{"id":1152,"date":"2020-04-01T23:21:25","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T20:21:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/?p=1152"},"modified":"2023-01-18T12:30:55","modified_gmt":"2023-01-18T09:30:55","slug":"ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/","title":{"rendered":"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

Arif Ko\u015far <\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

1. G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Robotlar, yapay zeka, big data, nesnelerin interneti, otonom ara\u00e7lar, sanal asistanlar, 3D bask\u0131, artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7eklik gibi teknolojilerle mevcut i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n makineler taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 fikri giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fan, hatta anaak\u0131m haline gelen bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f. Robotlar ve yapay zekaya dayanan otomasyonun etkisi pop\u00fcler medya, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k raporlar\u0131[1]<\/a> ve bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda[2]<\/a> yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Buna g\u00f6re i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yok olacak, yap\u0131sal olarak y\u00fcksek i\u015fsizlik (hatta \u201ci\u015fin sonu<\/em>\u201d) kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015facak, medyan \u00fccretler d\u00fc\u015fecek ve artan gelir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi ile distopik bir gelecek ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr sonu\u00e7larla, daha ileri otomasyonun uzun vadede ekonomik ve sosyal olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez olaca\u011f\u0131 ifade ediliyor.[3]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Facebook \u015firketinin eski m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerinden Antonio Garcia Martinez\u2019in \u201cd\u00fcnyay\u0131 bekleyen fel\u00e2kete haz\u0131rlanmak \u00fczere<\/em>\u201d bir ada sat\u0131n al\u0131p inzivaya \u00e7ekilmesinin gerek\u00e7esi teknolojinin b\u00f6yle bir gelece\u011fi ad\u0131m ad\u0131m getirdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi. Martinez, \u201cD\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelecek 5-10 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde neye benzeyece\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. \u015eu an size inan\u0131lmaz gibi gelen \u015feyler \u00e7ok yak\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek olacak<\/em>\u201d diyerek \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u201cGelecek 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131 i\u015fsiz olacak. \u0130\u015fler \u00e7irkinle\u015febilir. Medeniyet tamamen \u00e7\u00f6kebilir.<\/em>\u201d[4]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Baz\u0131 teknoloji tekellerinin s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri de benzer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri payla\u015f\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin robotlar taraf\u0131ndan mevcut i\u015flerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla buna bir \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen eski Microsoft CEO\u2019su Bill Gates, \u015firketlerden robot ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131nacak bir vergi \u00f6nerdi. Robot vergisi ile robot kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n avantajlar\u0131n\u0131n azalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve insanlar\u0131n i\u015fsiz kalmalar\u0131n\u0131n engellenebilece\u011fini ifade etti. Bu vergi ile olu\u015fan fonun, i\u015fsiz kalanlar\u0131n sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve yeni beceriler edinmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi.[5]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Robot ve yapay zeka uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleri ortadan kald\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 fikrinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir sonucu k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fimin itici g\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00f6znesi olan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da yok olaca\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131d\u0131r. Yine i\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin olduk\u00e7a azald\u0131\u011f\u0131, toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n temel gelir deste\u011fi ile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015flerin robotlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kapitalizmin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunulmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu pop\u00fcler gelecek tasavvurlar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli dayana\u011f\u0131 ise teknolojinin mevcut i\u015fler \u00fczerindeki etkilerini analiz eden tek yanl\u0131 ve teknoloji feti\u015fizminden muzdarip ara\u015ft\u0131rmalard\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda teknoloji neredeyse tanr\u0131sal ve her \u015feyi belirleyen bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak ele al\u0131nmakta, teknolojinin ba\u011fr\u0131nda \u015fekillendi\u011fi kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri, di\u011fer toplumsal ili\u015fkiler ve kurumsal ba\u011flam g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece p\u00fcr\u00fczs\u00fcz bir d\u00fcnyada ya\u015fama ge\u00e7ti\u011fi varsay\u0131lan robot ve yapay zeka uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flerin \u00e7o\u011funu -hatta t\u00fcm i\u015fleri- ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in neredeyse hi\u00e7bir engel bulunmamaktad\u0131r.[6]<\/a> Ancak gerek robotlar gerek de di\u011fer dijital teknolojilerin \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin genel e\u011filim, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve \u00e7eli\u015fkilerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fildir. Robotlar \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde dahil olduklar\u0131 kadar, bu dahil olu\u015f belirli \u00fclke ve sekt\u00f6rlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer \u00fclke ve sekt\u00f6rlere yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131salla\u015fm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve tahakk\u00fcm ili\u015fkileri engel olarak durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu makalenin ana konusu anaak\u0131m robot ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardaki genel yakla\u015f\u0131m ve somut y\u00f6ntemsel unsurlar\u0131n analizidir. Bu kapsamda makalenin ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde anaak\u0131m robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisini ele alan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ili\u015fkin genel bilgiler verilecektir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n toplumsal ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 soyutlayarak yok sayan ve sadece teknolojik kapasiteye odaklanan yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 teknolojik determinizm <\/em>ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilecektir. Genel yakla\u015f\u0131m analiz edildikten sonra ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n y\u00f6ntemsel unsurlar\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise bahsedilen olgulara dayanarak anaak\u0131m robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc oldu\u011fu, toplumsal olgu, e\u011filim ve s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti\u011fi ve b\u00f6ylece a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 abart\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 savunulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

2. ANAAKIM ROBOT-\u0130ST\u0130HDAM \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130S\u0130 ANAL\u0130ZLER\u0130<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Otomasyonun istihdam \u00fczerindeki etkisini de\u011ferlendiren ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da referans alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Frey ve Osborne\u2019un makalesi gelmektedir.<\/a>[7]<\/a> \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada ABD \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma departman\u0131 i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i bir hizmet olan O*Net’in 2010 verileri kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu veriler ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 i\u015f tan\u0131mlar\u0131na sahip 900’den fazla meslek i\u00e7ermektedir ve bu meslekler daha sonra, \u00fccret ve di\u011fer kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, Standart Mesleki S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma’ya ait 702 mesle\u011fe uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[8]<\/a> Frey ve Osborne i\u015flerin otomasyon olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek i\u00e7in Oxford \u00dcniversitesi M\u00fchendislik Bilimleri B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fczenlenen bir at\u00f6lye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6revlerin otomasyon olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen bir grup uzman\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeleri kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk ad\u0131mda uzmanlar, tamamen otomatik olan veya hi\u00e7 otomatik olmayan 702 meslekten 70’ini se\u00e7mi\u015f ve \u00f6znel de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcbjektif de\u011ferlendirmeler daha sonra di\u011fer 632 mesle\u011fin otomasyon olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her meslek i\u00e7in y\u00fczde 0 ile 100 aras\u0131nda otomasyon olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011feri belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya dayanarak, yazarlar g\u00f6reli otomasyon olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na (risk) g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 meslek grubu olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r: d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck risk (y\u00fczde 30’dan az), orta risk (y\u00fczde 30 ila 70 aras\u0131nda) ve y\u00fcksek risk (y\u00fczde 70’ten fazla).[9]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Anaak\u0131m otomasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn referans verdi\u011fi bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re ABD toplam istihdam\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 47’si y\u00fcksek risk<\/em> kategorisindedir. Buna g\u00f6re on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde (yani yakla\u015f\u0131k 2030\u2019da) ya da nispeten daha yak\u0131n bir zamanda bu i\u015fler yapay zeka ve robotlar taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.[10]<\/a> Buna g\u00f6re ilk bilgisayarla\u015fma dalgas\u0131nda, ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k ve lojistik mesleklerindeki \u00e7o\u011fu i\u015f\u00e7inin, ofis ve idari destek i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ve imalat mesleklerindeki i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yerini robotlar ve yapay zeka uygulamalar\u0131 alacakt\u0131r. Sens\u00f6rlerin azalan maliyeti sayesinde geli\u015fmi\u015f sens\u00f6rlere sahip ara\u00e7lar giderek daha uygun maliyetli hale geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in ula\u015f\u0131m ve lojistik mesleklerinin otomasyonu h\u0131zlanacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, b\u00fcy\u00fck veri algoritmalar\u0131 bilgilerin depolanmas\u0131na veya eri\u015filmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131na h\u0131zla girecek, bu da ofis ve idari destek mesleklerinin bilgisayarla\u015fmaya tabi olmas\u0131n\u0131 daha olanakl\u0131 hale getirecektir. End\u00fcstriyel robotlar, duyu ve el becerisi ile daha geli\u015fmi\u015f hale geldik\u00e7e, rutin olmayan manuel g\u00f6revlerin daha geni\u015f bir kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek, b\u00f6ylece imalat mesleklerinde istihdam h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde azalacakt\u0131r. Frey ve Osborne\u2019a g\u00f6re daha \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olan\u0131, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta, hizmet, sat\u0131\u015f ve in\u015faat mesleklerindeki istihdam\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek bilgisayarla\u015fma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6stermesidir. Bu bulgular, yazarlara g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde belgelenmi\u015f, son teknolojik geli\u015fmelerle uyumludur.[11]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Grafik-1:<\/strong> Frey ve Osborne\u2019un Makalesinde ABD\u2019de Mesleklerin Otomasyon Riski<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Frey ve Osborne, The Future of Employment (2017), sf. 267.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Grafik-1\u2019de ABD\u2019de \u00e7e\u015fitli sekt\u00f6r ve meslek alanlar\u0131n\u0131n otomatize edilme riski g\u00f6sterilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re y\u00f6netim, i\u015fletme; bilgisayar, m\u00fchendislik, bilim alan\u0131; e\u011fitim, hukuk, ileti\u015fim, sanat, medya ve sa\u011fl\u0131k gibi meslek alanlar\u0131 grafi\u011fin sol k\u0131sm\u0131nda daha geni\u015f bir alan kaplamaktad\u0131r, yani otomatize edilme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck risk<\/em>\u201dlidir. \u0130stihdam\u0131n y\u00fczde 33\u2019\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck risk, y\u00fczde 19\u2019u orta risk b\u00f6lgesindedir. Hizmetler, sat\u0131\u015f i\u015fleri, ofis ve y\u00f6netici asistanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fcretim ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k gibi alanlardaki i\u015fler grafi\u011fin sa\u011f taraf\u0131nda daha hacimli bir bi\u00e7imde temsil edilmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Frey ve Osborne\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re ABD\u2019deki toplam istihdam\u0131n y\u00fczde 47\u2019si y\u00fczde 70\u2019in \u00fczerinde otomatize edilme riski (y\u00fcksek risk) alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Frey ve Osborne’un analiz y\u00f6ntemi, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerde otomasyonun olas\u0131 etkilerini \u00f6l\u00e7mek \u00fczere kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bonin ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re, Almanya’daki y\u00fcksek otomasyon riski alt\u0131ndaki mesleklerin oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 42’dir.[12]<\/a> ABD ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fcksek risk alt\u0131ndaki istihdam Almanya\u2019da daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kullanan Avrupa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce kurulu\u015fu Bruegel\u2019in analizine g\u00f6re Avrupa\u2019daki i\u015flerin y\u00fczde 40 ila 60\u2019\u0131 robot, yapay zeka ve makine \u00f6\u011frenmesi gibi kilit teknolojilerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131yla ortadan kalkacakt\u0131r. Otomasyondan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck vas\u0131fl\u0131 i\u015flerin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler daha fazla etkilenecektir. Buna g\u00f6re Almanya\u2019da i\u015flerin y\u00fczde 51.12\u2019si, Romanya\u2019da ise y\u00fczde 61.93\u2019\u00fc ortadan kalkacakt\u0131r. Bu oranlar Fransa\u2019da 49.54, Hollanda\u2019da 49.50, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019ta 47.17, \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te 46.69 iken G\u00fcney ve Do\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde daha y\u00fcksektir: Portekiz\u2019de 58.94, H\u0131rvatistan\u2019da 57.91, Bulgaristan\u2019da 56.56, Yunanistan\u2019da 56.47, \u0130talya\u2019da 56.18, \u0130spanya\u2019da 55.32.<\/a>[13]<\/a> Benzer bir y\u00f6ntemi kullanan David (2017) Japonya\u2019da i\u015flerin y\u00fczde 55\u2019inin robotlar ve bilgisayarlar taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir.[14]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

PwC taraf\u0131ndan 29 \u00fclkede yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re otomasyon dalgas\u0131ndan en \u00e7ok etkilenecek olan \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Slovakya, Slovenya, Litvanya ve \u00c7ekya gelmekte, onu ABD, Fransa, Almanya ve Avusturya takip etmektedir. En az etkilenecek olanlar ise Kore, Finlandiya, Yunanistan, Rusya ve Japonya\u2019d\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 otomasyon dalgas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130lki 2020\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek ve i\u015flerin y\u00fczde 2-3\u2019\u00fc, ikincisi 2020\u2019lerin sonuna kadar s\u00fcrecek ve istihdam\u0131n y\u00fczde 20\u2019si, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise 2030\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrecek ve istihdam\u0131n y\u00fczde 30\u2019u \u00fczerinde etkide bulunacakt\u0131r.[15]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n ortak sonucu birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde i\u015flerin robot ve yapay zeka uygulamalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yok edilece\u011fi ve n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 -mesela yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131- kapsayan bir teknolojik i\u015fsizlik sorununun ba\u015f g\u00f6sterece\u011fi, buna ili\u015fkin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda konu edilmemekle birlikte bu sonu\u00e7lar n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ile\u015ftirilmesine ve \u00fcretilen art\u0131-de\u011fere el konulmas\u0131na dayanan kapitalizmden i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n giderek marjinalize oldu\u011fu bir t\u00fcr \u201crobot kapitalizmi<\/em>\u201d ya da \u201cdijital kapitalizm<\/em>\u201de ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rt\u00fck ya da a\u00e7\u0131k olarak i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

3. TEKNOLOJ<\/strong><\/a>\u0130K DETERM\u0130N\u0130ZM<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Frey ve Osborne, makalelerinin son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmektedir:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cTahminlerimizin, bilgisayar kontroll\u00fc ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi beklenen g\u00f6revler hakk\u0131ndaki varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n geni\u015fletilmesine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat edilmelidir. Bu nedenle, teknolojik kapasite a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, potansiyel olarak bilgisayar sermayesi ile ikame edilebilecek istihdam pay\u0131n\u0131n kesin bir zaman vermeden tahmin edilmesine odaklan\u0131yoruz. Ka\u00e7 i\u015fin ger\u00e7ekten otomatize edilece\u011fini tahmin etmek \u00fczere bir giri\u015fimde bulunmuyoruz.<\/em>\u201d[16]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rma teknik uzmanlar\u0131n 72 meslek \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6znel de\u011ferlendirmelere ve bunlar\u0131n 702 mesle\u011fe geni\u015fletilmesine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Sadece i\u015flerin ve otomasyonun teknik \u00f6zellikleri ile ilgidirler. Ne kadar i\u015fin \u201cger\u00e7ekten otomatize edilece\u011fini tahmin etmek \u00fczere bir giri\u015fim<\/em>\u201dleri yoktur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, zaten, teknolojinin i\u00e7inde hareket etti\u011fi ba\u011flam\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi\u011fi kabul edilmektedir. Frey ve Osborne ile ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kullanan Pajarinen ve Rouvinen <\/a>de ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda \u015funu ifade etmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cYakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z, meslekler i\u00e7indeki g\u00f6revlerin i\u00e7eri\u011finin ve mesleklerin bile\u015fiminin s\u00fcrekli bir de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu dikkate almaz. Ayr\u0131ca, mesleki yap\u0131daki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri engelleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7leri de g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eder. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler en az\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakileri i\u00e7erir: yasalar ve y\u00f6netmelikler, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ve standartlar, tutumlar ve de\u011ferler, ayr\u0131ca politikalar\u0131 etkileyen \u2018d\u00fcn\u00fcn kazananlar\u0131n\u0131n\u2019 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131 ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 kurumsal de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri uygulamadaki zorluklar.<\/em>\u201d[17]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130ki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada da \u00e7ok say\u0131da toplumsal, ekonomik ve politik etkenin g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi\u011fi, sadece teknik kapasite a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mesleklerin gelece\u011fine dair \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcde bulunuldu\u011fu ifade edilse de bunun \u00f6tesinde sonu\u00e7lara varmaktan imtina edilmemi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u201cger\u00e7ekten otomatize edilecek i\u015flerin say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek \u00fczere bir giri\u015fimde bulunmad\u0131k<\/em>\u201d ifadesine ra\u011fmen \u201ctahminlerimize g\u00f6re ABD\u2019nin toplam istihdam\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 47\u2019si y\u00fcksek risk alt\u0131nda … bunlar muhtemelen \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on ya da yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, otomatize edilmesini bekledi\u011fimiz i\u015fler<\/em>\u201d denmektedir.[18]<\/a> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sadece teknik bir analiz yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, toplumsal olgular\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ettiklerini belirten yazarlar, tam da bu toplumsal olgularla do\u011frudan ilgili ve onlar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde belirlenen bir konuda, \u201c\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki on ya da yirmi y\u0131l i\u00e7inde otomatize edilmesini bekledi\u011fimiz i\u015fler<\/em>\u201d diyerek neredeyse kesin bir yarg\u0131ya varmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu onlar\u0131n teknolojiye liberal bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle teknolojik determinizmlerinin sonucudur. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re teknik olarak bir i\u015fin robotlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lma ihtimali ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda, o i\u015fin robotlara devredilmesi sadece bir zaman sorunudur. Bu t\u00fcr bir analizin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunu teknolojiyi, i\u00e7inde geli\u015fti\u011fi ve uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flamdan, kapitalist \u00e7eli\u015fki ve \u00e7\u0131karlardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir bi\u00e7imde ele almas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Buna g\u00f6re ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir de\u011fi\u015fken olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen teknoloji i\u015fleri ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecini ve t\u00fcm ekonomiyi ba\u015ftan sonra yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Oysa teknoloji, kapitalizmde bilim insanlar\u0131 ve m\u00fchendislerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda insanl\u0131\u011fa sunulan bir \u201carma\u011fan<\/em>\u201d de\u011fildir. Teknolojik bilgi, genel olarak bilim insanlar\u0131 ve m\u00fchendislerce, \u00f6zellikle tekellerin sahip oldu\u011fu, kapitalist Ar-Ge laboratuvarlar\u0131nda \u00fccretli olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim insanlar\u0131 ve m\u00fchendislerce \u00fcretilmektedir. Yani kendisi de kademelere b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir \u00fcretim olan bilim ve teknoloji \u00fcretimi \u00fcretken sermayenin bir etkinli\u011fidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sermaye birikiminin, art\u0131-de\u011fer \u00fcretim dinami\u011finin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, bundan muaf bir \u00fcretim de\u011fildir, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir de\u011fi\u015fken hi\u00e7 de\u011fildir. Aksine bir sanayi kolu gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse, bu sanayi kolunu devindiren sermaye birikiminin kendisidir.[19]<\/a> \u00dcretilen teknik bilgi sermaye taraf\u0131ndan patent yani tekel alt\u0131na al\u0131nmakta, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u015fka \u00fclke ve akt\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 engellenmektedir. Ancak sermaye birikim stratejisinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak bu bilgi uygulamaya ge\u00e7irilip ticarile\u015ftirilmektedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla teknolojik bilgi ve onun ileri bir uygulamas\u0131 olarak robotlar ve yapay zeka uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 sermaye birikiminin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fil tam olarak ona ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. Onun taraf\u0131ndan ko\u015fullanmakta, h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmakta ya da s\u0131n\u0131rlanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkileri, istihdam \u00fczerindeki etkileri ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir teknolojik geli\u015fmenin de\u011fil, sermaye birikiminin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 temelindeki teknolojik geli\u015fmenin d\u00f6n\u00fcp yine sermaye birikimi \u00fczerindeki etkisidir. Ancak bu etki \u00fctopik bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015flerin ya da genel olarak eme\u011fin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 ya da marjinalize olmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde de\u011fil yine sermaye birikiminin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bir sonraki b\u00f6l\u00fcmde daha somut \u00f6rneklerle konu ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sermaye birikiminin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ve bununla ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak robot ve yapay zeka gibi ileri teknoloji uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fama ge\u00e7mesinde ba\u015fka d\u00fczeylerdeki toplumsal ili\u015fkiler de etkilidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin etik ya da yasal engeller olabilir. S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcz otomobil bir yayaya \u00e7arp\u0131p ya\u015fam\u0131na mal oldu\u011funda y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn nas\u0131l da\u011f\u0131t\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmemi\u015f etik ve yasal sorunlar i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu engellerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilirken teknolojilerin yay\u0131lma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yava\u015flatmaktad\u0131r. Boston Consulting Group’a g\u00f6re, s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcz ara\u00e7lar\u0131n pay\u0131 2035 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar y\u00fczde 10’a ula\u015facakt\u0131r ve bu olduk\u00e7a yava\u015f bir de\u011fi\u015fim h\u0131z\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir di\u011fer husus, makinelerin aksine insanlar taraf\u0131ndan belirli g\u00f6rev ve hizmetlerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir toplumsal tercihin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, hizmet robotlar\u0131 gelecekte bu meslekleri giderek daha fazla tamamlasalar bile, ya\u015fl\u0131lar i\u00e7in bak\u0131m veya genel olarak bak\u0131m emek yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rler olarak kalabilir.[20]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Uber\u2019in yasaklanmas\u0131 yine ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rnektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de taksiciler her g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri Uber s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fcne sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve giderek \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz hale getirmi\u015ftir. 2019 Yerel Se\u00e7imleri \u00f6ncesinde iktidar partisi oy hesab\u0131yla taksi esnaf\u0131n\u0131n talep ve bask\u0131lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda Uber uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ne Frey ve Osborne\u2019un makalesinde ne de robot ve emek ikamesini analiz eden \u00fcretim fonksiyonlar\u0131nda bir teknolojik yenili\u011fin taksi \u015fof\u00f6rlerinin kaba daya\u011f\u0131 ile engellenmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez. Ancak, hatalar\u0131 taksici daya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmekle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildir. G\u00f6z ard\u0131 ettikleri \u015fey bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak robotlar\u0131n ve genel olarak teknolojinin ba\u011fr\u0131nda geli\u015fti\u011fi sermaye birikimi, bunun yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7eli\u015fki ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, maliyetler, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn niteli\u011fi, fiyat\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc dahil toplumsal ili\u015fkiler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kendisidir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

4. Y\u00d6NTEMSEL SORUNLAR<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

4.1. Sermaye Birikimi ve Ekonomik K\u0131s\u0131tlar\u0131n G\u00f6z Ard\u0131 Edilmesi<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130malat sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015f, teknik olarak robotlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 nedeniyle robotlara devredilemez. Bu yeterli ko\u015ful de\u011fildir. Frey ve Osborne\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ise teknik olana\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fin ortadan kalkmas\u0131 i\u00e7in -zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak- yeterli bulmaktad\u0131r, ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m d\u00fcnyadaki en temel olgularla bile \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki Zara, C&A, H&M, S. Oliver, Tommy, Levis, GAP vb. uluslararas\u0131 tekeller y\u00fcksek teknoloji ve robotlarla kendi \u00fclkelerinde \u00e7ok daha az say\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7i istihdam ederek \u00fcretim yapabilecek teknik olanaklara sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u00fcretimini ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir.[21]<\/a> Teknik olas\u0131l\u0131k ve kapasite sermayenin birikim ve maksimum kar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r ve buna uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece teknik kapasite uygulanmayan bir kapasite olarak kalmak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Robotlar\u0131n \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n iki temel amac\u0131ndan bahsedilebilir. \u0130lki, robot kullan\u0131m\u0131 birim \u00fcr\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131na maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek verimlili\u011fi ve \u00fcr\u00fcn kalitesini artt\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130kincisi ise i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ve direni\u015flerine yani s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesine kar\u015f\u0131 sermayenin verdi\u011fi tepkilerden birisidir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalizminin rekabet bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda sermaye ancak maliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda i\u015fyerindeki robot yo\u011funlu\u011funu artt\u0131rmay\u0131 tercih eder.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

D\u00fcnya genelinde 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni kurulan robotlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 74’\u00fc be\u015f \u00fclkede kuruldu. \u00c7in, Japonya, ABD, G\u00fcney Kore ve Almanya. Bu \u00fclkeler ayn\u0131 zamanda otomotiv, elektronik, metal ve kimya sekt\u00f6rlerinin en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerdir. \u00d6zellikle otomotiv ve elektronik sanayi mevcut robot sto\u011funun \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmektedir.[22]<\/a> D\u00fcnyada kurulu robotlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 39\u2019\u00fc \u00c7in, y\u00fczde 11,1\u2019i G\u00fcney Kore, y\u00fczde 11\u2019i Kuzey Amerika, y\u00fczde 10,3\u2019\u00fc Japonya ve yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 9\u2019u Almanya\u2019da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Latin Amerika (y\u00fczde 1), Afrika (y\u00fczde 2\u2019nin alt\u0131nda) ve Orta Asya\u2019da (y\u00fczde 4.2) robot kullan\u0131m\u0131 olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluktad\u0131r.[23]<\/a> Bu durum hem sekt\u00f6rel farkl\u0131l\u0131klarla hem de yer yer 100 kat\u0131 a\u015fan yap\u0131sal \u00fccret farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, yani emperyalist tahakk\u00fcm ili\u015fkileri ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bir\u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rde hen\u00fcz robot ve kurulum maliyetleri, sekt\u00f6rel \u00fcretimin yap\u0131s\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayacak durumda de\u011fildir.[24]<\/a> Bu nedenle \u00f6zellikle sabit sermaye yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck ve uluslararas\u0131 tekellerin belirleyici oldu\u011fu otomotiv, elektronik, metal ve kimya gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde robot kullan\u0131m\u0131 yo\u011fundur. Tekstil ve ayakkab\u0131 gibi sekt\u00f6rlerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli, sigortas\u0131z, sendikas\u0131z ve olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretle Banglade\u015f, Vietnam, T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00fclkelerde \u00fcretim yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, bu i\u015fletmelerin robot ile \u00fcretim yapmay\u0131 tercih etmemesi ola\u011fand\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sipari\u015f \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan binlerce k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli i\u015fletmenin robot maliyetini kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Tam da bu nedenle tekstil, deri, ah\u015fap malzeme \u00fcretimi, in\u015faat gibi alanlarda robot kullan\u0131m\u0131 olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

4.2. Ger\u00e7ek \u0130\u015flere De\u011fil Soyut Meslek Tan\u0131mlar\u0131na Odaklan\u0131lma<\/strong><\/a>s\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Frey ve Osborne\u2019un \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 abart\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7larda sadece yap\u0131sal fakt\u00f6rleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmeleri de\u011fil, kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015ftan sona hatal\u0131 y\u00f6ntem de etkilidir. Analizlerinde i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek i\u015fleri de\u011fil genel mesleki kategorileri ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle otomasyon bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak mesleklerden ziyade belirli g\u00f6revleri otomatikle\u015ftirmeyi hedefler. Meslekler genellikle hepsi kolayca otomatikle\u015ftirilemeyen bir dizi g\u00f6revi kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, meslekleri otomatikle\u015ftirme potansiyeli, Frey ve Osborne’un izledi\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011finden \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00f6\u011fretmenlik mesle\u011fi sadece belirli bilgilerin \u00f6\u011frencilere aktar\u0131lmas\u0131na indirgenemez. \u00c7ok say\u0131da ba\u015fka g\u00f6revi de kapsar: \u00d6\u011frencilere sorular sorulmas\u0131, sorulara verilen cevab\u0131n analiz edilmesi, bunun \u00fczerinden yeni bir konu ya da sorunun ortaya at\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6\u011frencinin dikkati da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131ysa toparlamak i\u00e7in yarat\u0131c\u0131 giri\u015fimlerde bulunmak, e\u011fer anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hissedildiyse ba\u015fka bir bi\u00e7imde anlatmak, ebeveyniyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek gibi g\u00f6revler \u00f6\u011fretmenin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flerin sadece bir k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu onlarca farkl\u0131 i\u015f ve i\u015flevin her biri farkl\u0131 bir g\u00f6revi tan\u0131mlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6\u011fretmenlik mesle\u011finin otomatize edilmesinden \u00e7ok tek tek g\u00f6revlerin otomatize edilmesi s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. \u0130kincisi, mesleklerin, farkl\u0131 i\u015fyerlerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen g\u00f6revlerin heterojenli\u011fi olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. \u0130\u015fyeri baz\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imlerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden genel bir mesleki-teknik de\u011ferlendirme ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak abart\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.[25]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu y\u00f6ntemsel hatalar\u0131 tespit eden anak\u0131m ba\u015fka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Frey ve Osborne\u2019un vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 abart\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar ele\u015ftiri konusu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arntz ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmada Frey ve Osborne\u2019un kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir metodoloji kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda 21 OECD \u00fclkesindeki i\u015flerin otomasyon olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ederken mesleklerdeki g\u00f6revlerin heterojenli\u011fini hesaba katm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu kapsamda 21 OECD \u00fclkesinde ortalama olarak i\u015flerin sadece y\u00fczde 9’unun otomatikle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fini tahmin etmi\u015flerdir. Elde edilen sonu\u00e7lar, y\u00fcksek risk alt\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir paya sahip oldu\u011funu, ayn\u0131 zamanda OECD \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Kore\u2019de otomatikle\u015ftirilebilir i\u015flerin pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 6 iken, Almanya ve Avusturya\u2019da bu oran y\u00fczde 12 olarak bulunmu\u015ftur. \u00dclkeler aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar i\u015fyeri organizasyonu, otomasyon teknolojilerine yap\u0131lan \u00f6nceki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar ve \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimindeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 yans\u0131tabilir. Nedelkoska ve Quintini\u2019nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ise 32 OECD \u00fclkesinde mesleklerin y\u00fczde 14\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn mevcut teknolojik imk\u00e2nlara dayanarak otomatik hale getirilebilece\u011fi hesaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[26]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

4.3. Teknik Uzmanlar\u0131n Abart\u0131l\u0131 \u00d6znel Yorumlar\u0131<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Teknik uzmanlar\u0131n teknolojik olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6znel de\u011ferlendirme ve feti\u015fist bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla abartmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k rastlanan bir durumdur. \u00d6rne\u011fin yapay zeka \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunan Marvin Minsky, 1970\u00a0y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcde makinelerin 3 ya da 8 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde ortalama bir insan\u0131n genel zekas\u0131na sahip olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.[27]<\/a> Ancak Minsky\u2019nin konu\u015ftu\u011fu tarihin \u00fczerinden yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen insan zekas\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 zorlanmadan yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck ileti\u015fim kurma becerisine en geli\u015fmi\u015f yapay zeka uygulamalar\u0131 bile eri\u015febilmi\u015f durumda de\u011fildir. Teknik uzmanlar\u0131n bu t\u00fcr abart\u0131l\u0131 beklentilerine ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00f6rnek vermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Frey ve Osborne\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda uzmanlara, \u201cBu i\u015fin g\u00f6revlerinin, b\u00fcy\u00fck verinin kullan\u0131labilirli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, son teknolojiye sahip bilgisayar kontroll\u00fc ekipman taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131 yeterli bir bi\u00e7imde tan\u0131mlanabilir mi\u201d<\/em> sorusu sorulmu\u015ftur.[28]<\/a> Bu sorular kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uzmanlar\u0131n yeni teknolojilerin potansiyelini olduk\u00e7a abartt\u0131klar\u0131 rahat\u00e7a s\u00f6ylenebilir.[29]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Tablo-1:<\/strong> Frey ve Osborne\u2019un Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda Otomasyon Riski Y\u00fcksek Olan Meslekler<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Telepazarlamac\u0131<\/td>\r\n% 99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Diki\u015f\u00e7i<\/td>\r\n% 99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Matematik teknisyeni<\/td>\r\n% 99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Sigortac\u0131lar<\/td>\r\n% 99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Saat tamircileri<\/td>\r\n% 99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Kargocular<\/td>\r\n% 99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Veri giri\u015f g\u00f6revlileri<\/td>\r\n% 99<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Komisyoncular<\/td>\r\n% 98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Sipari\u015f alan g\u00f6revliler<\/td>\r\n% 98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Kredi g\u00f6revlileri<\/td>\r\n% 98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Sigorta eksperleri<\/td>\r\n% 98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Hakemler ve di\u011fer spor g\u00f6revlileri<\/td>\r\n% 98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Kredi analistleri<\/td>\r\n% 98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Modeller<\/td>\r\n% 98<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Emlak\u00e7\u0131lar<\/td>\r\n% 97<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Kamera tamircileri<\/td>\r\n% 97<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Kasiyerler<\/td>\r\n% 97<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ayakkab\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7isi<\/td>\r\n% 97<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
A\u015f\u00e7\u0131<\/td>\r\n% 96<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Sekreter ve y\u00f6netici asistan\u0131<\/td>\r\n% 96<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ofis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131<\/td>\r\n% 96<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Otel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131<\/td>\r\n% 94<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Garson<\/td>\r\n% 94<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rleri<\/td>\r\n% 93<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0130malat i\u015f\u00e7isi<\/td>\r\n% 92<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Tezgahtar<\/td>\r\n% 92<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Araba tamircisi<\/td>\r\n% 91<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0130nsan kaynaklar\u0131 asistan\u0131<\/td>\r\n% 90<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Taksi \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fc<\/td>\r\n% 89<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Tekstil i\u015f\u00e7isi<\/td>\r\n% 89<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
F\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131<\/td>\r\n% 89<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
\u0130n\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7isi<\/td>\r\n% 89<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Orman i\u015f\u00e7isi<\/td>\r\n% 87<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Kaynak:<\/strong> Frey ve Osborne, The Future of Employment (2017), sf. 269-278.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Frey ve Osborne\u2019un ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda, uzmanlar\u0131n verdikleri yan\u0131tlara g\u00f6re baz\u0131 mesleklerin otomatize edilme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Tablo-1\u2019den izlenebilir. Buna g\u00f6re sigortac\u0131, kargo i\u015f\u00e7isi, sigorta eksperi, model, emlak\u00e7\u0131, a\u015f\u00e7\u0131, ofis \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131, otel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131, garson ve kamyon \u015fof\u00f6rlerinin i\u015flerinin otomatize edilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131n \u00fczerindedir ve b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde i\u015fsiz kalacakt\u0131r. Frey ve Osborne ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak aradan ge\u00e7en 7 y\u0131lda kargo ya da ofis i\u015flerinin ya da oteldeki i\u015flerin robotlar ya da yapay zeka taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin herhangi bir emare, en az\u0131ndan \u015fimdilik, s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

De\u011ferlendirmeler teknik kapasite ve yetenekler temelinde teknik uzmanlar\u0131n analizlerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin yap\u0131salla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7eklikleri, ekonomik ve di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmekte, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ger\u00e7ek ya\u015famdan olduk\u00e7a uzak sonu\u00e7lara var\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

4.4. Teknik Potansiyel ile Ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin Kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

G\u00f6rev bazl\u0131 analiz meslek bazl\u0131 analizden daha makul olmakla birlikte yine de sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 yorumlamakta dikkatli olmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli nedenler vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu analizlerde de yine toplumsal ili\u015fkiler ba\u011flam\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde eksik ya da hatal\u0131d\u0131r. Birincisi, yakla\u015f\u0131m hala bu t\u00fcr teknolojilerin ger\u00e7ek kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ziyade teknolojik yetenekleri yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r ve bu da i\u015fin otomatikle\u015ftirilmesinin fazla tahmin edilmesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. \u0130kincisi, yeni teknolojiler daha fazla kullan\u0131lsa bile, bunun istihdam beklentileri \u00fczerindeki etkisi, i\u015fyerlerinin yeni bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne uyum sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, yeni teknolojilerle tamamlanan g\u00f6revleri giderek daha fazla yerine getirerek uyum sa\u011flayabilirler. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc, yakla\u015f\u0131m sadece mevcut i\u015fleri dikkate almaktad\u0131r. Bu teknolojilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yeni i\u015fler yaratacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle, i\u015fyerlerinin ilk bak\u0131\u015fta \u015f\u00fcphelenenden daha az \u201crisk alt\u0131nda<\/em>\u201d olmas\u0131 kesindir.[30]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Otomasyon potansiyeli ile ger\u00e7ek istihdam kay\u0131plar\u0131 birbirinden farkl\u0131 \u015feylerdir. \u00d6zellikle, belirli g\u00f6revlerin yerine getirilmesi i\u00e7in insanlardan ziyade makinelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin teknik olas\u0131l\u0131k, insanlar\u0131n makinelerle ikame edilmesinin ger\u00e7ek hayatta ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bir\u00e7ok durumda, b\u00f6yle bir de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi \u00f6nleyebilecek veya en az\u0131ndan h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yava\u015flatabilecek ekonomik, sosyolojik, yasal ve etik engeller vard\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, bu t\u00fcr engellerin yoklu\u011funda bile, i\u015f\u00e7iler g\u00f6revleri g\u00fcncelleyerek makineler ve insanlar aras\u0131ndaki yeni bir i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne uyum sa\u011flayabilirler. Mesela, ge\u00e7mi\u015f bilgisayarla\u015fma ile yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00e7o\u011fu, meslekler aras\u0131ndaki istihdam paylar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek yerine meslekler i\u00e7indeki g\u00f6rev yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.[31]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Almanya\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma imalat sanayinde robot kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n genel olarak imalat sanayindeki i\u015fleri ortadan kald\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir: \u201cABD’den farkl\u0131 olarak, robotlar\u0131n \u015fimdiye kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f katilleri oldu\u011funa dair hi\u00e7bir kan\u0131t bulam\u0131yoruz.<\/em>\u201d Ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re robotlar g\u00f6revdeki imalat i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in yerinden edilme riskini y\u00fckseltmiyor. Aksine, daha fazla robota maruz kalan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n, robottan \u00f6nceki g\u00f6revleri yerine getirmesi gerekmese de orijinal i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek. Yazarlara g\u00f6re bu bulgular Alman i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda end\u00fcstriyel ili\u015fkilerin \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fini yans\u0131t\u0131yor: imalat sekt\u00f6r\u00fc hala y\u00fcksek oranda sendikal\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00f6zellikle mavi yakal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccretleri genellikle toplu bi\u00e7imde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konseylerinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla belirlenir. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sendikal\u0131l\u0131k robotlar\u0131n giri\u015fi sonucu mevcut i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015ften at\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemekte, onlar\u0131n i\u015f tan\u0131mlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fikliklere yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r.[32]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

4.5. Form\u00fcllerin Tek Yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Anaak\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardaki yayg\u0131n y\u00f6ntem sermaye ile emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir \u00fcretim fonksiyonu kullanmakt\u0131r. Sermaye ile emek g\u00fcc\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki ikameye ili\u015fkin bir esneklik katsay\u0131s\u0131 belirlenir. Bu matematiksel yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re, \u00f6rne\u011fin, sermaye bir birim artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda emek bir birim ya da iki birim azalabilir. Bu emek ile sermaye aras\u0131ndaki esneklikle ilgilidir. \u0130ki de\u011fi\u015fkenli \u00fcretim fonksiyonuna robot ve robot ile emek aras\u0131ndaki ikame esnekli\u011fi dahil edildi\u011finde robotlar\u0131n istihdam \u00fczerindeki etkisini \u00f6l\u00e7en fonksiyon\/form\u00fcl bulunmu\u015f olur:[33]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"\"<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

B\u00f6yle bir \u00fcretim fonksiyonuna g\u00f6re insan eme\u011fi ile robotlar aras\u0131ndaki ikame artt\u0131k\u00e7a insan eme\u011finin \u00f6nemi azalacakt\u0131r.[34]<\/a> Bu matematiksel model ve fonksiyonlarda, bir tak\u0131m ikame esnekli\u011fi katsay\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda robot say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 oran\u0131nda emek g\u00fcc\u00fc miktar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fece\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Fonksiyonda her \u015fey yerli yerinde oldu\u011fu ve t\u00fcm toplumsal olgular, \u00e7eli\u015fkiler, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, yap\u0131sal fakt\u00f6rler, yeterli nitelikli i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, i\u015fin niteli\u011fi ve mekan soyutland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in adeta havas\u0131z bir deney ortam\u0131 varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece robot say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli bir unsur olmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir varsay\u0131m ve fonksiyonla 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda makineler \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine dahil olduk\u00e7a ya da daha yak\u0131n zamanda bilgisayarlar kullan\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varmam\u0131z gerekirdi ki, tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 bunun tam tersi ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tek tek \u00fclkelerde ve d\u00fcnyada hem i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131 hem de i\u015f\u00e7i oran\u0131 h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[35]<\/a> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla t\u00fcm toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131rlama ve \u00e7eli\u015fkileri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden bir fonksiyonla robotlar\u0131n istihdam \u00fczerindeki etkisini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz iktisad\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7emedi\u011fi ideolojik saplant\u0131lardan birisidir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mda \u00f6nemli olan ger\u00e7e\u011fin ne oldu\u011fu de\u011fil, fonksiyonlard\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

5. SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Dijital teknolojilerdeki geli\u015fmelerle birlikte, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kapitalizminde, i\u015flerin tamam\u0131n\u0131n ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n robotlar ve yapay zeka uygulamalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 fikri sadece bilim kurgu edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n eseri de\u011fil. \u00c7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara dayanan haberlerde robotlar\u0131n ve yapay zekan\u0131n insanlar\u0131n i\u015flerini ellerinden alaca\u011f\u0131, 10 y\u0131l gibi bir zaman i\u00e7erisinden i\u015flerin ortalama olarak yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan en \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u00f6nemlisi Frey ve Osborne\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re ABD\u2019deki i\u015flerin y\u00fczde 47\u2019si y\u00fcksek risk alt\u0131nda ve on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yok olacak. Benzer y\u00f6ntem kullanan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara g\u00f6re di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde de benzer bir tablo s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n temel zaaf\u0131 \u00fcretim s\u00fcreci ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki toplumsal ili\u015fkiler b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zetmeyen, her \u015feyi teknoloji ile ba\u015flat\u0131p bitiren, teknolojinin i\u00e7inde \u015fekillendi\u011fi ve etkiledi\u011fi ba\u011flam\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden bir y\u00f6ntem ve yakla\u015f\u0131m kullanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemde ger\u00e7ekten yap\u0131lan i\u015fler de\u011fil soyut mesleki kategoriler yine soyut bir teknolojik kapasite ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmakta ve uzmanlar\u0131n \u00f6znel de\u011ferlendirmeleri ile bunlar\u0131n otomatize edilme olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 hesaplanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin meslekleri de\u011fil de ger\u00e7ek i\u015fleri dikkate alan ba\u015fka bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada y\u00fcksek risk alt\u0131ndaki i\u015flerin oran\u0131 sadece y\u00fczde 9\u2019dur.[36]<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Yine otomatize olma s\u00fcrecinde sekt\u00f6rlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fckleri, otomasyonun temel belirleyenlerinden birisi olan i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc maliyetleri, \u015firketlerin bu kapsamdaki \u201crasyonel<\/em>\u201d tercih durumlar\u0131, sermaye birikiminin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, \u00fcretim zinciri vb. kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin temel unsurlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin \u00e7eli\u015fki ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, rekabet ve kar m\u00fccadelesi dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda otomasyon engelsiz ve s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmesiz bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak alg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m bir\u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rde robot kullan\u0131m\u0131 yerine ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne dayal\u0131 \u00fcretim ger\u00e7e\u011fi gibi en a\u00e7\u0131k olgular\u0131 bile a\u00e7\u0131klama yetene\u011fine sahip de\u011fildir. Bu alanlardaki uluslararas\u0131 tekeller i\u00e7in robotlar\u0131n maliyetleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131m\u0131 kat be kat daha k\u00e2rl\u0131d\u0131r ve tercih sebebidir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015fin otomatize edilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde sadece ekonomik de\u011fil siyasal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, e\u011fitimsel, hukuki, etik vb. \u00e7ok say\u0131da engel bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Robotlar ve yapay zeka ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere dijital teknolojiler baz\u0131 i\u015fleri, ifade edilenden \u00e7ok daha yava\u015f olsa da, ger\u00e7ekten ortadan kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu teknolojilerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 ve ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z olarak \u00e7ok say\u0131da yeni i\u015f de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla teknolojik i\u015fsizlik, teknolojik geli\u015fmeler ba\u011flam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek olsa da toplumun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun i\u015fsiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kapitalizm hem kapitalizmin sermaye birikimi ve de\u011fer yasas\u0131 hem de geli\u015fen teknolojilerle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni i\u015flerle ilgili tarihsel olgular ba\u011flam\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.[37]<\/a> Az \u00e7ok bilimsel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma teknolojinin ba\u011fr\u0131nda \u015fekillendi\u011fi bu kapitalist ba\u011flam\u0131 dikkate almak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, robotlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6zellikle baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde h\u0131zla art\u0131yor olsa da kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri, her sekt\u00f6rde, \u00f6zellikle ucuz ya da rutin olmayan i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fe dayal\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde robotlar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Elbette bu durum sabit de\u011fil de\u011fi\u015fime a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r, bu sekt\u00f6rlerde de robot kullan\u0131m\u0131 tabloyu de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. Ancak emperyalist hiyerar\u015fi ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ili\u015fkileri ba\u011flam\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki durum budur. Yine robotlar baz\u0131 i\u015flerin ortadan kalkmas\u0131na neden olsa da yeni i\u015fler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Kapitalizm robotlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rma e\u011filiminde oldu\u011fu kadar ve ondan daha fazla emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc metala\u015ft\u0131rmak ve \u00fcretti\u011fi art\u0131-de\u011fere el koyma e\u011filimine sahiptir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mevcut raporlarda g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen b\u00fct\u00fcn bu olgular dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda on sene i\u00e7erisinde i\u015flerin yar\u0131s\u0131 yok olmayacak, toplumun yar\u0131s\u0131 i\u015fsiz kalmayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczde duran i\u015f\u00e7isiz ve yeni kapitalizmin sorunlar\u0131 de\u011fil tersine daha \u00e7ok emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc metala\u015ft\u0131ran, kamusal alanlar\u0131 ve eme\u011fi sermaye birikimine a\u00e7an, daha yo\u011fun bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc dayatan, e\u015fitsizlik ve tahakk\u00fcm\u00fcn artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 -elbette i\u015fsizli\u011fin de e\u015flik etti\u011fi- bir kapitalizm ve onun yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131\/a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 sorunlard\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Arntz, M., T. Gregory and U. Zierahn (2016) \u201cThe Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis\u201d, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers<\/em>, No: 189, Paris: OECD Publishing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

BBC T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, \u201cSilikon Vadisi’ni terk edip inzivaya \u00e7ekilen eski Facebook y\u00f6neticisi: Medeniyet 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6kebilir\u201d, https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-dunya-40846560, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bowles, J. (2014) \u201c54% of EU Jobs at Risk of Computerisation\u201d, https:\/\/bruegel.org\/2014\/07\/chart-of-the-week-54-of-eu-jobs-at-risk-of-computerisation\/, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Brynjolfsson, E. and A. McAfee (2011) Race Against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy<\/em>, Lexington: Digital Frontier.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Dauth, W., S. Findeisen, J. S\u00fcdekum, N. Woessne (2017) \u201cThe rise of robots in the German labour market\u201d, https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/rise-robots-german-labour-market (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

David, B (2017), \u201cComputer Technology and Probable Job Destructions in Japan: An Evaluation\u201d,\u00a0Journal of the Japanese and International Economies<\/em>\u00a043: 77-87.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ford, M. (2015) The Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of Mass Unemployment<\/em>, Oxford: Oneworld ve\u00a0 Frey, C. B. and M. Osborne (2017) \u201cThe Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation?\u201d, Technological Forecasting and Social Change<\/em>, 114: 254\u2013280.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Frey, C. B. and M. A. Osborne (2013) \u201cThe Future of Employment: How Susceptile are Jobs to Computerisation?\u201d, Oxford Martin School Working Paper<\/em>, 1-72.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Hawksworth, J., R. Berriman and S. Goel (2018) \u201cWill Robots Really Steal Our Jobs? An International Analysis of The Potential Long Term Impact of Automation\u201d, PwC, https:\/\/www.pwc.com\/hu\/hu\/kiadvanyok\/assets\/pdf\/impact_of_automation_on_jobs.pdf (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

IFR (2019) \u201cExecutive Summary World Robotics 2019 Industrial Robots\u201d, World Robotics 2019 Industrial Robots<\/em> https:\/\/ifr.org\/downloads\/press2018\/Executive%20Summary%20WR%202019%20Industrial%20Robots.pdf<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.03.2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Kurt, D. ve \u00dc. Bozoklu (2019) \u201cRobot Ekonomisinin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi\u201d, Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri<\/em>, 1: 25-47.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Manyika, J.; M. Chui; J. Bughin; R. Dobbs; P. Bisson; A. Marrs (2013) \u201cDisruptive Technologies: Advances that will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy\u201d, McKinsey Global Institute<\/em>, San Francisco, CA, USA.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Narin, \u00d6. (2008) \u201cTeknolojik De\u011fi\u015fim: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00dcretim Ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00dcretimi (1996-2005)\u201d, Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Kalk\u0131nma \u0130ktisad\u0131 ve \u0130ktisadi B\u00fcy\u00fcme Bilim Dal\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ness, I. (2018) G\u00fcneyin \u0130syan\u0131: K\u00fcresel \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. A. E. Pilgir, \u0130stanbul: Ko\u00e7 \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Pajarinen, M. and P. Rouvinen (2014) \u201cComputerization Threatens One Third of Finnish Employment\u201d, ETLA Brief<\/em>, No: 22.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Petzinger, J. (2017) \u201cGermany has way more industrial robots than the US, but they haven\u2019t caused job losses\u201d, https:\/\/qz.com\/1096642\/germany-has-more-industrial-robots-than-us-impact-on-jobs-wages-inequality\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Pfeiffer, S. (2017) \u201cThe Vision of \u2018Industrie 4.0\u2019 in the Making: a Case of Future Told, Tamed, and Traded\u201d, Nanoethics<\/em>, 11:107-121.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

PMMI (2919) \u201cBusiness Intelligence, Robotics 2019: Innovation 2 Implementation\u201d https:\/\/www.packworld.com\/home\/article\/13378118\/global-cpgs-embrace-robotics<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.03.2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Simon, J. (2017) \u201cFascinating Tales of a Strange Tomorrow\u201d, https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/fascinating-tales-of-a-strange-tomorrow-72048639e754<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.03.2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Teulieres, M., J. Tilley, L. Bolz, P. M. Ludwig-Dehm, S. W\u00e4gner (2019) \u201cIndustrial Robotics Insights into the Sector\u2019s Future Growth Dynamics\u201d, McKinsey & Company<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Vermeulen, B.; J. Kesselhut; A. Pyka and P. P. Saviotti (2018)\u201d The Impact of Automation on Employment: Just the Usual Structural Change?\u201d, Sustainability, MDPI<\/em>, 10(5):1-27.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Walwei, U. (2016) \u201cDigitalization and Structural Labour Market Problems: The Case of Germany\u201d, ILO Research Paper<\/em>, No: 17, (https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/groups\/public\/—dgreports\/—inst\/documents\/publication\/wcms_522355.pdf).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Waters, R. (2017) \u201cBill Gates Calls for Income Tax on Robots\u201d, Financial Times<\/em>, https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d04a89c2-f6c8-11e6-9516-2d969e0d3b65 (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

WEF (2018) \u201cThe Future of Jobs Report 2018\u201d, http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 20.03.2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Wolfgang, M. (2016) \u201cThe Robotics Market: Figures and Forecasts; RoboBusiness\u201d, Boston Consulting Group<\/em>, Boston, MA, USA.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\n\r\n

[1]<\/a> Manyika, J.; M. Chui; J. Bughin; R. Dobbs; P. Bisson; A. Marrs (2013) \u201cDisruptive Technologies: Advances that will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy\u201d, McKinsey Global Institute<\/em>, San Francisco, CA, USA ve Wolfgang, M. (2016) \u201cThe Robotics Market: Figures and Forecasts; RoboBusiness\u201d, Boston Consulting Group<\/em>, Boston, MA, USA.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[2]<\/a> Brynjolfsson, E. and A. McAfee (2011) Race Against the Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity, and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy<\/em>, Lexington: Digital Frontier;\u00a0 Ford, M. (2015) The Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of Mass Unemployment<\/em>, Oxford: Oneworld ve\u00a0 Frey, C. B. and M. Osborne (2017) \u201cThe Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation?\u201d, Technological Forecasting and Social Change<\/em>, 114: 254\u2013280.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[3]<\/a> Vermeulen, B.; J. Kesselhut; A. Pyka and P. P. Saviotti (2018) \u201d The Impact of Automation on Employment: Just the Usual Structural Change?\u201d, Sustainability, MDPI<\/em>, 10(5):1-27, sf. 1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[4]<\/a> BBC T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, \u201cSilikon Vadisi’ni terk edip inzivaya \u00e7ekilen eski Facebook y\u00f6neticisi: Medeniyet 30 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00e7\u00f6kebilir\u201d, https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-dunya-40846560, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020). Teknolojinin geli\u015fmesinin i\u015fsizli\u011fi artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131ndan hareketle Martinez bir sosyal patlama \u201ctehlikesi<\/em>\u201dne i\u015faret ediyor: \u201cSiyaset ve teknoloji aras\u0131nda ciddi bir yar\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusu. \u015eu anda teknoloji a\u00e7\u0131k ara \u00f6nde gidiyor. Teknolojik geli\u015fmelerin sonucunda \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015fi i\u015fini kaybedecek. Bu durumun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ip olu\u015facak sefaleti \u00f6nleyecek sosyal politikalara dair ise hi\u00e7bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yok. Sadece ABD’de 300 milyon silah var. Bu da neredeyse ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na bir silah d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor demek. Bu silahlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 da ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan avantajl\u0131 konumlar\u0131n\u0131 yitiren ki\u015filerin elinde.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[5]<\/a> Waters, R. (2017) \u201cBill Gates Calls for Income Tax on Robots\u201d, Financial Times<\/em>, https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/d04a89c2-f6c8-11e6-9516-2d969e0d3b65 (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[6]<\/a> 2014 tarihinde Pew Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi taraf\u0131ndan AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 anket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na kat\u0131lan 1896 teknoloji yetkilisi ve analistin y\u00fczde 48\u2032i robotlar\u0131n mavi ve beyaz yakal\u0131lar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u015finden edece\u011fi konusunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildirdi. Kurt, D. ve \u00dc. Bozoklu (2019) \u201cRobot Ekonomisinin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi\u201d, Sosyal Bilimler Metinleri<\/em>, 1: 25-47, sf. 32.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[7]<\/a> Frey, C. B. and M. A. Osborne (2013) \u201cThe Future of Employment: How Susceptile are Jobs to Computerisation?\u201d, Oxford Martin School Working Paper<\/em>, 1-72.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[8]<\/a> Bu, O*Net’teki meslek \u00f6zellikleri ile 2010 \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc \u0130statistikleri B\u00fcrosu (BLS) istihdam ve \u00fccret verilerini ili\u015fkilendirmek i\u00e7in zorunlu bir \u00f6n ko\u015fuldu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[9]<\/a> Walwei, U. (2016) \u201cDigitalization and Structural Labour Market Problems<\/a>: The Case of Germany\u201d, ILO Research Paper<\/em>, No: 17, sf. 10-11.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[10]<\/a> Frey ve Osborne, The Future of Employment (2017), sf. 268.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[11]<\/a> Frey ve Osborne, The Future of Employment (2017), sf. 265.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[12]<\/a> Bonin vd.\u2019den aktaran Walwei, Digitalization and Structural Labour Market Problems, sf. 11.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[13]<\/a> Bowles, J. (2014) \u201c54% of EU Jobs at Risk of Computerisation\u201d, https:\/\/bruegel.org\/2014\/07\/chart-of-the-week-54-of-eu-jobs-at-risk-of-computerisation\/, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020). \u00c7ok say\u0131da ba\u015fka ara\u015ft\u0131rmada da olduk\u00e7a abart\u0131l\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar elde edilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Brzeski ve Burk (2015) Almanya\u2019da istihdam\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 59’unun y\u00fcksek risk alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu tahmin ediyor. Bkz. Bowles (2014) \u201c54% of EU Jobs at Risk of Computerisation\u201d. Pajarinen ve Rouvinen de Finlandiya’da i\u015flerin y\u00fczde 35\u2019inin y\u00fcksek otomasyon riski alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu ifade ediyor. Bkz. Pajarinen, M. and P. Rouvinen (2014) \u201cComputerization Threatens One Third of Finnish Employment\u201d, ETLA Brief, No: 22, sf. 3.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[14]<\/a> David, B (2017), \u201cComputer Technology and Probable Job Destructions in Japan: An Evaluation\u201d,\u00a0Journal of the Japanese and International Economies<\/em>\u00a043: 77-87, sf. 82.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[15]<\/a> Hawksworth, J., R. Berriman and S. Goel (2018) \u201cWill Robots Really Steal Our Jobs? An International Analysis of The Potential Long Term Impact of Automation\u201d, PwC, https:\/\/www.pwc.com\/hu\/hu\/kiadvanyok\/assets\/pdf\/impact_of_automation_on_jobs.pdf (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020), sf. 1-2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[16]<\/a> Frey ve Osborne, The Future of Employment (2017), sf. 268.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[17]<\/a> Pajarinen and Rouvinen, Computerization Threatens One Third of Finnish Employment, sf. 4.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[18]<\/a> Frey ve Osborne, The Future of Employment (2017), sf. 268.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[19]<\/a> Narin, \u00d6. (2008) \u201cTeknolojik De\u011fi\u015fim: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00dcretim Ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00dcretimi (1996-2005)\u201d, Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Kalk\u0131nma \u0130ktisad\u0131 ve \u0130ktisadi B\u00fcy\u00fcme Bilim Dal\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul, sf. 188.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[20]<\/a> Arntz, M., T. Gregory and U. Zierahn (2016) \u201cThe Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis\u201d, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers<\/em>, No: 189, Paris: OECD Publishing, sf. 22.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[21]<\/a> Pfeiffer, S. (2017) \u201cThe Vision of \u2018Industrie 4.0\u2019 in the Making: a Case of Future Told, Tamed, and Traded\u201d, Nanoethics<\/em>, 11:107-121, sf. 111-112.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[22]<\/a> IFR (2019) \u201cExecutive Summary World Robotics 2019 Industrial Robots\u201d, World Robotics 2019 Industrial Robots<\/em>, https:\/\/ifr.org\/downloads\/press2018\/Executive%20Summary%20WR%202019%20Industrial%20Robots.pdf (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.03.2020)<\/a>, sf. 13.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[23]<\/a> PMMI (2919) \u201cBusiness Intelligence, Robotics 2019: Innovation 2 Implementation\u201d https:\/\/www.packworld.com\/home\/article\/13378118\/global-cpgs-embrace-robotics, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.03.2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[24]<\/a> McKinsey\u2019in 85 \u015firketle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re \u015firketler i\u00e7in robot kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel, robotlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek maliyetidir. Bkz. Teulieres, M., J. Tilley, L. Bolz, P. M. Ludwig-Dehm, S. W\u00e4gner (2019) \u201cIndustrial Robotics Insights into the Sector\u2019s Future Growth Dynamics\u201d, McKinsey & Company, sf. 24.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[25]<\/a> Arntz vd., The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries, sf. 7-8.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[26]<\/a> Kurt ve Bozoklu, Robot Ekonomisinin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi, sf. 34.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[27]<\/a> Simon, J. (2017) \u201cFascinating Tales of a Strange Tomorrow\u201d, <\/a>https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/fascinating-tales-of-a-strange-tomorrow-72048639e754 (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.03.2020)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[28]<\/a> Frey ve Osborne, The Future of Employment (2013), sf. 30.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[29]<\/a> Arntz vd., The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries, sf. 21.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[30]<\/a> Arntz vd., The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries, sf. 21.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[31]<\/a> Arntz vd., The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries, sf. 7-8.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[32]<\/a> Petzinger, J. (2017) \u201cGermany has way more industrial robots than the US, but they haven\u2019t caused job losses\u201d, https:\/\/qz.com\/1096642\/germany-has-more-industrial-robots-than-us-impact-on-jobs-wages-inequality\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 9 Mart 2020).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[33]<\/a> Form\u00fcl, emek ile sermaye ve emek ile robot aras\u0131ndaki belirli ikame oranlar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli sabitler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Form\u00fcl, matematiksel olarak de\u011ferlendirilmek \u00fczere de\u011fil, sadece ger\u00e7ek hayattan kopuklu\u011fa i\u015faret edilmek \u00fczere yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Form\u00fcldeki simgelerin a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 ise \u015f\u00f6yle: \u0130nsan eme\u011fi L, robot R, ikisinin aras\u0131ndaki ikame elastikiyeti s ile g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Elde edilen birle\u015fik girdi sabit sermaye K, \u00fcretim fonksiyonu ve birle\u015fik girdi aras\u0131nda h ikame elastikiyeti ile birle\u015ftirilebilmektedir. s ve h parametrelerinin aral\u0131klar\u0131 0 ile art\u0131 sonsuz aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. q ve b parametreleri ise 0 ile 1 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m parametreleridir. \u0130ki seviyeli \u00f6l\u00e7ek parametreleri l ve e’dur. Parametrelerin belirtilen s\u0131n\u0131rlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olmas\u0131 durumunda istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 dahi olsa iktisadi a\u00e7\u0131dan anlaml\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r. Bkz. Kurt ve Bozoklu, Robot Ekonomisinin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi, sf. 32.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[34]<\/a> Kurt ve Bozoklu, Robot Ekonomisinin Y\u00fckseli\u015fi, sf. 32.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[35]<\/a> Ness, I. (2018) G\u00fcneyin \u0130syan\u0131: K\u00fcresel \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fi<\/em>, \u00e7ev. A. E. Pilgir, \u0130stanbul: Ko\u00e7 \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, sf. 24.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[36]<\/a> Arntz vd., The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries, sf. 8.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

[37]<\/a> D\u00fcnya Ekonomik Forumu\u2019nun (WEF) bir raporunda 2022 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar teknolojik geli\u015fmelerle 75 milyon i\u015fin kaybolaca\u011f\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 133 milyon yeni i\u015fin yarat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Bkz. WEF (2018) \u201cThe Future of Jobs Report 2018\u201d, http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2018.pdf (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 20.03.2020).<\/a><\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arif Ko\u015far 1. G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Robotlar, yapay zeka, big data, nesnelerin interneti, otonom ara\u00e7lar, sanal asistanlar, 3D bask\u0131, artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7eklik gibi teknolojilerle mevcut i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n makineler taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 fikri giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fan, hatta anaak\u0131m haline gelen bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f. Robotlar ve yapay zekaya dayanan otomasyonun etkisi pop\u00fcler medya, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k raporlar\u0131[1] ve bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda[2] yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Buna g\u00f6re i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1155,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[510,427,291],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-41-sayi-nisan-2020","category-sinif-analizi","category-arif-kosar"],"yoast_head":"\nAna ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz\ufeff\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"en_EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Arif Ko\u015far 1. G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Robotlar, yapay zeka, big data, nesnelerin interneti, otonom ara\u00e7lar, sanal asistanlar, 3D bask\u0131, artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7eklik gibi teknolojilerle mevcut i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n makineler taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 fikri giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fan, hatta anaak\u0131m haline gelen bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f. Robotlar ve yapay zekaya dayanan otomasyonun etkisi pop\u00fcler medya, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k raporlar\u0131[1] ve bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda[2] yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Buna g\u00f6re i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz\ufeff\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Teori ve Eylem\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-04-01T20:21:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-18T09:30:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"814\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@teoriveeylem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@teoriveeylem\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Yazan:\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"37 dakika\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/413054853585ad4d138f2f331dfd177c\"},\"headline\":\"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-04-01T20:21:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-01-18T09:30:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":8208,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/6.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"41. Say\u0131 \\\/ Nisan 2020\",\"S\u0131n\u0131f Analizi\",\"Arif Ko\u015far\"],\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/6.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-04-01T20:21:25+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-01-18T09:30:55+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/6.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/6.jpg\",\"width\":814,\"height\":450},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/2020\\\/04\\\/01\\\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Anasayfa\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Teori ve Eylem\",\"description\":\"\u00dc\u00e7 Ayl\u0131k Sosyalist Teori ve Politika Dergisi\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Teori ve Eylem\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"tr-TR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/400x400-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/400x400-1.jpg\",\"width\":400,\"height\":400,\"caption\":\"Teori ve Eylem\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/teoriveeylem\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/teoriveeylem\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/teoriveeylem\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/413054853585ad4d138f2f331dfd177c\",\"name\":\"admin\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/teoriveeylem.net\\\/tr\\\/author\\\/admin\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz\ufeff\/","og_locale":"tr_TR","og_type":"article","og_title":"[:tr]Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff[:] - Teori ve Eylem","og_description":"Arif Ko\u015far 1. G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Robotlar, yapay zeka, big data, nesnelerin interneti, otonom ara\u00e7lar, sanal asistanlar, 3D bask\u0131, artt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7eklik gibi teknolojilerle mevcut i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n makineler taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 fikri giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fan, hatta anaak\u0131m haline gelen bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f. Robotlar ve yapay zekaya dayanan otomasyonun etkisi pop\u00fcler medya, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k raporlar\u0131[1] ve bilimsel yay\u0131nlarda[2] yo\u011fun bir bi\u00e7imde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Buna g\u00f6re i\u015flerin b\u00fcy\u00fck […]","og_url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz\ufeff\/","og_site_name":"Teori ve Eylem","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/","article_published_time":"2020-04-01T20:21:25+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-01-18T09:30:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":814,"height":450,"url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@teoriveeylem","twitter_site":"@teoriveeylem","twitter_misc":{"Yazan:":false,"Tahmini okuma s\u00fcresi":"37 dakika"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/"},"author":{"name":"admin","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/413054853585ad4d138f2f331dfd177c"},"headline":"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff","datePublished":"2020-04-01T20:21:25+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-18T09:30:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/"},"wordCount":8208,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6.jpg","articleSection":["41. Say\u0131 \/ Nisan 2020","S\u0131n\u0131f Analizi","Arif Ko\u015far"],"inLanguage":"tr-TR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/","name":"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6.jpg","datePublished":"2020-04-01T20:21:25+00:00","dateModified":"2023-01-18T09:30:55+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"tr-TR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr-TR","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6.jpg","width":814,"height":450},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/2020\/04\/01\/ana-akimda-robot-istihdam-iliskisi-elestirel-bir-analiz%ef%bb%bf\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Anasayfa","item":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Ana ak\u0131mda robot-istihdam ili\u015fkisi: Ele\u015ftirel bir analiz\ufeff"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/","name":"Teori ve Eylem","description":"\u00dc\u00e7 Ayl\u0131k Sosyalist Teori ve Politika Dergisi","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"tr-TR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#organization","name":"Teori ve Eylem","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"tr-TR","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/400x400-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/400x400-1.jpg","width":400,"height":400,"caption":"Teori ve Eylem"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/teoriveeylem\/","https:\/\/x.com\/teoriveeylem","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/teoriveeylem\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/#\/schema\/person\/413054853585ad4d138f2f331dfd177c","name":"admin","url":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/author\/admin\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1152"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3153,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1152\/revisions\/3153"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1155"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/teoriveeylem.net\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}