliklerden sonras\u0131na rastlar. Bu d\u00f6nemde petrol krizi nedeniyle yak\u0131ttan tasarruf etmek i\u00e7in rendering[18]<\/a> teknolojisinde f\u0131r\u0131nlama yerine, devaml\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tma y\u00f6ntemine ge\u00e7ilir. Bu durum, f\u0131r\u0131nlama yerine devaml\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tma ile elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde ajan\u0131n canl\u0131 kalmas\u0131na ve kal\u0131c\u0131 bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa olanak sa\u011flamas\u0131na sebep olur. 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019de gevi\u015f getiren hayvanlar\u0131n, gevi\u015f getiren hayvanlardan elde edilen proteinlerle beslenmesi kanunen yasaklanmas\u0131ndan sonra BSE (deli dana) vakalar\u0131nda keskin bir azalma g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

GDO, HALK SA\u011eLI\u011eINI TEHD\u0130T ED\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Verimi art\u0131racak, k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bitirecek iddias\u0131yla tar\u0131m ve tohum tekellerinin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f tohumlar yayg\u0131nla\u015fsa da art\u0131k GDO\u2019nun verimli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi maliyetleri art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. GDO\u2019lu \u00fcretimde kullan\u0131lan tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131 da ikincil zararlara yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Hindistan\u2019da 6 k\u00f6yden tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinde g\u00f6z, deri ve \u00fcst solunum yollar\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m reaksiyonlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Pamuk ay\u0131klama fabrikas\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerde de alerjik durumlar tesit edilirken i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tarlada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcrelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u015fikayetlerin de artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlendi. Ayr\u0131ca yararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7an etkilerini de eklemek gerekiyor. Hindistan bu sorunlar nedeniyle, Burkina Faso da pamukta elyaf k\u0131sal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle GDO\u2019lu pamuk \u00fcretiminden vazge\u00e7me karar\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f besinler ise bir ba\u015fka a\u011f\u0131r sorun olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ba\u015fta soya, m\u0131s\u0131r, kanola ve kabak olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcnde yayg\u0131nla\u015fan GDO\u2019lu tohum kullan\u0131m\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da tehdit eder hale geldi. Pamu\u011fun tohumu ve \u00e7ekirde\u011finden ya\u011f elde ediliyor. Bu ya\u011f insanlar taraf\u0131ndan g\u0131da maddesi olarak t\u00fcketildi\u011fi gibi, hayvan yeminde de kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in\u2019de daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeleri ve geli\u015fmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsun diye bir milyonun \u00fczerinde geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7 dikildi. Geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar BM \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye taraf olan \u00fclkelerin bir araya geldi\u011fi Taraflar (dokuzuncu) Konferans\u0131nda karbon kredisi elde etmeye hak kazanan teknikler aras\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Odun, ka\u011f\u0131t ve karbon kredisi i\u00e7in zaman\u0131, maliyeti ve enerjiyi azaltan geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar bu sekt\u00f6rdeki \u015firketler i\u00e7in yeni bir olanak olarak de\u011ferlendiriliyor. Geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n, a\u011fa\u00e7 yeti\u015fme k\u0131t ve zor alanlarda de\u011fil ormanl\u0131k alanlara yada yan\u0131na dikilerek yeti\u015ftirilmesi nedeniyle niyetin orman b\u00fcy\u00fctme ve ekosisteme katk\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bir toprak bakterisinden a\u011fa\u00e7lara aktar\u0131lan genin, zehir salg\u0131lamak yoluyla zararl\u0131lar\u0131n bu a\u011fa\u00e7lara zarar vermelerini \u00f6nleyece\u011fi belirtiliyor. Bu da geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerden ka\u00e7an zararl\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fal ormanlara ve insan ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131na gelerek zarar vereceklerini g\u00f6steriyor. A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n salg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu zehir polenlerle birlikte yay\u0131l\u0131rken ba\u015fta kelebek ve ar\u0131 gibi yararl\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerin de yok olabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde 200 metre olarak tespit edilen gen ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131 Hindistan\u2019da geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7amlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada 600 km olarak tespit edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7am polenleri bu kadar uzakta g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[21]<\/a> Daniel Tanuro, \u201cYe\u015fil Kapitalizm \u0130mkans\u0131zd\u0131r<\/em>\u201d kitab\u0131nda geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7evre hatta insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in spesifik riskler bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde yeni alarjen \u00f6zelliklere sahip bir polen a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve bunun da alerjik yap\u0131l\u0131 insanlar i\u00e7in tehlike olu\u015fturdu\u011funu anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GD \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve GDO i\u00e7eren \u00fcr\u00fcnler g\u0131da kalitesindeki de\u011fi\u015fikliklere sebep olmalar\u0131yla birlikte, antibiyoti\u011fe diren\u00e7lilik ve potansiyel toksisite geli\u015ftirebilirler veya hedef olmayan organizmalara gen ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle do\u011fal \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin bozulmas\u0131na, muhtemel yeni vir\u00fcs ve toksin olu\u015fumuna neden olabilirler. Ayn\u0131 zamanda genetik zenginlik i\u00e7in de tehdit olu\u015ftururlar.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koronavir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00e7ok insana bula\u015farak, \u00f6l\u00fcmlere yol a\u00e7mamas\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli \u201cba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sistemi zay\u0131f olanlar, kronik hastalar ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n, onlar kendini daha \u00e7ok korusun<\/em>\u201d uyar\u0131lar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Ekolojik sistemler insan\u0131, hayvan\u0131, bakterisi, vir\u00fcs\u00fc t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131yla bir b\u00fct\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn talan ve tahribat\u0131, canl\u0131lar\u0131n metaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek kar arac\u0131 haline getirilmesi, bug\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sorunlar\u0131n temel sebebidir. K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin tahribiyle vir\u00fcsler, a\u00e7\u0131lan yeni konaklama ve ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda mutasyona u\u011frayarak salg\u0131nlara sebep oluyorlar. Yarat\u0131lan bu sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k ortamda da ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k zay\u0131flamas\u0131, kronik hastal\u0131klar vs. ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. G\u00f6kdelenlerin, plazalar\u0131n ve AVM\u2019lerin hemen yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015flayan yoksulluk ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak g\u0131das\u0131zl\u0131k, sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k ve meslek hastal\u0131klar\u0131, kronik hastal\u0131klardaki art\u0131\u015f, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k azalmas\u0131 bu s\u00fcrecin sonucudur. Koronavir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131ndaki h\u0131zl\u0131 vaka art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sebebi de budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bitirirken; elbette evde kalaca\u011f\u0131z ama ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131za da sessiz kalmayaca\u011f\u0131z. Vir\u00fcs salg\u0131n\u0131ndan \u00f6len ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7en rakamlar asl\u0131nda kapitalist \u00fcretimin bir sonucudur. Kapitalizm i\u015f\u00e7iler, emek\u00e7iler ve yoksul halk kitleleri i\u00e7in sadece emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131yor, do\u011fay\u0131 da tahrip ediyor ve vir\u00fcs salg\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran bir zemin haz\u0131rl\u0131yor. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n vir\u00fcslerle birlikte ya\u015famas\u0131 ekolojinin do\u011fal dengesinin gere\u011fidir ama al\u0131nmayan \u00f6nlemlerle milyonlarca insan\u0131n enfekte olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an kapitalizm vir\u00fcs\u00fc ile birlikte sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kalmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir salg\u0131n atlat\u0131lsa bile yenileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecektir. Hem do\u011fan\u0131n dengesini bozarak salg\u0131n hastal\u0131kar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesine ve bir k\u0131y\u0131ma yol a\u00e7an hem de salg\u0131n s\u0131ras\u0131nda tedbir almaktan ka\u00e7\u0131narak milyonlarca emek\u00e7iyi s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na teslim ederek \u201cen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan ayakta kal\u0131r\u201d mantalitesine g\u00f6re bir yol se\u00e7en kapitalist sistem y\u0131k\u0131lmadan insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla m\u00fccadelesi ancak ge\u00e7ici kazan\u0131mlar sa\u011flayabilir. Bunlar\u0131 asla tarihe g\u00f6memez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Bak\u0131rc\u0131, \u00c7. M. (2015) \u201cD\u00fcnya \u00dczerinde Ka\u00e7 T\u00fcr Var?\u201d, https:\/\/evrimagaci.org\/dunya-uzerinde-kac-tur-var-3602<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Karaku\u015f, Do\u011fu’dan Gelen \u00d6l\u00fcm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Ak\u0131n, L. (tarih yok) \u201cTarihte G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flen Bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 Hastal\u0131klardan Al\u0131nan Dersler\u201d, http:\/\/www.halksagligi.hacettepe.edu.tr\/duyurular\/tarihtekibulasicihastaliklar.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> T\u00fcrk Toraks Derne\u011fi (2020) \u201c1918 \u0130spanyol Gribi salg\u0131n\u0131 ve Biz\u201d, https:\/\/www.toraks.org.tr\/halk\/News.aspx?detail=5787<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> Ceyhan, M. (2006) \u201cAvian influenza (ku\u015f gribi, tavuk vebas\u0131): ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir salg\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan\u201d,  http:\/\/www.cshd.org.tr\/uploads\/pdf_CSH_195.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> Dizbay, M. (tarih yok) \u201cGrip ve Ku\u015f Gribi\u201d, https:\/\/www.klimik.org.tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/02\/982011163855-mi6efeF7cEfp.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> TTB (2009) \u201cDomuz gribi hakk\u0131nda en \u00e7ok sorulan sorular\u201d,  https:\/\/www.ttb.org.tr\/h1n1\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=111&Itemid=132<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> Soyluo\u011flu, B. (2015) \u201cMers\u201d, http:\/\/bilheal.bilkent.edu.tr\/aykonu\/ay2015\/mers\/mers.htm<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> Biyolojik Silahlar\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esi (tarih yok) https:\/\/www.biyologlar.com\/biyolojik-silahlarin-tarihcesi<\/a> veya https:\/\/www.afad.gov.tr\/kbrn\/biyolojik-silahlarin-tarihcesi<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> Bak\u0131rc\u0131, \u00c7. M. (2020) \u201cCOVID-19 Koronavir\u00fcs Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2)\u201d, https:\/\/evrimagaci.org\/covid19-koronavirus-hastaligi-2019ncov-sarscov2-8217<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Diken (2019) \u201cBM raporu: 1 milyondan fazla bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcr\u00fc yok olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya\u201d, http:\/\/www.diken.com.tr\/bm-raporu-1-milyondan-fazla-bitki-ve-hayvan-turu-yok-olma-tehlikesiyle-karsi-karsiya\/<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> TC Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (2019) \u201cLassa Ate\u015fi\u201d, https:\/\/www.seyahatsagligi.gov.tr\/site\/HastalikDetay\/Lassa-Atesi<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> Davis, Mike, Ku\u015f Gribi: Kap\u0131m\u0131zdaki Canavar, Aagora Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, sf. 69<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Qui, J. (2020) \u201c\u00c7in’in “Yarasa Kad\u0131n”\u0131, SARS’tan Yeni Koronavir\u00fcse Kadar \u00c7ok Say\u0131da Vir\u00fcs\u00fc Nas\u0131l Avlad\u0131?\u201d, https:\/\/evrimagaci.org\/cinin-yarasa-kadini-sarstan-yeni-koronaviruse-kadar-cok-sayida-virusu-nasil-avladi-8504?utm_source=evrimagaci&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=as-onesignal<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Staph: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck deri enfeksiyonlar\u0131na neden olurken kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eklem, kemik, akci\u011fer veya kalbinizi etkilediyse \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> Davis, M. (2009) \u201cKapitalizm ve Grip\u201d, http:\/\/m.bianet.org\/biamag\/print\/114399-kapitalizm-ve-grip<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> Davis, Ku\u015f Gribi, sf. 111-115.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> Rendering: Estetikya da temizlik ile alakal\u0131 nedenlerle insan yiyece\u011fi olamayacak g\u0131da maddeleri,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

kuru y\u00f6ntem ile prosese t\u00e2bi tutulurlar. Bu proses, maddenin buhar \u00e7eperli bir kazan i\u00e7erisinde neminin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 anda ya\u011f h\u00fccrelerinden ya\u011f sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Batch (kesik) ya da Continuas (s\u00fcrekli) bir proses olabilir. Madde \u00f6nce \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr, sonra ya\u011f\u0131 salmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ve nem muhtevas\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r, serbest ya\u011f\u0131 ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr ve daha sonra bu a\u015famada \u201ck\u0131k\u0131rdak\u201d ya da \u201ckuru rendering tank\u0131 tortusu<\/em>\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan kat\u0131lar preslenerek ya\u011f al\u0131n\u0131r. K\u0131k\u0131rdaklar et ya da kemik unu yapmak \u00fczere ileri \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrler. Kuru rendering prosesinin bir ba\u015fka t\u00fcr\u00fc de maddenin d\u00fczg\u00fcnce kesilmesi, s\u0131cak ya\u011f ile ak\u0131\u015fkanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bir veya daha fazla buharla\u015ft\u0131rma a\u015famas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irerek buharla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 yenilemeyen \u00fcr\u00fcn rendering i\u015flemleri \u0131slak olarak da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilirler. Bunlar genel olarak s\u00fcrekli prosesler olup, yenebilir \u00fcr\u00fcnlere uygulanan prosesle benzerlikler g\u00f6sterirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> Ay\u00e7i\u00e7ek, H. ve H. T. Aktan (2001) \u201cDeli Dana Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, T\u00fcrk Hij. Den. Biyol. Dergisi, 58(3): 119-128, https:\/\/www.journalagent.com\/turkhijyen\/pdfs\/THDBD_58_3_119_128.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, A. E. (2017) \u201cPamukta GDO yalanlar\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ekler\u201d, https:\/\/www.dunya.com\/kose-yazisi\/pamukta-gdo-yalanlari-ve-gercekler\/381373<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> ZMO (2005) \u201cA\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n da Geneti\u011fi De\u011fi\u015ftiriliyor\u201d, http:\/\/www.zmo.org.tr\/genel\/bizden_detay.php?kod=413&tipi=24&sube=0<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f organizmalar ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine etkileri (tarih yok) http:\/\/www.obi.bilkent.edu.tr\/bultenorta\/ekoilk02062017.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.04.2020)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sedat Ba\u015fkavak D\u00fcnya bir ekosistem ve milyonlarca canl\u0131 ile birlikte ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00c7evre Program\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda 80 \u00fclkeden 2700 bilim insan\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada d\u00fcnyada 8,7 milyon \u00f6karyotik (karma\u015f\u0131k, geli\u015fmi\u015f, zarl\u0131 h\u00fccre yap\u0131l\u0131) canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn, 100 milyondan fazla da (baz\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalara g\u00f6re birka\u00e7 milyar) prokaryotik (basit\/zars\u0131z h\u00fccre yap\u0131l\u0131) canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda her y\u0131l ortalama 15000 yeni canl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1225,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,394,346],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1224","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-yazilar","category-ekoloji","category-sedat-baskavak"],"yoast_head":"\nKoronovir\u00fcs, kapitalizm ve ekosistem<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/05\/02\/koronovirus-kapitalizm-ve-ekosistem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Koronovir\u00fcs, kapitalizm ve ekosistem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Sedat Ba\u015fkavak D\u00fcnya bir ekosistem ve milyonlarca canl\u0131 ile birlikte ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. 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